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Shape
Numerical Data
Properties
Central
Variation Shape
Tendency
Mean Range Skew
Median Interquartile Kurtosis
Range
Mode Variance
Midrange Standard Deviation
Midhinge Coeff. of Variation
Range
1. Measure of Dispersion
2. Difference Between Largest & Smallest
Observations
Range = X l arg est X smallest
7 8 9 10 7 8 9 10
Interquartile Range
1. Measure of Dispersion
2. Also Called Midspread
3. Difference Between Third & First
Quartiles
Interquartile Range = Q3 Q1
4. Spread in Middle 50%
5. Not Affected by Extreme Values
Variance &
Standard Deviation
1. Measures of Dispersion
2. Most Common Measures
3. Consider How Data Are Distributed
4. Show Variation About Mean (X or X)
X = 8.3
4 6 8 10 12
Sample Variance Formula
c h 2
Xi X n - 1 in denominator!
(Use N if Population
S2 = i =1
Variance)
n 1
=
c X 1 X h + cX
2
2 X h 2
c
+ L + Xn X h 2
n 1
Sample Standard
Deviation Formula
2
S= S
cXi X h
2
i =1
=
n 1
=
cX 1 X h + cX
2
2 X h 2
c
+ L + Xn X h 2
n 1
Variance Example
cXi X h
2
2
Xi
i =1 i =1
S = where X = = 8.3
n 1 n
S 2
=
a10.3 8.3 f + a4.9 8.3 f
2 2
a
+ L + 7.7 8.3 f 2
6 1
= 6.368
Coefficient of Variation
Group 1 Data: 1 2 3
Group 2 Data: 100 200 300
F SI 1
Group 1 CV = G J 100% = 100% = 50%
HXK 2
F SI
Group 2 CV = G J 100% =
100
100% = 50%
HXK 200
Thinking Challenge
Sample Variance
Raw Data: 17 16 21 18 13 16 12 11
n n
cXi X h
2
Xi
S2 = i =1
where X = i =1
= 15.5
n 1 n
S 2
=
a17 15.5 f + a16 15.5 f
2 2
a
+ L + 11 15.5 f 2
8 1
= 1114
.
Variation Solution*
cXi X h
2
S = S2 = i =1
= 1114
. = 3.34
n 1
Coefficient of Variation
F SI F
CV = G J 100% = G
3.34 I
J 100% = 215%
.
HXK H 15.5 K
Summary of
Variation Measures
Measure Equation Description
Range Xlargest - Xsmallest Total Spread
Interquartile Range Q3 - Q1 Spread of Middle 50%
(X i
2 Dispersion about
Standard Deviation X)
(Sample) Sample Mean
n 1
Dispersion about
(X i
2
Standard Deviation X )
(Population) Population Mean
N
Variance (Xi -X )2 Squared Dispersion
(Sample) n-1 about Sample Mean
Coeff. of Variation (S /X )100% Relative Variation
Summary of
Variation Measures
Measure Equation Description
Range Xlargest - Xsmallest Total Spread
Interquartile Range Q3 - Q1 Spread of Middle 50%
(X
2 Dispersion about
Standard Deviation X)
(Sample)
i
Sample Mean
n 1
(X i
2 Dispersion about
Standard Deviation )
(Population) Population Mean
N
Variance (Xi - X)2 Squared Dispersion
(Sample) n-1 about Sample Mean
Coeff. of Variation (S / X)100% Relative Variation
Numerical Data
Properties & Measures
Numerical Data
Properties
Central
Variation Shape
Tendency
Mean Range Skew
Median Interquartile Kurtosis
Range
Mode Variance
Midrange Standard Deviation
Midhinge Coeff. of Variation
Shape
4 6 8 10 12
Shape &
Box-and-Whisker Plot
Shape