Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Fraud/dolo
3. Negligence/culpa
4 ELEMENTS OF OBLIGATION 4. Contrary to terms of obligation
1. ACTIVE SUBJECT (creditor/obligee) whose obligation is
constituted 1. DEFAULT/MORA delay
2. PASSIVE SUBJECT (debtor/obligor) has duty to give, to do or not 3kinds
to do a. Mora solvendi debtors delay to give (real ob.), to do
3. OBJECT/PRESTATION subject matter (personal ob.)
4. JURIDICAL/LEGAL TIE (vinculum/efficient cause) reason b. Mora accipiende creditors delay to accept
c. Compensatio Morae delay of both in reciprocal obligation
CIVIL OBLIGATION NATURAL OBLIGATION
derived from positive law derived from equity & justice CONCEPT OF DELAY
enforceable by court action not enforceable by court action General Rule: No demand, No delay
Exceptions:
5 SOURCES OF OBLIGATION 1. Law states
1. LAW 2. Obligation states
2. CONTRACTS 3. Time is the essence
3. QUASI-CONTRACTS arise from lawful, voluntary acts; no one 4. Demand be useless if delay
shall be unjustly enriched... 5. Debtor guilty of delay
2Kinds
a. Solutio indebiti something received (delivered on a mistake), EFFECTS OF DELAY
no right to demand it 1. Damages
b. Negotiorum gestio voluntary mgt of property/affairs of 2. When to deliver determinate thing, STILL LIABLE in fortuitous
another w/o his knowledge/consent event.
4. QUASI-DELICT/TORTS/CULPA AQUILIANA arise from 2. FRAUD/DOLO conscious, deliberate, intentional evasion of
damage; fault/negligence fulfillment
5. CRIMES/ACTS/OMISSIONS punished by law arise from civil 2Kinds
liability that is a consequence of a criminal offense a. Dolo causante/Causal fraud fraud in obtaining consent;
consent is defective, contract is voidable. Remedy: annulment
DILIGENCE OF A GOOD FATHER OF A FAMILY b. Dolo incidente/Incidental fraud fraud w/c vitiates consent.
- care need to be exercised by a debtor to deliver/give determinate Remedy: damages
thing
Exception: When law/stipulation of parties requires a differnt 3. NEGLIGENCE/CULPA voluntary act/omission; no bad faith
standard of care (slight/extraordinary diligence). intended
3Kinds
When creditor is entitled to the fruits a. Culpa aquiliana/Civil negligence quasi-delict/torts
Rule: The creditor has personal right (right to ask for delivery) from b. Culpa contractual/Contractual negligence breach
the time the obligation to deliver arises. c. Culpa criminal/Criminal negligence crime/delict
But NO real right (right enforceable against the whole world) until it
is delivered. 4. Contrary to the terms of obligation
3. RELATIVITY OF CONTRACTS
- Contracts take effect only between the parties, their assigns & heirs
CONTRACT meeting of minds between 2 persons to give something except when there are rights & obligations not transmissible:
or to render service. a. by their nature
b. by stipulation (stipulation por autri)
3 ELEMENTS OF CONTRACT c. by provision of law
1. ESSENTIAL w/o them, contract cannot exist
a. CONSENT of contracting parties 4. CONSENSUALITY OF CONTRACTS
b. OBJECT CERTAIN subject matter - Contracts are perfected by mere consent
c. CAUSE/CONSIDERATION Exceptions:
In some contracts, ff are also essential: a. REAL CONTRACTS perfected by delivery
d. FORM b. FORMAL/SOLEMN CONTRACTS special form required for its
e. DELIVERY perfection
2 FORM OF CONTRACTS
1. Contracts in writing
2. Contracts in a public instrument
REFORMATION OF INSTRUMENTS
- REMEDY in equity in w/c a written instrument is made/construed to
the REAL intention of parties when there is an error/mistake.
5 RESCISSIBLE CONTRACTS
1. Those entered by guardians & suffered LESION by more than of
value of the value that is the OBJECT.
2. Those agreed upon in representation of absentees, if the
absentees suffered LESION.
3. Those undertaken in FRAUD of creditors when the creditors
cannot further claim.
4. If entered into contract w/o knowledge/approval of litigants under
litigation.
5. Contracts subjected to rescission declared by law.
3 VOIDABLE CONTRACTS
1. One of the parties INCAPABLE of giving consent to a contract.
2. Those where consent vitiates by vices of consent. (MFVIU)
3. Those agreed in the state of drunkenness/hypnotic spell.
3 UNENFORCEABLE CONTRACTS
1. Those entered in name of other person, or who acted BEYOND his
powers.
2. Those who do not comply w/ the Statute of Frauds.
3. Both parties are incapable of giving consent to a contract.
7 VOID/INEXISTENT CONTRACTS
1. Those w/c are ABSOLUTELY simulated/fictitious.
2. Those w/c contemplate an impossible service.
3. Those whose OBJECT is outside the commerce of man.
4. Those whose CAUSE/OBJECT did not exist at time of tran-saction.
5. Those whose CAUSE/OBJECT/PURPOSE is contrary to law, morals,
good customs, public order, or public policy.