Review of literature

Majority of Indonesian children have poor oral health. However, little detailed information is
available on underlying causation and none that examine impacts of oral health on child self-
esteem, school performance and perceived employability. Similar study was carried out by Diah
Ayu Maharani et al. (2017), The percentages of children with decayed teeth were 94 and 90% in
the 6-7- and 10 11-year age groups, respectively. Families reported high levels of child
consumption of sugar-containing foods and drinks; many had irregular use of fluoride
toothpaste. Children with substantial plaque on their teeth achieved significantly lower levels of
school performance than their peers with clean teeth. Significant associations were found
between school performance and self-esteem for these children.

Hemen Sharma et al. (2017) studied on 351 students and the overall prevalence of dental
caries was found to be 62.1%. The prevalence of dental caries was significantly higher among
students belonging to lower socio -economic group. The prevalence was significantly lower
among students who had brushing habits twice a day as compared to those having brushing
habit once daily. The prevalence of dental caries was significantly lower among students
studied in private school. They concluded that the prevalence of dental caries in the present
study is on the higher side. The study highlights the need of awareness among students
regarding the advantages of good oral hygienic practises with regular monitoring of children for
common dental problems at the school level.

Shiamaa Shihab Al Mashhadani et al. (2017), reported that, the total number of children
sampled was 5617, of whom 1317 were group one (5 - 7 years), 2237 group two (12 - 14 years)
and 2063 group three (15 - 17 years). The prevalence of caries (defined as dmft > 0) in the three
groups was 65.1%, 59.2% and 65.9%, respectively. Mean dmft/DMFT scores in the three groups
were 3.87, 1.83 and 2.70, respectively (P < 0.05). Caries free children were the highest among
the second group with 58.4% and conclusion was caries prevalence in school children in Dubai
is high. A well structured plan for a prevention program is required.

Sonia Gupta et al. (2017) study suggests that more than 50% of the school going children had
dental plaque, and more than one third of them had mild gingivitis. The result shows that there
is urgent need to start a community based program for oral health education, motivation and
promotion for school children.

Om Prakash Yadav et al. (2017) were observed that 15.18% and 30.74% children had dental
caries in primary and permanent teeth respectively. Community periodontal index (CPI) score
revels that majority of the subjects (45.53%) had bleeding on probing, 31.13% and 2.72% had
calculus & periodontal pocket 4-5 mm respectively and conclusion was, there is a need for
preventive measures to improve the oral health of these children so that we can prevent dental
caries and periodontal diseases.
Aditi Mathur et al. (2016) Study showed that dental neglect was greater among females, older
children, those whose mother had less education, children who had not received dental care in
previous two years, and those for whom the responding parents last dental visit was due to
problem rather than for a routine examination. Among the older children, those in higher
dental neglect group had significantly higher dental caries experience (DMFS with P < 0.001),
and greater number of decayed permanent tooth surface (P < 0.019) and conclude that dental
neglect scale may have utility in predicting and understanding variation in dental health, and to
provide education to promote dental health.

Gulshan Roy Chowdhury (2016), A study was conducted on 70 class 5 students of a Government
school of New Delhi, India. A structured interview schedule was used to assess the oral health
knowledge regarding oral health before and after the planned teaching program and identifying
the oral health practices and an observation check list to assess the oral health status. The
study concluded that 60% of the primary school children were having foul smell & approx 50%
of them had coated tongue. An illustrated booklet distributed among the students significantly
increased the knowledge of the students about outcome of neglected oral hygiene & the
appropriate oral health practices. It is recommended that the public health nurse posted under
school health services scheme should regularly conduct oral health examination of the primary
school children and reinforce their knowledge & practices related to oral hygiene.

ST Prashanth et al. (2011) found, If dental health awareness can be instituted to the parents,
including brushing techniques and diet counseling at a very early age, the incidence of dental
caries can be kept to minimum, and can reduce the probability of complicated dental treatment
needs. However, an effective dental health education method has not been well instituted for
visually impaired children; more studies have to be carried out regarding an education mode
that can be best perceived by visually impaired children. The present study shows not much
worsening of oral health status in the study population. A little extra care by the parent or
caretaker regarding oral hygiene can give drastic results in reduction of dental caries and
gingival diseases.

Vijayta Sharva et al. (2017), reported, TDIs constitute a major public health problem creating
not only physical but also esthetic and psychological effects in children and their parents.
Unfortunately, the public is unaware of the risk and does not have enough information to avoid
traumatic injuries to the teeth. Although prevention of TDIs is the most desirable action, oral
health promotion through well-structured oral health education program can create positive
change in awareness for special groups such as school children. Reinforcement of knowledge is
necessary which can be done by incorporating chapters on oral health in school textbooks.
Furthermore, the teachers training programs can ensure continuity of reinforcement. It is
essential that the oral health professionals must educate children, parents, teachers, and
health-care professionals in correct emergency care after a traumatic injury has occurred.

Reference

Diah Ayu Maharani, , Melissa Adiatman, Anton Rahardjo, Girvan Burnside, and Cynthia Pine.
(2017), An assessment of the impacts of child oral health in Indonesia and associations with
self-esteem, school performance and perceived employability Maharani etal. BMCOralHealth
17:65, DOI 10.1186/s12903-017-0358

Hemen Sharma, Alak Barua, Puspita Barman, Dipanjal Saikia (2017), prevalence of dental caries
in school going children of dibrugarh town, Assam. J. Evolution Med. Dent. 3320-3323.

Shiamaa Shihab Al Mashhadani, Tareq Al Khoory, Nadia M Saleh, Khaled Fargali, Retty
Mathew, and Nisreen Al Qasem (2017), National survey of the oral health status of school
children in dubai,UAE. EC Dental Science , 8,.2: 48-58.

Sonia Gupta, Jitender Solanki, Rushabh J Dagli, Ambika Chaudhary, Rajeev Mahajan, Omprakash
Yadav (2017). Oral hygiene status of school going children of Jodhpur, city. Journal of Science,
Vol 7, Issue 1, 18-22.

Om Prakash Yadav, Girish R Shavi, Manju Panwar, Shivendra Rana, Ravi Gupta, and Akshay
Verma (2017), Prevalence of Dental Caries and Periodontal Disease in Deaf and Mute Children
Attending Special Schools in Jaipur City, Rajasthan. Journal of Dental Health, Oral Disorders &
Therapy. Volume 7 Issue 4. 1-4.

Aditi Mathur, Anmol Mathur, and Vikram Pal Aggarwa (2016), Dental Neglect Affecting Oral
Health Status in India, Int J Pediatr Res. Volume 2, Issue 1. 1-4.

TC Bharathi et al. (2016). Oral health status, awareness, attitude, practices, and level of
nicotine dependence among Tamil Nadu Electricity Board workers in North Chennai, Tamil
Nadu. SRM Journal of Research in Dental Sciences. Volume7, Issue 2. 73-77.

Paresh M Lakhani, Ruchi Arora, Deepak P Bhayya, Subha Dogra, and Sonal Jain (2016),
Assessment of mothers knowledge regarding importance of eruption of first permanent molar
and child oral hygiene practices: A correlation study. Journal of Applied Dental and Medical
Sciences, Volume 2 Issue 2, 7-11.

Gulshan Roy Chowdhury (2016), A Study To Assess The Oral Health Status And Identify Oral
Health Problems Of Primary School Children With A View To Develop Planned Teaching
Programme Regarding Oral Health And Evaluate Its Effectiveness In A Selected Government
School Of South Delhi. International Journal of Healthcare Sciences. Vol. 4, Issue 1, 301-304.

ST Prashanth, Sudhanshu Bhatnagar, Usha Mohan Das, and H Gopu (2011), Oral health
knowledge, practice, oral hygiene status, and dental caries prevalence among visually impaired
children in Bangalore. Indian Society of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry. Volume : 29,
Issue : 2, 102-105.
Vijayta Sharva, Venugopal Reddy, Ajay Bhambal, Rohit Agrawal, and Manoj Gupta (2017),
Traumatic dental injuries to the anterior teeth among 12-year and 15-year-old schoolchildren of
urban and rural areas of Bhopal District, Central India: A prevalence study. Chrismed Journal of
Health and Research. Volume : 4, Issue : 1, 38-42