Revalued Data:

Mass of a baseball is 0.20 kg

Velocity of a baseball relative to home plate is 160 km/hr

Solution:

To determine kinetic energy KE of baseball relative to home plate proceed as follows:

Write the expression for kinetic energy KE , as follows:

1
KE mV 2
2
Here,
Mass m of a baseball is 0.20 kg
Velocity V of a baseball relative to home plate is 160 km/hr

Substitute 0.20 kg for m and 160 km/hr for V in the expression of kinetic energy KE
1
KE 0.20 kg 160 km/hr
2

2
2
1 1000
0.20 kg 160 m/s
2 3600
1
0.20 kg 44.44 m/s
2

2
0.20 kg 1974.91 m 2 /s 2
1
2
197.491 J
197.5 J

Thus, the kinetic energy KE of baseball relative to home plate is 197.5 J .



2.2

Revalued Data:
Mass of the object is 50 kg
Decrease in kinetic energy of an object is 0.80 kJ
Increase in potential energy of an object is 4 kJ
Initial velocity of an object relative to the surface of earth is 15 m/s
Elevation of the object relative to the surface of earth is 12 m.

Solution:
(a)

To determine the final velocity of an object V2 proceed as follows:

Write the expression for change in kinetic energy KE , as follows:

m V22 V12
1
KE
2
1
2KE 2
V2 V12
m
Here,
Decrease in kinetic energy KE of an object is 0.80 kJ
Initial velocity V1 of an object relative to the surface of earth is 15 m/s
Mass m of the object is 50 kg

Substitute 50 kg for m , 15 m/s for V1 and 0.80 kJ for KE in the expression of

change in kinetic energy KE
1
2 800 J 2
2
V2 15 m/s
50 kg
1
1600 J 2
2
15 m/s
50 kg
13.89 m/s

Thus, the final velocity of an object V2 is 13.89 m/s .

(b)

To determine the final elevation of an object z2 proceed as follows:



Write the expression for change in potential energy PE , as follows:

PE mg z2 z1
Here,
Acceleration due to gravity g is 9.8 m/s 2
Increase in potential energy PE of an object is 4 kJ
Initial elevation z1 of the object relative to the surface of earth is 12 m

Rearrange expression of potential energy PE and write expression for final

elevation of an object z2
PE
z2 z1
mg

Substitute 9.8 m/s 2 for g , 4 kJ for PE , 50 kg for m and 12 m for z1 in the

expression of z2
4000 J
z2 12 m
50 kg 9.8 m/s 2
8.16 m 12 m
20.16 m

Thus, the final elevation z2 of an object is 20.16 m .



2.3:
A body is initially at rest then an external force is applied on it which accelerates it with a
uniform acceleration of 1 m / s 2 . Mass of the body is 10 kg. Calculate the work done on the
body in 10 s.

Solution:
Use the following expression for acceleration (a) of the body:
dv
a
dt
adt dv
Here, v is velocity and t is time.

Integrate above expression and insert the limits 0 to t for t and u for v for v.
t v
a dt dv
0 u

a t 0 v u
v u at
Here, v is final velocity and u is initial velocity.

Substitute 0 for u, 1 m / s 2 for a and 10 s for t.

v 0 110
10 m / s

The net work done (W) on the body by the external force is equal to the change in kinetic
energy of the body. Therefore,
1 1
W mv 2 mu 2
2 2
m v2 u 2
1
2
Here, m is mass of the body.

Substitute 10 kg for m, 10 m/s for v and 0 for u.

1
W 10 10 0
2 2

2
500 J

Thus, the net work done on the body is 500 J .



2.4

Revalue data:
Mass of airliner is 12,000 kg. Cruising speed of airliner is 600 km/h at an altitude of 9,000 m. Take
the value of g 9.8 m / s 2 .

Solution:

Convert the unit of final velocity V2 of airliner into m/s.

V2 600 km / h

600 1000 m / s 1 km 1000 m
1 h 3600 s
3600
166.67 m / s

Use the following expression to determine the change in kinetic energy KE :

m V22 V12
1
KE
2
Here, m is mass and V1 is initial velocity of airplane when it was on the ground.

Substitute 12,000 kg for m, 166.67 m/s for V2 and 0 for V1 .

1

KE 1200 166.67 0
2
2 2

16,667,333.34 J
16,667.33 kJ

Thus, the change in kinetic energy of the airliner is 16,667.33 kJ .

Use the following expression to determine the change in potential energy PE :

PE mg Z 2 Z1
Here, Z1 and Z 2 are initial and final position of airliner relative to the ground.

Substitute 12,000 kg for m, 9.8 m / s 2 for g, 9,000 m for Z 2 and 0 for Z1 .

PE 12, 000 9.8 9, 000 0
1, 058, 400, 000 J
1, 058, 400 kJ


Thus, the change in potential energy of the airliner is 1, 058, 400 kJ .

Problem 2.5
Problem 2.6
Problem 2.7


2.8

Revalued Data:
Moment of inertia of flywheel is 9.4 kg m 2
Mass of a flywheel is 50 kg
Elevation of a flywheel is 10 m

Solution:

To determine the angular velocity of a flywheel proceed as follows:

Write the expression for change in potential energy PE , as follows:

PE mg z2 z1
Here,
Acceleration due to gravity g is 9.81 m/s 2
Mass m of a flywheel is 50 kg
Elevation z2 z1 of a flywheel is 10 m

Substitute 9.81 m/s 2 for g , 50 kg for m and 10 m for z2 z1 in the expression of

PE
PE 50 kg 9.81 m/s 2 10 m
4905 N m
Here, it is known that the kinetic energy KE is equivalent to potential energy.
KE 4905 N m

Write expression for kinetic energy KE

I 2
KE
2
Here, moment of inertia I of flywheel is 9.4 kg m 2
Rearrange above expression for kinetic energy KE and write expression for angular
velocity
1
2 KE 2

I


Substitute 9.4 kg m 2 for I and 4905 N m for KE in the expression of angular

velocity
1
2 4905 N m 2

9.4 kg m
2

1
9810 N m 2
2
9.4 kg m
32.30 s -1
Calculate angular velocity in terms of RPM
1 rev 60 s
32.30 s 1
2 1 min
308.44 RPM

Thus, the angular velocity of flywheel is 308.44 RPM

Problem 2.9


2.10

Revalued Data:
Mass of an object is 100 kg
Length of a ramp is 12 m
The ramp is inclined at an angle of 30 from the horizontal

Solution:

To determine the velocity of an object at the bottom of the ramp, proceed as follows:

In the given system the mass is a closed system and initially the object is in is rest that
is, the initial velocity V1 of the object is zero.
V1 0
The frictional forces between the object and ramp are zero. Therefore only acting
force is force of gravity.
Apply concept of energy conservation
m V22 V12 mg z2 z1 0
1
...... (1)
2
Here,
Mass m of an object is 100 kg
Initial velocity V1 of the object is 0
Acceleration of the gravity g is 9.81 m/s 2
Final velocity of an object is V2
Elevation of the ramp is z2 z1 and is determined as follows:


z2 z1
sin 30
12 m
z2 z1 12 m sin 30
1
12 m
2
6m
Rearrange equation (1) and write expression for V2

m V22 V12 mg z2 z1
1
2
V2 2 g z1 z2 V12

Substitute 6 m for z2 z1 , 100 kg for m , 9.81 m/s 2 for g , 0 for V1 in the expression
for V2
V2 2 9.81 m/s 2 6 m 0

117.72 m/s
10.85 m/s

Thus, the velocity of an object at the bottom of the ramp is 10.85 m/s .
Problem 2.11
Problem 2.12
Problem 2.13
2.14
2.21 A major force opposing the motion of a vehicle is the rolling resistance of the tires,
given by

Fr f W
where f is a constant called the rolling resistance coefficient and is the w vehicle weight.
Determine the power, in kW, required to overcome rolling resistance for a truck weighing
322.5 kN that is moving at 110 km/h. Let f = 0.0069

Data Revalue
Weight of the truck 375.5 kN
Speed of the truck is 90 km/h
Let f be 0.0085

To determine the power required by the truck moving at speed of 90km/h to overcome the
rolling resistance, proceed as follows:

Schematic and given data

Write the expression for power

Wr Fr V (1)

Here, W is power, F is force and V is velocity

It is known that force for rolling resistance

Fr f W (2)

Substitute equation (2) in equation (1)

Wr f W V
Here,

The rolling resistance (f) is 0.0085

The weight (W ) of truck is 375.5 kN
The speed (V) of the moving truck is 90 km/h
Substitute, 0.0085 for f, 375.5 kN for W , and 90km/h for V

Wr 0.0085 375.5 kN 90 km/h

103
0.0085 375.5 103 N 90 m/s
3600
79.79375 10 W 3

79.8 kW

Thus, the power required by moving truck to overcome rolling resistance is 79.8 kW
Problem 2.15
Problem 2.15 (continued)


2.16:
In a constant pressure process gas expands from initial volume V1 of 0.01 m3 to the final
volume V2 of 0.03 m3 . The pressure of the system is 2 bar. Determine the work done by
the gas.

Solution:
Use the following expression for work done (W) by the gas:
V2
W pdv
V1

Here, p is pressure.

Pressure of the system is constant so write the above expression as follows:

V2
W p dv
V1

p V2 V1

Substitute 2 bar for p, 0.03 m3 for V2 and 0.01 m3 for V1 .

W 2 bar 0.03 m3 0.01 m3
2 105 N / m 2 0.02 m3 1 bar 105 N / m 2
4000 J
4000
kJ 1 kJ 1000 J
1000
W 4 kJ

Thus, work done by the gas is 4 kJ .

Problem 2.17


2.18:
For a process taking place in a closed system containing gas, the volume and pressure
relationship is pV 1.4 constant . The process starts with initial conditions, p1 1.5 bar ,
V1 0.03 m3 and ends with final volume, V2 0.05 m3 . Determine the work done by the gas.

Solution:
Write the given pressure volume relationship for the system.
pV 1.4 C
Here, C is constant.

Re-arrange above expression to obtain the following relation:

C
p 1.4 (1)
V

Write the given pressure volume relationship for the initial and final states as follows:
p1V11.4 p2V21.4 C (2)

Therefore,
p1V11.4 p2V21.4
1.4
V
p2 p1 1
V2

Substitute 1.5 bar for p1 , 0.03 m3 for V1 and 0.05 m3 for V2 .

1.4
0.03
p2 1.5
0.05
0.73 bar

Use the following expression for work done (W) by the gas:
V2
W pdv
V1

Here, p is pressure.

C
Substitute for p from equation (1).
V 1.4


V2C
W dv
V 1.4
V1

V2 dv
C
V1 V 1.4

V2
V 1.41
C
1.4 1 V1

C
0.4
V10.4 V20.4

1
0.4
CV10.4 CV20.4

Use equation (2) to modify above expression:

p1V11.4 V10.4 p2V21.4 V20.4
1
W
0.4
p1V1 p2V2

0.4

Substitute 1.5 bar for p1 , 0.73 bar for p2 , 0.03 m3 for V1 and 0.05 m3 for V2 .
1.5 bar 0.03 m3 0.73 bar 0.05 m3
W
0.4
1.5 105 N / m 2 0.03 m3

0.73 105 N / m 2 0.05 m3
1 bar 105 N / m 2
0.4
850
J
0.4
2125 J

Thus, work done by the gas is 2125 J .

Problem 2.19
2.20 Nitrogen gas (N2) within a pistoncylinder assembly undergoes a compression from p1 =
0.2 MPa, V1 = 2.75 m3 to a state where p2 = 2MPa. The relationship between pressure and
volume during the process is pV1.35 = constant. For the N2, determine (a) the volume at state
2, in m3, and (b) the work, in kJ.

Revalue data
pV1.35 = constant
V1 = 3.25 m3
p1 = 0.5 MPa
p2 = 3 Mpa

To determine the (a) volume at the final state and the (b) work

Schematic and given data

Given data
pV1.35 = constant
V1 = 3.25 m3
p1 = 0.5 MPa
p2 = 3 Mpa

To determine the volume (V2) of N2 at the final state

Write the relation for pressure-volume

p1V1n p2V2n

Where, p is the pressure and V is the volume and pVn = constant

Substitute, 0.5 Mpa for p1, 3.25 m3 for V1, 3MPa for p2

p1V1n p2V2n
1
p n
V2 1 V1
p2

We know from pVn n is 1.35, substituting value of n in above relation

 1
p n
V2 1 V1
p2
1
0.5 1.35
3.25
3
0.40 m3

Thus, the volume (V2) of N2 at the final state is 0.40 m3

To determine the work done by N2

As the volume has changed with work made, the equation for obtaining work is

V2
W pdV
V1

Where,
W is work made
p is pressure
V is volume

Apply the same procedure as applied in part (a) of example 2.1, we obtain

2 2 PV
PV
W 1 1

1 n

Substitute, 3Mpa for P2, 0.5Mpa for P1, 3.25 m3 for V1, 0.40 m3 for V2, and 1.35 for n

PV2 2 PV
W 1 1

1 n

3 0.40 0.5 3.25
1 1.35
1.2 1.625

0.35
1.21428 Mpa m3
106
1.21428 3 kJ
10
1214.28 kJ

Thus, thus work in kJ is 1214.28 kJ

Problem 2.21
Problem 2.22


2.23

Revalued pressure Data

50 kPa 25 kPa
100 kPa 50 kPa
150 kPa 75 kPa
Revalues volume data
0.030 m3 0.020 m3
0.045 m3 0.035 m3
0.070 m3 0.060 m3

Solution:

To determine the total work, proceed as follows:

In the given problem it is obvious that the piston-cylinder assembly under-goes two process
in series.
Write the expression for total work W from the given two step p-V relation
V2
W PdV
V1

Pavg V2 V1 P2 V3 V2
P P
2 1 V2 V1 P2 V3 V2
2
Here,
Pressure P2 is 75 kPa


Pressure P1 is 50 kPa
Volume V3 is 0.060 m3
Volume V2 is 0.035 m3
Volume V1 is 0.020 m3

Substitute 75 kPa for P2 , 50 kPa for P1 , 0.060 m3 for V3 , 0.035 m3 for V2 and 0.020 m3
for V1 in the expression of total work W
75 kPa 50 kPa
W 0.035 m 0.020 m 75 kPa 0.060 m 0.030 m
3 3 3 3

2
62.5 kPa 0.015 m3 75 kPa 0.030 m3
0.9375 kJ 2.25 kJ
3.19 kJ

Thus, the total work is 3.19 kJ .

Problem 2.24
Problem 2.25
Problem 2.26
Problem 2.27
Problem 2.28
Problem 2.29
Problem 2.31


2.32:

A body is placed in a room and the temperature of the walls of the room is 27 C . The
surface area of the body is 0.4 m 2 and its temperature is 100 C . The value of emissivity of
the body is 0.75. Calculate the rate of heat exchanged between the body and the walls of the
room.

Solution:
Initially convert the units of temperatures of the wall Tw of the room and the body Tb
into K as follows:
Tw 27 C
27 273 K
300 K
Tb 100 C
100 273 K
373 K

Heat transfer between the body and the walls of the room will be through radiation. So use

the following expression to determine the heat transfer rate Q between them:
Q A T T
b
4
w
4

Here, is Stefan-Boltzmann constant, is emissivity and A is surface area.

Substitute 5.67 108 W / m 2 K 4 for , 0.75 for , 0.4 m 2 for A, 373 K for Tb and 300 K
for Tw .
Q 5.67 108 W / m 2 K 4 0.75 0.4 m 2 373 K 300 K
4 4

191.5 W

Thus, the rate of heat transfer between the body and the walls of the room is 191.5 W .
Problem 2.33


2.34

Revalued Data
Diameter of spherical interplanetary probe is 0.6 m
Rate of transfer of energy from the outer surface of spherical interplanetary probe
is 160 W

Solution:

To determine the surface temperature, proceed as follows:

Write the expression of energy Q

e emitted from the surface of spherical
interplanetary probe
Q e ATs4
Rearrange above expression and write expression for surface temperature Ts
1
Q 4
Ts e ...... (1)
A
Here,
Stefan-Boltzmann constant is 5.67 108 W/m 2 K 4
Rate of transfer of energy from the outer surface of spherical interplanetary probe

Q is 160 W
e

The emissivity is 0.8

Area A of spherical interplanetary probe is
A= D 2 ...... (2)
Here, diameter D of spherical interplanetary probe is 0.6 m

Substitute equation (2) in equation (1)



1
Q e 4
Ts 2
D

Substitute 5.67 108 W/m 2 K 4 for , 0.8 for , 160 W for Q e , and 0.6 m for D
in the expression of surface temperature Ts
1
160 W 4
Ts
0.8 5.67 108 W/m 2 K 4 0.6 m
2

1
160 W 4

0.8 5.67 10 W/m K 0.36 m
8 2 4 2

1
160 4
8
K4
5.13 10
1
31.19 108 K 4 4
236.32 K

Thus, the surface temperature is 236.32 K .



2.35

Revalue data:
Surface area is 0.25 m 2 , emissivity is 0.85, temperature of the body is 175 C and
temperature of the walls is 27 C .

Solution:
Initially convert the units of temperatures of the wall Tw of the room and the body
Tb into K as follows:
Tw 27 C
27 273 K
300 K
Tb 175 C
175 273 K
448 K

(a) Use the following expression to determine the rate at which heat Q is
radiated by the body:
Q ATb4
Here, is Stefan-Boltzmann constant, is emissivity and A is surface area.

Substitute 5.67 108 W / m 2 K 4 for , 0.85 for , 0.25 m 2 for A and 448 K for Tb .
Q 5.67 108 W / m 2 K 4 0.85 0.25 m 2 448 K
4

485.35 W

Thus, the rate at which heat is radiated from the body is found to be 485.35 W .
(b) Heat transfer between the body and the walls of the room will be through
radiation. So use the following expression to determine the heat transfer rate

Q between them:
Q A Tb4 Tw4
Here, is Stefan-Boltzmann constant, is emissivity and A is surface area.


Substitute 5.67 108 W / m 2 K 4 for , 0.85 for , 0.25 m 2 for A, 448 K for Tb and
300 K for Tw .
Q 5.67 108 W / m 2 K 4 0.85 0.25 m 2 448 K 300 K
4 4

387.75 W

Thus, the rate of heat transfer between the body and the walls of the room
is 387.75 W .


2.36:

A chip with surface area of upper face of 25 mm 2 . It is exposed to a convection environment

that has a temperature equal to 25 C . An electrical input of 0.325 W is provided to the chip
and under steady state heat is transferred from the upper face of the chip into the surrounding.
The convective heat transfer coefficient between the chip and the surrounding is
125 W / m 2 K . Determine the surface temperature of the chip.

Solution:
To determine the surface temperature of the chip Tc , write the energy rate balance equation
as follows:
dE
Q W
dt
dE
Here, is rate of change in energy, Q is heat transfer rate and W is rate of work done.
dt

dE
Under steady state condition, 0 , so modify above expression to obtain the following
dt
expression:
0 Q W
Q W (1)

Convert the unit of temperature of surrounding Ts into K.

Ts 25 C
25 273 K
298 K

Heat is lost from the chip into the surrounding through convection so use the Newtons law of
cooling to determine the heat transfer rate.
Q hA Tc Ts
Here, h is convective heat transfer coefficient and A is surface area.

Substitute 125 W / m 2 K for h, 25 106 m 2 for A and 298 K for Ts .

Q 125 25 106 T 298
c

It is given that work is done on the chip so rate of work done will be negative. Therfore,
W 0.325 W

Substitute above values for Q and W in equation (1).



Q W
125 25 106 Tc 298 0.325
0.325
Tc 298
125 25 106
Tc 298 104
402 K
402 273 C
129 C

Thus, the surface temperature of the chip will be 129 C .

Problem 2.37
Problem 2.38


2.39

Revalue data:
Mass is 5 kg, heat transfer from the mass at a rate of 10 kJ/kg, an elevation increase of
75 m, an increase in velocity from 10 m/s to 20 m/s. The specific internal energy
decreases by 10 kJ/kg and the acceleration of gravity is constant at 9.8 m / s 2 .

Solution:

According to first law of thermodynamics,

U KE PE Q W
W Q U KE PE (1)
Here, U is change in internal energy, KE is change in kinetic energy, PE is
potential energy, Q is heat transfer and W is work done.

Calculate the change in internal energy as follows:

U mu
Here, u is change in specific internal energy and m is mass.

Substitute 5 kg for m and 10 kJ / kg for u .

U 5 kg 10 kJ / kg
50 kJ

Calculate the change in kinetic energy from the following relation:

1 1
KE mV22 mV12
2 2
m V22 V12
1
2
Here, V1 and V2 are initial and final velocities, respectively.

Substitute 5 kg for m, 10 m/s V1 and 20 m/s for V2 .

1
KE 5 202 102
2
750 J
0.750 kJ


Calculate the change in potential energy from the following relation:

PE mg Z 2 Z1
Here, g is acceleration due to gravity and Z 2 Z1 is increase in elevation.

Substitute 5 kg for m, 75 m for Z 2 Z1 and 9.8 m / s 2 for g.

PE 5 9.8 75
3675 J
3.675 kJ

Calculate the total heat transfer as follows:

Q mq
Here, q is heat transfer per kg.

Substitute 5 kg for m and 10 kJ / kg for q.

Q 5 kg 10 kJ / kg
50 kJ

Substitute 50 kJ for Q, 50 kJ for U , 3.675 kJ for PE and 0.75 kJ for KE

in equation (1) to determine the value of W.
W 50 kJ 50 kJ 0.75 kJ 3.675 kJ
2.925 kJ

Work done is found to be positive so work is done by the mass.

Thus, work done for the process is 2.925 kJ .

Problem 2.40
Problem 2.41
Problem 2.42


2.43:
An electric motor that is connected to a supply voltage of 100 V draws 10 amp current. The
output shaft of the motor has a rotational speed of 800 RPM and it develops a torque of
11 N m . For steady state operation of the motor determine the rate of heat transfer.

Solution:
To determine the rate of heat transfer Q , write the energy rate balance equation as follows:
dE
Q W
dt
dE
Here, is rate of change in energy, Q is heat transfer rate and W is rate of work done.
dt

dE
Under steady state condition, 0 , so modify above expression to obtain the following
dt
expression:
0 Q W
Q W (1)

The net rate of work done by the motor is equal to the sum of power developed by shaft
Wshaft and electric power consumed by motor Welectric . Therefore,
W W W
electric shaft (2)

Calculate the electric power consumed by the motor from the following relation:
Welectric VI
Here, V is voltage and I is current.

Substitute 100 V for V and 10 amp for I.

W 100 10
electric

1000 W

Calculate the power developed by the output shaft from the following relation:
2 N
Wshaft
60
Here, is torque and N is rotational speed in RPM.

Substitute 11 N m for and 800 RPM for N.

2
Wshaft 11 800
60
921.5 W

Substitute 921.5 W for Wshaft and 1000 W for Welectric in equation (2).


W Welectric Wshaft
1000 W 921.5 W
78.5 W

Substitute 78.5 W for W in equation (1) to determine the value of rate of heat transfer.
Q W
78.5 W

Negative sign indicates that heat is lost by the motor and the rate of heat transfer is 78.5 W .


2.44:

In a rigid insulated container of volume 0.8 m3 , 2.5 kg of air is filled. A paddle wheel is
fitted in the container and it transfers energy to the contained air at a constant rate of 12 W
for a period of 1 h. There is no change in the potential or kinetic energy of the system.
Determine the energy transfer by the wheel to the air per kg of air.

Solution:
Use the following expression to determine the work done (W) by the paddle wheel on air:
1

W Wdt
0

Here, W is rate of work done on the air and t is time.

Substitute 12 W for W .
1
W 12dt
0

12 t 0
1

12Wh
1 W 1 J / s
12 J / s 3600 s 1 h 3600 s

43200 J

Write the energy balance equation according to first law of thermodynamics.

KE PE U Q W
Here, KE is change in kinetic energy, PE is change in potential energy, U is change in
internal energy and Q is heat transferred to the system.

There is no change in kinetic and potential energy also there is no heat transfer into the
system, therefore,
KE PE Q 0

Substitute these values in energy balance equation to obtain the following expression:
U W

Substitute mu for U
mu W
W
u
m
Here, m is mass of air and u is change in internal energy per kg of air.

Substitute 43200 J for W and 2.5 kg for m.



43200 J
u
2.5 kg
17280
kJ/kg
1000
17.28 kJ/kg

Thus, energy transfer per kg of air is 17.28 kJ/kg .

Problem 2.45
Problem 2.46
Problem 2.47
Problem 2.48
Problem 2.49
Problem 2.50
Problem 2.51
Problem 2.52
Problem 2.53
Problem 2.54


2.55

Revalue data:
p3 120 kPa , V3 0.03 m3 , W31 9.5 kJ and Wcycle = 7.5 kJ .

Solution:
(a) Use the following expression for work done W31 in constant pressure
process 3-1:
1
W31 pdV
3

Pressure is constant and it is equal to p3 . Therefore,

1
W31 p3 dV
3

p3 V1 V3

Re-arrange above expression.

W
V1 V3 31
p3

Substitute 0.03 m3 for V3 , 9.5 kJ for W31 and 120 kPa for p3 .


9.5 kJ
V1 0.03 m3
120 kPa
0.03 m3 0.079 m3
0.109 m3

Thus, the volume at state 1 is 0.109 m3 .

(b) Work done in the complete cycle is equal to the sum of work done in each
process. Therefore,
Wcycle W12 W23 W31

Process 2-3 is a constant volume process, so there is no change in volume and thus no
work is done in this process that is W23 0 .

Modify above expression of Wcycle .

Wcycle W12 0 W31
W12 Wcycle W31

Substitute 7.5 kJ for Wcycle and 9.5 kJ for W31 .

W12 7.5 kJ 9.5 kJ
= 17 kJ

Thus, work for process 1-2 is 17 kJ .

According to first law of thermodynamics, write the following expression for process
1-2:
U 2 U1 KE PE Q12 W12
It is given that there is no change in kinetic and potential energy so KE PE 0 .
Also, U 2 U1 , so modify above expression to obtain the following expression:
0 Q12 W12
Q12 W12

Substitute 17 kJ for W12 .

Q12 17 kJ

Thus, heat transfer for process 1-2 is 17 kJ .



(c) A power cycle is one in which overall work is done by the system that is
Wcycle 0 . But Wcycle = 7.5 kJ 0 , so it cannot be a power cycle. The given
cycle may be a refrigeration cycle.
Problem 2.56

Problem 2.57

Problem 2.58


2.59

Revalued Data:
The net amount of energy transfer by work is 834 kJ
The heat transfer out of the system to the cold body is 1800 kJ

Solution:

To determine the thermal efficiency, proceed as follows:

For the power cycle, write expression for energy balance energy balance
Wcycle Qin Qout
Rearrange above expression and write expression for heat transfer of energy into the
system from the hot body Qin
Qin Wcycle Qout
Here,
The net amount of energy transfer by work Wcycle is 834 kJ
The heat transfer out of the system to the cold body Qout is 1800 kJ

Substitute 834 kJ for Wcycle and 1800 for Qout in the expression of Qin
Qin 834 kJ 1800 kJ
2634 kJ

Write the expression for thermal efficiency

Wcycle

Qin


Substitute 2634 kJ for Qin and 834 kJ for Wcycle in the expression of thermal
efficiency
834 kJ
100%
2634 kJ
0.3166 100%
31.66%

Thus, the thermal efficiency is 31.66% .

Problem 2.60
2.61
Problem 2.62

Problem 2.63
Problem 2.64

Problem 2.65


2.66

Revalue data:
Coefficient of performance is 2.5, rate of energy removal from refrigerating space is
650 kJ/h. Cost of electricity is $0.06 per kW h . Determine the cost of electricity in a
month when the refrigerator operates for 360 hours.

Solution:
Use the following expression to determine the electric power input Wcycle to the
refrigerator:
Q
Wcycle in

Here, Q in is cooling rate and is coefficient of performance.

Substitute 650 kJ/h for Q in and 2.5 for .

650 kJ / h
Wcycle
2.5
260 kJ / h

Use the following expression to determine the total cost of electricity in a month:
Total cost Wcycle Electricity cost Total number of hours of operation
= 260 kJ / h $0.06 / kW h 360 h
$5616

Thus, the total cost of electricity in a month is $5616 .



2.67:
In the cooling season an air conditioning system operates 9 hours per day for a period of 120
days. It provides cooling at a rate of 5000 kJ/h and coefficient of performance of the system
is 2.5. If electricity costs $0.1 per kWh, then determine the total cost of electricity in dollars
for the cooling season.

Solution:
Use the following expression to determine the electric power input Wcycle to the air
conditioning unit:
Q
Wcycle in

Here, Q in is cooling rate and is coefficient of performance.

Substitute 5000 kJ/h for Q in and 2.5 for .

5000 kJ / h
Wcycle
2.5
2000 kJ / h

Use the following expression to determine the total cost of electricity:

Total cost Wcycle Electricity cost Total number of hours of operation
= 2000 kJ / h $0.1/ kWh 120 days 9 h / day
$216, 000

Thus, the total cost of electricity for the cooling season is $216, 000 .
Problem 2.68

Problem 2.69
Problem 2.70