Rudyard Kipling - White Man's Burden - benevolent assimilation

Edward Said
- born in Palestine
- father is Jewish

Said didn't coined the term Orientalism, it is already existed used by academicians
used the term and deconstruction (as a process)
Orientalism is originally an invention of Europeans, but it doesn't mean it do not exist

Nation - femininized
Colonization - masculine action
The European Idea of the Orient

Literary landmark of Western Orientalism - Heart of Darkness

Hegemony (Gramsci) - dominance through consent

Discourse (Foucault) - systematized knowledge

Hegemonic Discourse - system in place because of consent through representation

It's not setting stone, it's not like people aren't challenged it
There is a dialectical relationship

The Occident derives their identity from the Oriental

Othering is creating another identity

It is the difference that you derive meaning

Criticism: It is not as absolute as Said said.

There are some resistance from the Oriental

There is cultural exchange, not an one-way thing where colonizers
impose their expectation to the colonized