Date Subject Lecturer

Oct. Course Description , Introduction SA

Oct Chemistry of the cell YG
Oct Cell membrane and membrane transport TD
Oct Cell components TD
Oct Genetic material and the nucleus [First quiz] AK
Nov. Enzymes & photosynthesis AK
Nov. Cell mitosis SA
Nov. Cell meiosis YG
Nov. Cell respiration AO
Dec. Cell communication [Second quiz] AO
Dec. Cell motility AS
Stem cell [introduction, embryonic, adult stem
Dec. AS
cells]
 Cell Biology
Sameh AbdelGhani
Lecturer, Microbiology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy,
Beni-Suef University
Email: sammoh_9@yahoo.com
What we are going to do together?

Cell Biology Course

Lecture Lab
1 hr 2 hr

= 2 Credit Hours
 Course Overview
Origin
Different Types Death

Outer Structures Uncontrolled Growth

(Cancer)
The
Internal Organelles
Cell
Cell Cycle
The Nucleus
Interaction With Outer
The Genetic Material
Environment
Internal Interaction
 The Cell

A single ~200 micrometer (m) cell, the human egg, with

sperm, which are also single cells. From the union of an egg
and sperm will arise the 10 trillion cells of a human body.
 What is the cell?
Definitions:

The cell is the building block of life.

The cell is the structural and functional unit of all

known living organisms.

The cell is the simplest unit of an organism that

is classified as living.
 What is life?
Life is the quality that distinguishes a vital
and functional being from a dead body or
purely chemical matter

Life is the state of a material complex or

individual characterized by the capacity to
perform certain functional activities
including metabolism, growth and
reproduction
 What is the origin of life?

This issue is very controversial all

over the world and through out the
history

So lets get a quick look on some

debates
 Special creation

The hypothesis that life forms were put on earth

by supernatural or divine forces.

Hypothesis of divine creation is at the core of

most major religions.

It is oldest and most widely accepted hypothesis.

It is considered an "unscientific" explanation

because it cannot be tested and potentially disproved
What did the Scientific
people think?
 Spontaneous Generation
The theory of spontaneous generation holds that
living matter could and does arise from nonliving
matter

Examples:
Sweaty cloth wrapped around wheat in an open
jar for 21 days = mice.
For rats, just throw garbage in the street. In a few
days, rats will take the place of the garbage.
 Disproof Of Spontaneous Generation
It was generally accepted that rotting
meat generates maggots:

In 1668, Francesco Redi believed that

maggots hatched from eggs laid by
flies.
Was he able to prove it?
 In 1959, Pasteur disproved Spontaneous
Generation. and proved that some
microorganisms are airborne.
How the cell looks like?
The first recorded observation of cells

The origin of the idea that living organisms are made of

cells is often traced back to observations of thin slices of
cork made by Robert Hooke in 1665
There Are Two Types Of Cells
 Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic Prokaryotic

Nucleus True No nucleus

Nuclear Present No
membrane

DNA Linear Circular

Histones Present Absent

Chromosomes DNA packed in No chromosomes
chromosomes

Ribosomes 80 S 70 S

Organells Present Absent

 Animal vs. Plant

They are both Eukaryotic cells

 Animal vs. Plant
Plant cells can be larger than animal cells
(animal cell: 10 to 30 micrometers; plant cell: 10
to 100 micrometers)
Plant cells get their energy from chloroplasts
while animal cells get their energy from
mitochondrion.

Plant cells have a very rigid cell wall which

helps provide stability to the plant. Animal
cells have no cell wall.
Plant cells contain vacuoles that act as a space
filler for the cell.
 The Cell Theory

1.All Living things are made of one or

more cells.

2.Cells are the basic units of structure

and function of Organisms.

3.All cells arise from existing cells.

Characteristics of Living Organisms
All living organisms on earth exhibit these
fundamental properties

Cellular Organization
Sensitivity
Energy Use
Growth and Development
Reproduction
Regulation
Homeostasis
Heredity
Characteristics of Living Organisms

Cellular Organization

All organisms consist of one or more cells

Complex, organized assemblages of

molecules enclosed within membranes
Characteristics of Living Organisms
Sensitivity

All organisms respond to stimuli

Not all organisms respond to stimuli in the

same way
Characteristics of Living Organisms
Energy use

All living things assimilate energy and use it to

grow via a process called metabolism

All life on earth is based upon the transfer of the

energy in covalent bonds

This energy is used to carry out everything they do.

Plants use energy from the sun for photosynthesis,
to make their own food (glucose). Animals and
humans must ingest food for this purpose.
Characteristics of Living Organisms
Growth and Development
All organisms grow and change.

Differentiation happens, as well, when cells mutate into

other types of cells, making a more complex organism.

Organisms growing, changing, and becoming more

complex is called development.

Single-celled organisms do grow as well, but they will

only become slightly larger this is nearly immeasurable
Characteristics of Living Organisms
Reproduction

All organisms reproduce in order to continue the species'

life. This is combining genetic information (in sexual
reproduction) or splitting into two organisms (in asexual
reproduction) in order to create another of the same
species.

In sexual reproduction, the new organism will have

some characteristics from the mother, and some from
father. It may look like either of them, or it may not.

In asexual reproduction, the new organism is an exact

copy of the first.
Characteristics of Living Organisms
Regulation

All organisms have regulatory mechanisms that

coordinate internal processes
Characteristics of Living Organisms
Homeostasis

All organisms have stable internal conditions which

must be maintained in order to remain alive.

These include temperature, water content,

heartbeat, and other such things. In a way, this has
to do with energy use, because a certain level of
energy must be kept within the body at all times.

For this, obviously, humans must then ingest food

on a regular basis.
Characteristics of Living Organisms
Heredity

All organisms on earth possess a genetic system that is

based on the replication of a long, complex molecule
called DNA

This mechanism allows for adaptation and evolution over

time and for the distinguishing characteristics of living
things