Household Waste Is Energy

Houshold waste is energy
FIRST AUTHOR
Business administration and computer science, Telemark University college,
Gullbringvegen 36,
B, 3800, Norway
131607@hit.no, Lars Chr. Thune
http://www.hit.no
SECOND AUTHOR
Business administration and computer science, Telemark University college,
Gullbringvegen 36,,
B, 3800, Norway
121717@hit.no, Ove Andr Sandli
http://www.hit.no
THIRD AUTHOR
Industrial Ingeneer , Meurice Institute, Avenue mile Gryzon, 1,
1070 Brussels, building 10, Belgium
thibaut.dhondt@cnldb.be Thibaut D'hondt
http://www.heldb.be/en/
FOURTH AUTHOR
Industrial Ingeneer , Meurice Institute, Avenue mile Gryzon, 1,
1070 Brussels, building 10, Belgium
j.gousenbourger@cnldb.be Jean-Franois Gousenbourger
http://www.heldb.be/en/
FIFTH AUTHOR
Business administration, FH-Brandenburg, Magdeburgerstrae 50
Brandenburg, 14770, Germany
guentchr@fh-brandenburg.de Christiano Sawade
http://www.fh-brandenburg.de
1
Received (14th of April 2014)

Revised (14th of April 2014)
Accepted (14th of April 2014)
Abstract
Purpose- Decrease the waste collection and storage by transforming it into energy
Approach-We introduce the waste is problematic and propose a solution micro incinerator in medium to large
apartment complex to decrease the collection, the storage and produce energy.
Findings- Even if the prevention and reduction are the best solution to decrease the waste production, energy
recovery could be profitable.
Research limitations/implications This file explain the problematic and give a solution but the incinerator
mentioned bellow need to be design and scale
Practical implications- Have the incinerator put into place for medium to large size apartments, and see the
benefits for both families, municipalities and also the environment
Keywords Waste; energy; combustion; heat recovery; energy recovery;

Paper type Conceptual paper
2
Content
1. Project Introduction .................................................................................... 4
1.1 What is household waste? ......................................................................................................... 4
2. Municipal Waste Statistics .......................................................................... 5
2.1. Amounts of municipal waste treated in the European Union 1995 to 2009 ................................ 6
3. Waste Hierarchy .......................................................................................... 7
4. Our Countries .............................................................................................. 8
4.1. Germany waste management .................................................................................................... 8
4.2. Belgium waste management ..................................................................................................... 9
4.3. Norway waste management .................................................................................................... 10
5. Incinerators ................................................................................................ 10
6. Closer View for Each Part ......................................................................... 11
6.1. The burning ........................................................................................................................... 11
6.2. The heat recovery................................................................................................................... 14
6.3. Energy production ................................................................................................................. 15
6.3.1. How does a turbine work? .............................................................. 16
7. Advantages and Disadvantages of Incinerators ........................................ 17
8. Conclusion .................................................................................................. 18
9. References .................................................................................................. 20
Other reference : .......................................................................................................................... 20
Appendix ........................................................................................................... I
Appendix 1 (price for Insulfrax S) ................................................................................................... I
Appendix 2: Demonstration for counter-flow heat exchanger ......................................................... II
Figures ........................................................................................................... IV
About the Authors: ........................................................................................ IX
3
1. Project Introduction
We have been tasked to find a manageable system for waste, and turn this into energy.
The project title is Household waste is energy. While making a system that can be
profitable both for families in rural areas it also needs to be doable and not too farfetched.
It means that we are using technologies that are both affordable and easy to attain. This is
not a project designed to be science fiction, but a project that can realistically put into
place, and this is how we attacked this project.
It is no lie that the amount of household waste in the world today is rapidly increasing.
The way we deal with this increasing problem is ineffective and problematic and will in
the future, if you look at it environmentally, be impossible. Landfills are filling up with
waste that is almost impossible to manage properly, and burial sites causes unnecessary
toxic liquids that infiltrate the soil and makes it impossible to use for other purposes.
Our main objective was to find a solution that deals with household waste without
intermediaries such as collecting and transporting the waste. And see if there is way
everyone can benefit from our solution by using the household waste for heating, warm
water, and other appliances.
There is a technical part of this project where we intend to find a way to reduce the
amount of household waste by transforming waste to energy in an incinerator. Here we
will transform the waste we have in every household into preferred energy at a lower cost
that is available now. At a reduce cost for all families and municipalities.
1.1 What is household waste?
Figure 1: on the right of the text below
It's easy to say that household waste is useless garbage that is of no use to anyone, and
everyone throws it away in a trash bins without giving it a second thought. The truth is
that all the trash we throw away could be made valuable with the correct process; bottles,
cans, packaging, clothing and other disposals can all be valorized. Household waste is
generated inside private homes and apartments, and is usually collected by the
municipalities, or in some countries, private companies take care of the collecting part of
4
waste management. It is then transported to facilities that take care of the waste and
recycles as much as possible and turns it into energy, which we will touch on later.
Household waste is also very expensive for most people, considering the cost of transport
and handling is extremely expensive in most countries, so people are actually throwing
away the opportunity to save money.
There are different kinds of waste in households that need to be handled differently.
Hazardous and poisonous waste makes up a small percentage of total household waste,
but still significant, especially in regards to the environment. You have, for example, car
batteries that contain toxic materials such as mercury and lead, which need to be disposed
of with approved methods that are usually differently in each country.
There are other toxic household waste that should be handled with care, like household
cleaning products, house paints, and oils that can be dangerous to our health as well to
our environment. These types of waste may need a different types of waste management,
and in many European countries, the government does pick up these kinds of hazardous
waste. It is your responsibility to dispose it with care, usually by transporting it ourselves
to areas or facilities that specialize in dangerous waste. Having information and
knowledge about the many different types of household waste, and how to manage it
disposal is key to creating an affordable, effortless, and realistic waste management
system.
2. Municipal Waste Statistics
In 2010, household waste contributed with 219 million tonnes, (8,7% of total wastes
generation). Most of the waste that was generated came from construction, accounting for
860 million tonnes (34,4% of the total in 2010), and mining, contributed with 672 million
tonnes (26,8% of the total in 2010)a. Based on this, we can state that household waste is
only a small part of the total waste generation, but it is nevertheless important to note that
household waste is still an important area to lay emphasis on. The reason for this is that
there are a lot of material being thrown away that can be recycled, reused, or used as
energy.
In order to approach this problem properly, it is important to have a look at the amount of
municipal waste that is produced on an annual basis. The figure 2 shows municipal waste
generated per capita, shown as a comparison between 2001 and 2010.
a
http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/statistics_explained/index.php/Waste_statistics
5
Figure 2: here
As we can see, there is a big variation of municipal waste generation from each country.
Many factors come into play, and the variation reflects differences in the economic
wealth, consumption patterns, municipal waste collection and management. According to
Eurostat, you will find that the main differences between each country vary from how
commerce, trade and administration is collected and managed together with waste from
households. In most countries, households generate between 60% to 90% of municipal
waste, while the rest can be connected to commercial sources and administrationb.
It is also very important to look at how different countries handle their waste. Looking at
statistics of how European countries handle their waste gives us a good idea of which
solutions are currently in use when it comes to waste management, while also
contributing with insight for solutions in the future. An environmental and profitable
perspective are being put more and more into focus, and with such solutions, it is
important to understand how it was in the past.
2.1. Amounts of municipal waste treated in the European Union 1995 to 2009
If you look at figure 3, you can see that there has been a decrease of garbage/waste that
ends up in landfills. This way of waste management, is the least favorable way to deal
with trash and rubbish, because it is environmentally unfriendly, less profitable and
potential valuable materials are not being recycled or reused. Landfills, according to the
waste pyramid (Figure 4), are the least favorable way to deal with waste and have,
therefore, a decrease in 32% from 1995 to 2009 in this figure.
Figure 3 here
Incinerating garbage is a way of handling waste, which according to this figure has
increased by 63%. This can be a good way to deal with the waste because you can use the
heat from the furnace to heat water, which can be transported via pipes to serve as energy
or heating for homes. A comprehensive cleaning process will make the fumes produced
by the incinerator, clean and environmentally friendly. The smoke emitted from the fire is
usually emitted through the familiar chimneys at the top of the plant. Advanced
technology makes this process possible and could be a greater solution in the future.
b
http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/statistics_explained/index.php/Municipal_waste_statistics
6
When it comes to recycling, we can see that this way of handling waste has increased in
recent years. The reason for this is that it has become a better solution for recycling.
Recycling is to use material from waste as raw materials to produce new products or
resources. By recycling, we can prevent waste from piling up in landfills or being burned.
In turn, reducing the extraction of raw materials from nature. Metals, as steel and
aluminum, are in principle, a limited resource, but as long as they are recycled, we can
call them a renewable resource. Additionally recycling requires less energy than
extracting and processing all materials from scratch, but sometimes at a higher cost.
Among the materials that are recycled, we often find glass, paper, beverage cartons, steel,
aluminum, fabrics, plastics and wastewater. The industry provides the greatest
contribution to recycling. Purification of industrial emissions saves the environment of
toxic pollution and contributes to the recycling of industrial raw materials.
Composting is the method where organic material such as food scraps, garden residues,
straw and manure, are transformed into fertile soil and humus. Composting converts
organic "waste" products into fertile soil that can be used to improve and restore
degraded and arable land. Composting of organic material causes important nutrients
back to the earth's natural cycle, so that the organic material becomes a resource rather
than wastec.
3. Waste Hierarchy
In this project, we have focused on making a system that could realistically be put into
place and work for most families around Europe. The incinerator will reduce the waste in
household, and reduce the cost of transporting it to facilities. Families will also save
money when they use the incinerator, because it will provide energy to their apartment
complex or house. We were also tasked to reduce the general amount of waste.
According to the waste hierarchy, the most preferred way to do this is to reuse and
recycle. Therefore, it is important to understand that it does not really matter how far the
technological revolution is taking us, when it comes to waste management, because
personal responsibility is the key to this problem. Educating people and being
informative when it comes to waste, goes hand in hand with implementing new systems.
Figure 4: here
As you can see, prevention is the most favored option when it comes to waste
management and reducing the waste amount. Different countries have different ways of
trying to prevent the overflow of waste. Examples of this can be found in infomercials
c
http://green-solutions.no/?p=745&lang=nb
7
about the amount of waste, mass communication by marketing for a better environment,
or making profitable solutions for returning products. For example, in most countries you
can return bottles and get money back by doing so. Examples like this include many steps
in the most favored category and it is a great way of reducing waste.
Our project goes more in the least favored option category. The energy recovery part of
the waste hierarchy is where waste is made into good usable energy. In recent years,
multiple European countries have made facilities to handle energy recovery. In Europe,
there are now 420 plants that are handling waste to energyd. Most of the incinerators only
take clean trash, and if the incineration process is going to work, you need guidelines on
separation of waste - which can be a problem for most countries.
4. Our Countries
4.1. Germany waste management
Germany has a long-standing tradition in waste management and recycling. Therefore,

we find it relevant to include Germanys process of handling waste in this paper. We also
have members in our group from said country, and Germany has proved that they have a
waste manage system on a national level that works.
According to European Environmental Agency from 2013, Germany has met the
requirement EU has put in place for MSW (Municipal Solid Waste) and is recycling 63%
of their total MSW. The EEA set a target for 50% recycling by 2020e. Germany is a huge
fan of the incineration process and is one of the countries in Europe with most
incinerators. They have in fact 67 incinerators around Germany that helps to produce
energy to rural districts, but also to factories that produce important products to the
German population. Germany banned landfills in 2005, and have now landfill rates
around 1%, which is impressive if you look at other European countries statistics.
Figure 5: here
d
http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2013/jun/14/norway-waste-energy
e
http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/managing-municipal-solid-waste
8
As you can see from this statistic (figure 5),Germany has set the standard for how other
countries could and maybe should operate when it comes to handling waste and
minimizing it. From 2001 to 2010 Germany has managed to produce less MSW per
capita, despite having an increasing population and increasing GDP (gross domestic
product).
4.2. Belgium waste management
When we look at Belgiums waste management system, we need to have in mind that
Brussels capital region represents 9% of the MSW generated in Belgium. Flanders
represent 60%, and Wallonia represent 31%. This three ways sharing has been constant
since 2000f.
In Belgium, waste and other rubbish are sorted before being thrown into designated trash
bins. Private companies that are under contract from specialized regional government
institutions are collecting some of the waste from every home, but it is also possible to
throw away the rubbish at collection points or special parks. Belgium is one of many
countries in Europe that focuses on turning waste into energy, indifferent to German,
Belgium is "pro-landfill" and use landfills to produce Methane gas. Where other
countries have banned landfills, Belgium has embraced it and they are using them to
create massive sources of methane gas. As you can see from figure 6 Belgium has huge
potential when it comes to incinerators, landfills can hold large quantities of clean waste
that be directly put into the incinerator and turned to energy, or even make a profit out of
it by selling to countries like Norway. Belgium is very focused on waste prevention. In
Belgium, a single person generates around 150 kg waste a year, which compared to other
countries in Europe is very littleg.
Figure 6: here
In the table (Figure 6), you can see different types of waste management. The grey bar
represents mechanical and biological waste, which is a little outside our area when it
comes to household waste but something to keep in mind. The green bar represents the
biggest waste treatment. Here you see the huge effort going into recycling and
composting. The light blue bar represents re-use. It is interesting to see that the amount of
waste that goes through the different incinerators has almost stayed the same for 10 years
despite the improvement of technology.
f
http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/managing-municipal-solid-waste belgium
g
http://no-burn.org/downloads/ZW%20Flanders.pdf
9
4.3. Norway waste management
The way Norway deals with waste is mostly by the incineration process. 50% of the
MSW is dominated by incineration, and 42% of the MSW is recycled e. Norway has not
met the requirement set by EU of 50% recycling yet, but with its current pace, Norway
will reach this requirement in time. Norway is a long country with low population, which
makes the process of gathering waste difficult. Therefore, incinerators would be a smart
solution, and fit perfectly in this scenario. Norway banned landfills in 2009 and in 2010,
only 6% of the MSW was landfilled. The reason for this was due to the landfill tax that
was implemented in the early 1990s. A huge challenge for Norway is that MSW is
increasing, and so is the household waste. However, Norway is leading when it comes to
turning waste into Energy, and is currently buying rubbish and waste from other
countries. In fact, in Oslo, they burn 410,000 tonnes of waste every year d. Norway is the
country in Europe with most waste to energy district heating ratio.
5. Incinerators
Incinerators are used for thermal utilization of secondary fuels. In particular, there would
burn waste from the following areash:
waste from private households

municipal waste
industrial waste
Because of increasing waste and a stronger environmental awareness, the incinerator

wins in terms of importance. When we look back historically at waste management, in
the sixties people dispose their waste unsorted of garbage dumps. It emerged dangerous
mixtures from the variety of materials, which endangered in the groundwater. The
burning of garbage in incinerators excludes this danger and the energy from residual
waste will be reused and converted to electricity and heat. This is the reason why I want
h
http://www.de.endress.com/eh/sc/europe/dach/de/home.nsf/#page/id/C1256E690032F843C1257092003627B0
10
to explain the process of an incinerator from the delivery to the extraction of electricity
and heat, nowi.
The interesting thing is not alone the combustion, but more the heat, which arises by the
incinerator.
This short overview describes the steps of the incineration.
Step 1: Burning.
We place household waste in the combustion chamber, and then we begin the combustion
with gas. During this combustion, we supply the system with plenty of air (because
without O2 the combustion would stop).
Step 2: Recovering the heat.

The heat will be used to warm the casing and the exhaust gas will be recovered by the
heat exchanger for the third step of our waste management system
Step 3: Energy conversion.

The third step of the system is to transform the heat into electricity.
For this part, we use a closed cycle like this:
Figure 7: here
At 1 a calorific fluid is at ambient temperature. Between 1 and 2, an compressor increases

the pressure, between 2 and 3, the heat is recovered from the combustion chamber
(thanks to the heat exchanger).In 3, air is at high temperature and high pressure (hot and
compressed gas). Between 3 and 4, the turbine expands the air and makes the turbine
central axis turn around. The central axis powers the compressor and the generator, which
produce energy. After this expansion, the gas will recover the ambient temperature as in
1.
6. Closer View for Each Part
6.1. The burning
i
http://www.heb-hagen.de/ueber-uns/technik/wie-die-mva-funktioniert.html
11
We plan to incinerate the waste produced by 40 people, which equals to a medium to

large apartment complex. In a week this means an amount of 115kg of waste, (the global
average of waste production per capita is around 400kg per year but with only 65% that
we can burn (see Figure 1)).
In incineration plan a tone of garbage come and we need to separate non-combustible

trash (like as soil, gravel, concrete, metal parts, stones, sand and similar). In our case, the
wastes producer needs to make the separation by his own and, because he owns the
incinerator, he will be more sensitive about this separation to damage it as least as
possible.
The waste will be stocked and contained during the week and the combustion will start
during the weekend with a rotary device (Figure 8).
Figure 8: here
The Household waste comes from the rotary device (the rotary device will periodically be
turned on, so it can let the previous waste to burn). With the rotary device's strength, the
waste is pushed to the first door and when there is enough waste there, the waste will
enter the second door (=enough weight). The waste then enters the combustion chamber.
We need two doors to limit the heat loss (more information on 6.2).
However, to begin the incineration process, we need to start the incinerator, and for that,
we need to warm the air inside to 850C before replacing our combustible (methane) by
waste. The calorific power of the waste will supply the combustion until the waste
reservoir is empty. The temperature inside the incinerator will be controlled by a
thermostat and if it falls under 850C ( the calorific power of some waste was not
enough) the methane gas flow will restart - the average calorific power of waste is
between 9000 and 11000kJ/kg.
Thanks to the selection that user need to make before incineration we do not have to be as
in incinerator plant at higher temperature because there is undesirable waste.
The chemical equation for methanes combustion (supplied by air; most common oxidant
use for combustion (=78% dN2 and 20% dO2)) is:
CH4 + 2(O2 + 3.76N2) CO2 + 2H2O + 7.52 N2 (R.1)
As this equation explains, the combustion needs oxygen to work, so with the methane
supply we need air supply. If we provide a stoichiometric air-fuel ratio, (it means that we
have the exact quantity of oxygen needed for the combustion (nothing less nothing
more)). We burn all the fuel and air is consumed without any excess leftovers. However,
with this scenario, we need a perfect mixture between the fuel and the air. If this is not
12
the case, it will produce CO (carbon monoxide (colorless, odorless and highly toxic)) in
place of CO2 (carbon dioxide) but with this air excess we introduce, we also introduce
more N2 and at our temperature we can produce more NOx (NO or NO2) which are
involve in acid rain the NO react with O2 to produce NO2 (R.2) and NO2 produce nitric
acid (NO3-) (R.3):
2NO (g) + O2 (g) 2 NO2 (g) (R.2)
3 NO2 (g) + 3 H2O (l) 2 H3O+ (aq) + 2 NO3- (aq) + NO (g) (R.3)
A pump who takes environments air will provide this supply. This pump is connected to
a captor at the end of the exhaust duct to control CO emission; if this emission is too
high it means that the combustion need more oxygen so the flow of incoming air will
increase (this increase will also change the capacity of our heat exchanger (see point
6.2)).
This reasoning is the same for waste combustion with only one difference: in wastes
there is not just carbon and hydrogen like in methane; there is other compounds who
could produce gas pollutants.
That is why before the captor, we have a some filters (to stop ashes) and activate
charcoal(=carbon material) to adsorb a part of the unpleasant gas produce like the
persistent organic pollutants (POP) -these molecules got a high stability what means that
they are hard to be broken down in water and CO2 (during the combustion ) but due to
this high stability they are easy adsorbed on some specific activate charcoal.
The commercially available technology to control the emissions of nitrogen oxide with
selective catalytic reduction (SCR) with ammonia (NH3):
4NO + 4NH3 +O2 4N2 + 6H2O (R.4)
6NO+4NH3 5N2 + 6H2O (R.5)
This reaction can be proceed with oxygen (R.4) or without oxygen (R.5) so we dont
need to supply our exhausted gas with O2 but this reactions are only available at a higher
temperatures (T > 423K) but under this temperature, the NOx will still absorb themselves
on the carbon material instead of being released into the atmosphere. j
After combustion, ashes need to be remove from the incinerator before the next
combustion and stock and after few combustions (= few weeks or months because the
ashes do not have smell and we only keep 10% of the initially volume) they will be
collected and treat to be used (in road construction for example).
j
Philippe SERP and Jos LUS FIGUEIREDO,Carbon Materials for Catalysis, New Jersey, John WILEY &
Sons, Inc.2009, p190-198.
13
6.2. The heat recovery
The heating is the transferring of energy from a warmer body to a colder one. In our case,
the warmer body is the fire from the combustion (and the air around this last one) and the
colder body is the air from our closed cycle. The pathway can be direct as in conduction
and radiation, or indirect, as in convection.
We are going to warm the air of our incinerator by convection, which give us warm
exhausted gas. This gas will warm the walls of the incinerator (they will also get warm by
radiation) and the walls of our heat exchanger that will transfer our heat to the air into
closed cycle.
This conduction needs to exchange heat only with our closed cycle (=through the
exchangers walls) and not with outside so we need to isolate the walls. For this
insulation, there is different material type that we could use:
insulting refractory bricksk

light insulation bricksl
calcium silicate boardk
panels or blanketl
For each one there is several parameters to considerate like:
maximum temperature
density (kg/m)
dilatation (tendency of matter to change his volume because of temperatures
variations)
thermal conductivity (property of a material to conduct heat (for insulation we
want it as low as possible
We define the best insulation for the incinerator to be the insulation at the lowest price
that provide the lowest lost thermal flow but this parameter depend of the thermal
conductivity and the thickness of the insulation.
Indeed the thermal flow through the walls is defined by this formula:
k
http://www.skamol.com
l
http://www.deltisol.com
14
(1)
=thermal flow through the walls [Watt/m]

=thermal conductivity [W/(m*K)]
h=thickness of the insulation [m]
T=difference of temperature [K]
The T is fixe (around 720C) but the thickness and the thermal conductivity depend of
the insulation type.
After some research, a recommended insulation to use is the Blanket insulfrax S (this
blanket is easy manipulated and usually used for fireplaces insulation, domestic boiler,
pipes insulation, (More details and information about this insulation in appendix 1)) m.
On the other side, we need to recover the heat in the exhausted gas with a tubular
exchanger like the figure 9n.
Figure 9: Here
This heat exchanger need to be side to our case. For that we need to define the contact
area to transfer the highest heat from the exhausted gas to the closed cycle (see
demonstration (Appendix 2) (equation 3,6 and 7)) :
1s-T1e) = 2s-T2e) (2)
With
As the equation 2 show it : if we increase the mass flow (= ) of fresh air (if we have CO
emission for example (see 2.1))we will increase this term but this air will get less time to
be warmed so the T1e will decrease or the exit temperature will be higher than the one
who was expected because the fluid dont get enough time to be cooled.
6.3. Energy production
Figure 10: on the right of this text bellow
m
http://www.wego-systembaustoffe.de/unsere-sortimente/hochtemperatur/unifrax/matten/insulfrax-s-matten
n
http://www.uk-exchangers.com/air-to-air-heat-exchangers.htm
15
A generator connected to a turbine (Figure 10) produces the energy. The warm air that
passes through the turbine will rotate the axis. This couple turbine-generator is the heart
of the energy production.
The warm and compressed air that passes through the turbine, rotates the axis of rotation
the generator is based on the principle of electromagnetic induction similar to Michael
Faraday's (British scientist) generator discovered it in 1831.
The turbine transforms potential energy in kinetic energy during a decompression. The
turbine makes the axis of rotation turn, it then made itself rotate an electric conductor
(like copper wire) through a magnetic field (because of the magnets) an electronic current
will be conducted.
6.3.1. How does a turbine work?
The rotors absorb energy from the fluid because of the way the blades are shaped they are
all connected to the heart of the rotor (Figure 11).
Figure 11: Here
Thanks to the special shape of the blades, the pressure above will be always less than
pressure bellow so the blades will always rotate. If the blades rotate, it means that some
energy of the fluid has been absorbed (Equation8).
Our fluid will flow in the turbine with a high enthalpy from the compressor and the heat
exchanger. The kinetic energy, as the enthalpy, will decrease through the rotor but the
fluid still get a lot of energy. If we place a second rotor, just after the first one, the fluid
dont get any more enough kinetic energy to rotate the rotor, that is why we put a stator
(also call nozzle).
This nozzle is a stationary device (it will not take part of energy transfer), it will just
transform the enthalpy energy into kinetic energy. This transformation happens thanks to
the shape of the nozzle (the cross section area decrease).
16
After the nozzle there is another rotor then another stator until the energy in the fluid is
not high enough to rotate the rotor (Figure 12).
Figure 12: Here
7. Advantages and Disadvantages of Incineratorso
In the following, we will present you the advantages and disadvantages about the waste
incinerator.
One of the most important advantages is the disposal of waste, the garbage is
immediately gone and out of our way, the problem seems to be gone because after
incineration we have:
Weight: 35 percent of the incoming waste as slag

Volume: Only 10 percent of the delivered waste
30% of the leftovers after this process can perfectly be used for road construction. The
rest, which cant be used for anything, are left on disposals - they are not dangerous or
toxic for the environment so they are able to stay for a long term-duration. As the volume
of garbage is exponentially reduced after the process, there is little space needed for the
garbage disposal.
On the other hand, from the burning incineration, we are able to create necessities like
electricity and heating for homes.
The main points of the waste combustion is the reduction of garbage volume and the
destruction of potential dangerous substances. By now it has become a regular and
natural action to take out all possible energy out of the waste and to use it for living
terms.
Now we will continue with the disadvantages about the waste incinerator. Very important
to note is that the noxious and toxic substances (dioxins, furan) which are produced
during the waste treatment, as proven by a Greenpeace-study, puts people that live close
by at a higher risk for cancer or other diseases. The cancer-rate for children is in this area
the highest compared to others. To live with these living conditions is a non-acceptable
and inconsiderate point, which should be an apparent reason to close the incineration
o
http://www.de.endress.com/eh/sc/europe/dach/de/home.nsf/#page/id/C1256E690032F843C1257092003627B0
17
plants. That is why, now, every waste incinerator need to be followed by probes and
sensors to decrease the risk and keep this method available.
Another fact is that this way of destruction of waste is the cheapest one for the owners.
The removal of 50 Euro for a ton is considerable cheaper than the newest and better
provided waste incineration, which charges 130 Euro for a ton. Additionally, the users
get charged more for it than needed. For example, the fees and costs for the garbage
incineration in Bielefeld-Herford are 140 Euro for a ton for each user - instead the owners
only pay 40,12 Euro for a ton.
We should also not forget about recycling, it is as well a very relevant for this topic. It is
common that a lot of garbage is burned without checking which substances can be used
for recycling.
8. Conclusion
Incinerating waste is one part of getting the problem under control, but overall, we need
prevention to produce less garbage and keep our world cleaner and healthier. For waste
prevention, there is no universal prescription patent. Today, it depends mostly of the
voluntary behavior of people, because it is difficult to force the prevention of waste with
legal enforcement instruments. p
We also need more sensitivity to recycling our products for clean burning waste.
In principle, there are several categories to order the waste prevention.
The first category is waiver of objects, which becomes waste, for example: disposable
cameras, disposable packaging or rejection of promotional brochures.
Second point is the recycling of items like returnable bottles that you also can sell or give
away used items. You also can repair your items, or buy long-life objects.
p
Position 49 Bund fr Umwelt und Naturschutz, Wege zu einer nachhal-tigen Abfallwirtschaft, Bund Freunde
der Erde, 2010
18
Deliberate behavior when buying stuff is also an important fact, if you buy foresighted,
you prevent waste of food. An even more proactive approach is environmental product
design for prevention.
If we follow these steps, we have the chance to produce less waste and getting more
sensitive with the problems of waste. We cannot produce no waste" so we need
alternatives like our incinerator to cope with what we have.
19
9. References
a) http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/statistics_explained/index.php/Municipal_waste
_statistics
b) http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/statistics_explained/index.php/Waste_statistics
c) http://green-solutions.no/?p=745&lang=nb
d) http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2013/jun/14/norway-waste-energy
e) http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/managing-municipal-solid-waste
f) http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/managing-municipal-solid-waste
belgium
g) http://no-burn.org/downloads/ZW%20Flanders.pdf
h) http://www.de.endress.com/eh/sc/europe/dach/de/home.nsf/#page/id/C1256E69
0032F843C1257092003627B0
i) http://www.heb-hagen.de/ueber-uns/technik/wie-die-mva-funktioniert.html
j) Philippe SERP and Jos LUS FIGUEIREDO,Carbon Materials for Catalysis,
New Jersey, John WILEY & Sons, Inc.2009, p190-198.
k) http://www.skamol.com
l) http://www.distrisol.info/
m) http://www.wego-systembaustoffe.de/unsere-
sortimente/hochtemperatur/unifrax/matten/insulfrax-s-matten
n) http://www.uk-exchangers.com/air-to-air-heat-exchangers.htm
o) http://www.de.endress.com/eh/sc/europe/dach/de/home.nsf/#page/id/C1256E69
0032F843C1257092003627B0
p) Position 49 Bund fr Umwelt und Naturschutz, Wege zu einer nachhal-tigen
Abfallwirtschaft, Bund Freunde der Erde, 2010
Other references:
1) http://www.greenlifepages.com/green-tips/item/369-waste-management-how-
the-germans-do-it
2) http://www.un.org/esa/dsd/dsd_aofw_ni/ni_pdfs/NationalReports/belgium/Wast
eManagement.pdf
3) http://www.onegreenplanet.org/lifestyle/5-reasons-why-composting-is-the-
greenest-thing-you-can-do/
20
4) http://snl.no/avfallshierarki
5) http://www.epa.gov/waste/nonhaz/municipal/hierarchy.htm
6) http://www.ehsgs.com/company-ethos.html
7) http://www.greenlifepages.com/green-tips/item/369-waste-management-how-
the-germans-do-it
8) http://www.un.org/esa/dsd/dsd_aofw_ni/ni_pdfs/NationalReports/belgium/Wast
eManagement.pdf
http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/statistics_explained/index.php/Waste_statistics
9) http://www.ehsgs.com/company-ethos.html
10) http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_Jc4jdsnKYgI/ShwYXcWaduI/AAAAAAAAAAM/X
mYWpqzYFj8/s320/rubbishbin-diagram.gif
11) http://www.benefits-of-recycling.com/whatisrecycling/
12) http://www.bioforsk.no/ikbViewer/Content/95101/TEMA_6_20_Kompost%20e
ndelig.pdf
21
Appendix
Appendix 1 (price for Insulfrax S)
Density Thermal Size (mm) Price ( Price (Watt/m)

(kg/m) conductivity at 800 /roller)(g) (/m) (equation 1)
C(W/(m.K) ) (for a T720C)
14 640x610x13 135,29 15.15 8308
10 000x610x19 130,24 21.35 5684
160 0,15 7 320x610x25 126,05 28.23 4320
5000x610x38 130,54 42.80 2842
3660x610x50 125,55 56.23 2160
14 640x610x13 104,93 11.75 8862
10 000x610x19 103,09 16.90 6063
128 0,16 7 320x610x25 100,35 22.47 4608
5000x610x38 102,94 33.75 3032
3660x610x50 100,68 45.10 2304
14 640x610x13 79,03 8.85 9415
10 000x610x19 79,00 12.95 6442
96 0,17 7 320x610x25 76,21 17.07 4896
5000x610x38 78,08 25.60 3221
3660x610x50 76,15 34.11 2448
If we take the insulation with a density of 160kg/m with a thickness of 50mm, we pay
22,13/m more than if we take the one with a 96kg/m density and a 13mm thickness.
However, in parallel, we have 7255W/m minimum loss off thermal flow through the
walls.
I
Appendix 2 Demonstration for counter-flow heat exchanger
We can represent our heat exchanger like this:

T hot exhausted air=T1e
T1s=T cold exhausted air T
T hot compressed air=T2s

T compressed air=T2e
Overview 2: schema for a counter-flow exchanger
The heat lost by the warm fluid (in our case: exhausted gas) during his road in the heat
exchanger is recover by the cold one and if we disregard the lost (because our heat
exchanger will be insulate) we can define the thermal flow as all the heat that the warm
fluid lost is recover by the cold fluid in the closed cycle:
1s-T1e) = 2s-T2e) (3)
=heat flow [W]

=mass flow [kg/s]
Cp=specific heat capacity [J/kg. K]
T1s,T2s,T1e,T2e= see schema 1 [K]
However, the thermal flow transmit through a cylinder is also define by this formula:
(4)
h1 & h2= thermal coefficient for fluid 1 or 2[W/m.K]

r1 & r2=radius for the pipe of fluid 1 or 2 [m]
L=length of the surface [m]
For the denominator the first term is the heats convection in the first fluid, the second is
the heats conduction in the solid part of the heat exchanger and the third term is about
convection in the second fluid.
II
This flow is reported by surface unit when we divide the flow by S2 = 2r2L which gives
us:
(5)
Where is define as the global thermal coefficient = h [W/m.K].
Therefore, the final equation is:
(6)
Tm is the mean temperature difference but this difference is not constant so we need to
take the log mean temperature difference (LMTD):
(7)
III
Figures
Figure 1: http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_Jc4jdsnKYgI/ShwYXcWaduI/AAAAAAAAAAM/XmYWpqzYFj8/s320/rubbishbin-
diagram.gif
Figure 2: www.eea.europa.eu/...municipal...waste/download
IV
Figure 3 :
http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/statistics_explained/index.php/Municipal_waste_statistics
Figure 4: http://www.ehsgs.com/company-ethos.html
Figure 5: http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/managing-municipal-solid-waste
V
Figure 6:http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/managing-municipal-solid-waste
Figure 7: Closed cycle to convert heat in electricity
Figure 8: carousel to supply combustion chamber
VI
Figure 9: Tubular heat exchanger
Figure 10: Turbine and generator
VII
Figure 11: Rotor of a turbine (+zoom on the blades)
Figure 12: global view of kinetic and enthalpy variation trough a turbine
VIII
About the Authors:
First author, my name is Lars Christian Thune, 21 years old, currently

in my second semester and studying international marketing at
Telemark University College in Norway. I am an active student with
high interest in marketing, strategy, leadership, innovation, and factors
that influence organizational performance. I have been using the last
year to gain experience and formal academic learning in my fields of
interest. Euroweek gives me experience in international projecting and
that is something golden in the future!
Email: 131607@hit.no
Second author, my name is Ove Andre Sandli, 21 years old, currently

in 4 semester studying international marketing at Telemark
University College in Norway. I love working with international
projects like Euroweek because it gives me firsthand experience
working with different people around the world.
Email: ovejau@gmail.com
Third author, my name is Thibaut Dhondt , 21 years old. I am in

my 3rd year of study as industrial engineer in chemistry at Meurice
institute (Belgium).
Next year I will start my Master in High polymer, paints and
varnish.
After that, I will maybe plan a PhD in organic chemistry.
In science, like everywhere, English is really important and there is
no doubt that, in the next year, I am going to work with strangers ;
Euroweek was a good way to familiarize myself with that.
Email: thibaut1292@hotmail.com
IX
Fourth author, my name is Jean-Franois Gousenbourger. I'm 24

years old and I am in 3rd year of study in Industrial Engineer in
chemistry at Meurice Institute in Belgium.
I'm already graduated as technician in chemistry from Lambin
Institute (Haute Ecole Leonard de Vinci, Belgium).
Euroweek is my first international experience : a good way to
discover other countries and people.
Email: jfgous@gmail.com
Fifth author, my name is Christian Gnther. I'm 28 years old and I am

at 4 semester of studying business administration at the FH
Brandenburg in Germany.
Im also qualified electronics technician for devices and systems. I
like traveling and get in contact to other culture. Euroweek is a good
possibility to get business, culture and traveling together.
Email: guentchr@fh-brandenburg.de

Household Waste Is Energy

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Household Waste Is Energy

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Houshold waste is energy

Received (14th of April 2014)

Keywords Waste; energy; combustion; heat recovery; energy recovery;

1.1 What is household waste?

Figure 1: on the right of the text below

2. Municipal Waste Statistics

4.1. Germany waste management

Germany has a long-standing tradition in waste management and recycling. Therefore,

4.2. Belgium waste management

4.3. Norway waste management

waste from private households

Because of increasing waste and a stronger environmental awareness, the incinerator

Step 2: Recovering the heat.

Step 3: Energy conversion.

At 1 a calorific fluid is at ambient temperature. Between 1 and 2, an compressor increases

6. Closer View for Each Part

6.1. The burning

We plan to incinerate the waste produced by 40 people, which equals to a medium to

In incineration plan a tone of garbage come and we need to separate non-combustible

CH4 + 2(O2 + 3.76N2) CO2 + 2H2O + 7.52 N2 (R.1)

2NO (g) + O2 (g) 2 NO2 (g) (R.2)

4NO + 4NH3 +O2 4N2 + 6H2O (R.4)

6NO+4NH3 5N2 + 6H2O (R.5)

6.2. The heat recovery

insulting refractory bricksk

For each one there is several parameters to considerate like:

=thermal flow through the walls [Watt/m]

1s-T1e) = 2s-T2e) (2)

6.3. Energy production

Figure 10: on the right of this text bellow

6.3.1. How does a turbine work?

Figure 11: Here

Figure 12: Here

7. Advantages and Disadvantages of Incineratorso

Weight: 35 percent of the incoming waste as slag

Appendix 1 (price for Insulfrax S)

Density Thermal Size (mm) Price ( Price (Watt/m)

Appendix 2 Demonstration for counter-flow heat exchanger

We can represent our heat exchanger like this:

Overview 2: schema for a counter-flow exchanger

1s-T1e) = 2s-T2e) (3)

=heat flow [W]

h1 & h2= thermal coefficient for fluid 1 or 2[W/m.K]

Where is define as the global thermal coefficient = h [W/m.K].

Therefore, the final equation is:

Figure 7: Closed cycle to convert heat in electricity

Figure 8: carousel to supply combustion chamber

Figure 9: Tubular heat exchanger

Figure 10: Turbine and generator

Figure 11: Rotor of a turbine (+zoom on the blades)

About the Authors:

First author, my name is Lars Christian Thune, 21 years old, currently

Second author, my name is Ove Andre Sandli, 21 years old, currently

Third author, my name is Thibaut Dhondt , 21 years old. I am in

Fourth author, my name is Jean-Franois Gousenbourger. I'm 24

Fifth author, my name is Christian Gnther. I'm 28 years old and I am

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