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LABORATORY ACTIVITY
CENTRAL PHILIPPINE UNIVERSITY ECE 4104
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING LOGIC CIRCUITS AND
Jaro, Iloilo City, Philippines SWITCHING THEORY

2 Basic Logic Gate Characteristics Group No.: 6

Group Members:
Deveza Jr., Edwin Q.
Fabila, Lysa Dee S.
Sioco, Stephanie S.
Stub Code: 927

Date Performed: July 4, 2017

Date Submitted: July 7, 2017

ECE 41014 Laboratory Activity Rubrics

Grading
Excellent Acceptable Minimal Unacceptable Score
Criteria
Punctuality The lab report was The lab report was The lab report was The lab report was
submitted on or before submitted 1-3 hours after submitted within the day submitted more than 1
(10%) the deadline. the deadline. but more than 3 hours day after the deadline.
(8-10) (6-7) after the deadline. (1-3)
(4-5)
The results are complete, The results are complete, The results are complete, The results were not
precise and accurate precise and accurate precise and accurate accurate with large
Presentation within 3%. Followed all within 3%. Did not follow within 5%. Did not follow margin of error greater
of Results requirements. 1-2 of the requirements. 3-5 of the requirements. than 5% and not well
(30%) (26-30) (20-25) (11-20) presented. Did not follow
more than 5 of the
requirements.
(1-10)
Makes rich observations Makes sufficient Makes many Makes few observation
and records relevant data observations and records observations but they and records little data.
Observations in an organized and skillful relevant data in an may be insufficient to (1-4)
(15%) way organized way. generate data; records
(13-15) (9-12) data but no organization.
(5-8)
The presentations show The presentation shows The presentations show The presentations shows
an analysis and an analysis and an analysis and little analysis and
Conclusion understanding and it is understanding and it is understanding in relation understanding in relation
(15%) fully developed and link somewhat developed and to the lab objectives, to the lab objectives,
into objectives, theory, link into the theory, theory, principles and theory, principles and
principles and operations. principles and operations. operations. operations.
(13-15) (9-12) (5-8) (1-4)
Answered all questions Answered most questions Answered some Did not answer all
correctly with thorough correctly with thorough questions correctly but questions correctly.
Questions and well written varied and well written varied based on some incorrect (1-5)
(20%) sentences and supported sentences and supported information.
facts. facts. (6-10)
(16-20) (11-15)
The design is accurate, The design is accurate, The design is somewhat The design is not accurate,
meeting all the required meeting some of the accurate, meeting some the required specifications
Design specifications and the required specifications of the required are not satisfy and the
(10%) circuit is working and the circuit is working specifications however circuit is not working
normally. normally. the circuit is not working normally.
(8-10) (6-7) normally. (1-3)
(4-5)
TOTAL

11
 ECE 4104 Logic Circuits and Switching Theory Laboratory Activity No. 2

Instructor: Engr. RomarieJhoanna C. Eder, RECE, MCS

Faculty, ECE Department

2 Basic Logic Gate Characteristics

I. OBJECTIVES: At the end of this activity the student should be able:

To introduce OR, AND, and NOT basic logic gates
To implement the circuits of OR, AND, and NOT logic gates
To understand the characteristic and operation of each logic gate

II. PARTS
2 Push Button Switch
1 LED
1 Breadboard
1 100-ohm resistor
Connecting wires
5V power source

III. BASIC THEORY

Logic gates serve as the building blocks to digital logic circuits using combinational logic. These
gates are the AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, EXOR and EXNOR gates. The basic operations are described
below with the aid of truth tables.

AND gate

The AND gate is an electronic

circuit that gives a high output (1) only if all its inputs are high. A dot (.) is used to show the AND
operation i.e. A.B. Bear in mind that this dot is sometimes omitted i.e. AB

OR gate

The OR gate is an electronic circuit that gives a high output (1) if one or more of its inputs are
high. A plus (+) is used to show the OR operation.

NOT gate
 ECE 4104 Logic Circuits and Switching Theory Laboratory Activity No. 2

The NOT gate is an electronic circuit that produces an inverted version of the input at its output.
It is also known as an inverter. If the input variable is A, the inverted output is known as NOT A. This is
also shown as A', or A with a bar over the top, as shown at the outputs. The diagrams below show two
ways that the NAND logic gate can be configured to produce a NOT gate. It can also be done using NOR
logic gates in the same way.

NAND gate

This is a NOT-AND gate

which is equal to an AND gate followed by a NOT gate. The outputs of all NAND gates are high
if any of the inputs are low. The symbol is an AND gate with a small circle on the output. The small circle
represents inversion.

NOR gate

This is a NOT-OR gate which is equal to an OR gate followed by a NOT

gate. The outputs of all NOR gates are low if any of the inputs are high. The symbol is an OR gate with a
small circle on the output. The small circle represents inversion.

XOR gate

The 'Exclusive-OR' gate is a circuit which will give a high output

if either, but not both, of its two inputs are high. An encircled plus sign ( ) is used to show the EOR
operation.

XNOR gate

The 'Exclusive-NOR' gate circuit does the opposite to the EOR gate. It will give a low output
if either, but not both, of its two inputs are high. The symbol is an EXOR gate with a small circle on the
output. The small circle represents inversion.

References:
(http://www.ee.surrey.ac.uk/Projects/CAL/digital-logic/gatesfunc/
https://www.cs.umd.edu/class/sum2003/cmsc311/Notes/Comb/gates.html)

IV. PROCEDURE
 ECE 4104 Logic Circuits and Switching Theory Laboratory Activity No. 2

The circuit diagrams were both executed through the simulation of Multisim and performed in
actual in the breadboard.

I. Performed using Multisim

1. Figure 2.1

a) The circuit diagram Figure 2.1 was constructed and simulated using the Multisim.
b) Turn the simulation switch on.
c) Test the switches one by one.

Tests simulated with its results:

1st Test Turn the S1 on while the S2 off. The LED turns on.

2nd Test - Turn the S2 on while the S1 off. The LED turns on.

3rd Test Turn on both of the switches. The LED turns on.

4th Test - Turn off both of the switches. The LED turns off.

d) Turn the simulation switch off and clear the circuit window.

2. Figure 2.2

a) The circuit diagram Figure 2.2 was constructed and simulated using the Multisim.
b) Turn the simulation switch on.
c) Test the switches one by one.

Tests simulated with its results:

1st Test - Turn the S3 on while the S4 off. The LED turns off.

2nd Test - Turn the S4 on while the S3 off. The LED turns off.

3rd Test Turn on both of the switches. The LED turns on.

4th Test - Turn off both of the switches. The LED turns off.

d) Turn the simulation switch off and clear the circuit window.

3. Figure 2.3

a) The circuit diagram Figure 2.3 was constructed and simulated using the Multisim.
b) Turn the simulation switch on.
c) Test the switches one by one.

Tests simulated with its results:

1st Test Turn the Switch off. The LED turns on.

2nd Test- Turn the Switch on. The LED turns off.

g) Turn the simulation switch off and clear the circuit window.

II. Performed in Actual

 ECE 4104 Logic Circuits and Switching Theory Laboratory Activity No. 2

1. Figure 2.1

a) All the required parts such as breadboard, LED, push-button switches, 100 ohm resistor and
connecting wires were gathered to be used.
b) In the breadboard, connect S1 and S2 in parallel and attach one connecting wire to the leg of S1
and connect it to the supply of +5V.
c) Attach one leg of the LED to the opposite leg of S1 and connect in series the 100-ohm resistor
with the LED.
d) Attach a connecting wire, connected to the ground, to the remaining leg of the resistor.
e) Turn on the power supply.
f) Test the switches one by one.

Tests performed with its results:

1st Test Turn the S1 on while the S2 off. The LED turns on.

2nd Test - Turn the S2 on while the S1 off. The LED turns on.

3rd Test Turn on both of the switches. The LED turns on.

4th Test - Turn off both of the switches. The LED turns off.

g) Turn off the power supply and detach the equipment from the breadboard.

2. Figure 2.2

a) Connect the S1, the S2, the LED and the 100-ohm resistor in series on the breadboard.

b) Place a connecting wire at the end of S1 and connect it to the supply of +5V.

c) Place another connecting wire at the end of the 100-ohm resistor and connect it to ground.
d) Turn on the power supply.
e) Test the switches one by one.

Tests performed with its results:

1st Test - Turn the S3 on while the S4 off. The LED turns off.

2nd Test - Turn the 4 on while the S3 off. The LED turns off.

3rd Test Turn on both of the switches. The LED turns on.

4th Test - Turn off both of the switches. The LED turns off.

f) Turn off the power supply and detach the equipment from the breadboard.

3. Figure 2.3

a) In the breadboard, connect the S5 and the LED in parallel.

b) Attach the 100-ohm resistor in the leg of S5.
c) Place a connecting wire at the leg of the resistor and connect it to the supply of+5V.
d) Place another connecting wire at the leg of the S5 and connect it to ground.
e) Turn on the power supply.
f) Test the switches one by one.

Tests performed with its results:

1st Test Turn the Switch off. The LED turns on.
 ECE 4104 Logic Circuits and Switching Theory Laboratory Activity No. 2

2nd Test- Turn the Switch on. The LED turns off.

g) Turn off the power supply and detach the equipment from the breadboard.

V. RESULTS AND ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS

Circuit Diagram

Using Multisim simulation software, simulate the circuits shown below. Show every
output for every different input. (Copy and paste results.)
Implement the figures below on the breadboard:

S1
S3 S4

S2 LED2
LED1
V
V1
5V
5V R2
R1 100
100

Fig 2.1 Fig 2.2

R3

100 S5
LED3
V2
5V

Fig 2.3

MULTISIM

FIGURE 2.1
 ECE 4104 Logic Circuits and Switching Theory Laboratory Activity No. 2

Switch 1 and 2 is OFF Switch 1 is ON and switch 2 is OFF

Switch 1 is OFF and switch 2 is ON Switch 1 and 2 is ON

FIGURE 2.2

Switch 3 and 4 is OFF Switch 3 is ON and switch 4 is OFF

Switch 3 is OFF and Switch 4 is ON Switch 3 and 4 is ON

FIGURE 2.3
 ECE 4104 Logic Circuits and Switching Theory Laboratory Activity No. 2

Switch 5 is ON
Switch 5 is OFF

ACTUAL IMPLEMENTATION

FIGURE 2.1

Switch 1 and 2 is OFF

Switch 1 is ON and switch 2 is OFF

Switch 1 is OFF and switch 2 is ON Switch 1 and 2 is ON

FIGURE 2.2
 ECE 4104 Logic Circuits and Switching Theory Laboratory Activity No. 2

Switch 3 and 4 is OFF Switch 3 is ON and switch 4 is OFF

Switch 3 is OFF and Switch 4 is ON Switch 3 and 4 is ON

FIGURE 2.3

Switch 5 is ON Switch 5 is OFF

Based on the implemented circuits, complete the tables below. Indicate the status of
the switches (On/ Off) and the LED (On/ Off).

S1 S2 LED

On Off On

Off On On

On On On
 ECE 4104 Logic Circuits and Switching Theory Laboratory Activity No. 2

Off Off Off

Table 2.1

S3 S4 LED

On On On

On Off Off

Off On Off

Off Off Off

Table 2.2

S5 LED

Off On

On Off
Table 2.3

QUESTIONS

1. Based on Fig 2.1, what is the part played by the switches and the LED? What logic
gate characteristic was displayed? Explain.

The switch represents the input of the circuit and the LED represents the output.
The logic gate operation is depending upon the switchs connection. Here the
switches are connected in parallel and either or both switches being pressed can put
the LED on. Such characteristic presents an OR logic gate.
 ECE 4104 Logic Circuits and Switching Theory Laboratory Activity No. 2

2. Based on Fig 2.2, what is the part played by the switches and the LED? What logic
gate characteristic was displayed? Explain.

Also in this figure, the switch represents the input and the LED represents the
output of the circuit. Here the two switches are connected together in series thus
shows an AND logic gate circuit. This is a type of logic gate wherein the LED will be
put on when all of the inputs (switch) are present.

3. Based on Fig 2.3, what is the part played by the switch and the LED? What logic gate
characteristic was displayed? Explain.

Just like the above statements, the switch and LED are for input and output
representations, respectively. The last circuit which has only one switch in parallel
with the LED is a NOT logic gate. The said gate is known as the inverter for the
output will be true when the input is false. Thus verified during the experiment, the
LED is being put on when the switch is not being pressed and otherwise the LED is
off.

VI. OBSERVATION

All the circuit diagrams were simulated through Multisim and performed actually.

Figure 2.1

The S1 and S2 were connected in parallel and are connected to a supply of +5V. If you switch on
at least one of the switches, the LED will turn on. This is because the current can still travel through
either of the two switches, going to the load which is the LED. If both of the switches are off, the LED will
not operate because there will be no current received.

Figure 2.2

The S3 and S4 were connected in series with the LED and 100-ohm resistor, and are connected to
a supply of +5V. If the power/simulation switch is on, the current will travel. For the current to reach the
 ECE 4104 Logic Circuits and Switching Theory Laboratory Activity No. 2

LED, both of the switches should be turned on because if only one switch is on, there will be no path for
the current to reach the LED. Still, if both of the switches are off, the LED will not operate.

Figure 2.3

The +5V with the 100-ohm resistor are connected in parallel with the switch and the LED.
Without turning the switch on, the LED is already on. This is because when the switch is not turned on,
the current travels directly to the LED causing it to light up. While if you switch on the switch, it will stop
the current travelling to the LED.

It is also observed that in each circuit diagram, a characteristic of a gate can be seen.

Figure 2.1 - possess the characteristic of OR gate. At least one of the switches is on for the LED to turn
on.

Figure 2.2 - possess the characteristic of AND gate. Both of the switches should be turned on for the LED
to turn on as well.

Figure 2.3 - possess the characteristic of NOT gate. The result is inverted. If the switch is on, the LED is off
and if the switch is off, the LED is on.

There is no discrepancy seen among the results of circuit diagrams simulated through Multisim
and performed actually. Both yield the same outcome.

This experiment was fun because it is the first time we experienced to use LED in our
experiment. All group members are cooperative in doing it as well. Work was divided accordingly.

VII. CONCLUSION

The activity made us familiarize the basic logic gates. It was done by using switches and LED to
conceptualize its individual characteristics. A logic gate is an elementary block of a digital circuit. There
are three logic gates used during the experiment; OR, AND, and NOT. The LED represents the output and
the switch represents the input in which the operation of the logic gates is based into.

The circuit of each logic gate was constructed and identified. The AND gate was implemented
by connecting two switches and LED together in series. For OR gate, the switches were wired in
parallel, then connected in series with the LED. And lastly, the NOT circuit was with a switch in parallel
with the LED. It is also observed that the logic gate operation is dependent on the switchs connection.
 ECE 4104 Logic Circuits and Switching Theory Laboratory Activity No. 2

Also with this experiment, it has been proven that the relationship of the output and input is
dependent on the logic gate being used. The LED lighted when both or either switch was pressed for
turning it on. Thus, Figure 2.1 represents the OR gate for the output is true when both or either input
is true, otherwise is false. In figure 2.2, the LED lighted when both switches were pressed. This verifies
the characteristic of an AND gate in which the output is true when both inputs are true, otherwise, it is
false. For NOT logic gate, it uses only one switch, thus one input. This logic gate is said to be an
inverter for it reverses the logic state. With the switch pressing on, the LED did not light. On the other
hand, with switch turned off, the LED has lighted thus proving the above statement of reversal.

The result presented the characteristics of each logic gate, thus verifying the truth table. These
three logic gates or the combination with other more logic gates such as NOR, XOR, XNOR, and NAND
could be useful for practical designs. Street lights with light sensor, fire alarm security system, and power
failure electric fan are some of its applications.

VIII. DESIGN

Logic Gate
Boolean expression:

K = ( + E)
ECE 4104 Logic Circuits and Switching Theory Laboratory Activity No. 2