Professional Documents
Culture Documents
5 1management information
2 3resoure allocation 4performance evaluation 5
2.
3.
qt
5. forward contract V = S 0 e Ke rt cash flow
rt
V = S 0 Ke .S spot priceK
6. beta N = ( ) P
*
,
A
P A
7. portfolio portfolio
portfolio beta
future
S
8. h = (S , F ) ,
F
delta N( d 1 ) delta-gamma
netrual
9. cost of carry F0 = ( S 0 + U )e ,U
rt
price contago
contago
11. basis
1
12.
3 FRA
100 FRA OTC 98
P * DP
N=
FC * D F
13. P FC D
1r2
14. F1 / 2 = X 1 / 2
1 + r1
15. cash price
16.
17. implied forward rate
18. costantdistermintic,
19. convexity Adjustment
=0.5* * t1 * t 2
2
t1 t 2
00
20. T-Bond actual/actual US CORPORATE MUNICIPAL bond
30/360T-bill ACTUAL/360
21. CF
CTD, cost
pricefuture quoteCFCF CF
6 6CTD
00 , CF
22. Vanilla
floating=L**
fix=L**
1m pay6 libor, 6%
2
15 3915 libor3 5.4%9 5.6%15
5.8%.libor last payment date 5%
PMT=1000000*3%=30000.
libor
23.
BUSD S
1.05 2
3 6 LIBOR: 1 = 0.06 ,
1.04
4*(EXP(0.06/4)-1)=0.0605.
5m0.08-0.0605*exp(-0.05*0.5) FRA
FRA LIBOR
pay 0ffL*R(receive)R*(T2-T1)
Value(receiveRk = L * ( RK R) * e R2 *T2
25.
Exchang-traded option
26.
27.
S, r X T
T
28.
max(0, X S ) c Xe
rt
3
rt
S 0 X C P S 0 Xe c
rt
pS-X e dividend
dividends
rt
S-X e
S-X
29. actuarial
0
30. Delta
Delta 1 Gammarho
Vega 0Gamma Delta
gamma
at-the-money at the money Gamma
Gamma Vega
Gamma at the money Vega
Vega ,Vega Rho
R
31. delta N( d 1 )
ln( S O / X ) + (r + 2 / 2)T
N( d 1 ) N( d 1 ) N ( ) , excel
T
NORMSDIST() N( d 1 ) 1
t 1
32. 1U = e ,D = 2
U
e rt D
u = , d = 1 u 3
U D
cu u + c d d
Vc =
e rt
33.
callput parity
4
34.
G G b 2 2 G
dG = ( a + + )dt + bG / xdz
x t 2x 2
36. S GBM LnS
dS
= dt dz G=Ln S
S
G G b 2 2 G
dG = (a + + )dt + bG / xdz
x t 2x 2
G G (S ) 2 2 G
dG = (uS + + )dt + SG / Sdz
S t 2S 2
= (u 2 / 2)dt + dz
S
Ln T L N [(u 2 / 2)T , T ]
S0
(u / 2) S T
2
E( S T )= S 0 * e uT
x x
lnx
2
( + )
E ( X ) = e , V ( X ) = e ( 2 + 2 ) e ( 2 + ) E( S T )= S 0 * e uT
2 2
2
37.
dilution
38.
5
Covered Call
Protective put strategy
p + S = c + Xe rt
Bull spread (
)
Bear spread
Butterfly spread
Calendar spread
Straddle
Strangle staddle straddle
Strips
Strap
6
39. B-S
c = ( S 0 Qe rt ) N (d1 ) Xe rt N (d 2 )
40. =
c = S 0 e qt N (d1 ) Xe rt N (d 2 )
ln( S 0 / X ) + (r q + 2 / 2)T
d1 = d 2 = d1 T
T
q
rf t
c = S0e N (d1 ) Xe rt N (d 2 )
ln(S 0 / X ) + (r r f + 2 / 2)T
d1 = d 2 = d1 T
T
q r S F
c = F0 e rt N (d1 ) Xe rt N (d 2 )
ln( S 0 / X ) + ( 2 / 2)T
d1 = d 2 = d1 T
T
41. delta-neutral
Gamma-Delta neutral
Gamma Gamma delta , Gamma-Delta
neutral
42.
1987
CRASHOPHOBIASticky rule
43. flex LEAPSlong term equity
anticipation securities LEAPS
Package
Forward start option
Compound option
Chooser option
Barrier option,down-and-out put
7
volatility
Binary option
Look back
Shout option
Asian option
Basket option
44.
45. heating degree days HDD cold degree day CDD
HDD=max(0,65-A)
CDD=max(0,A-65) A
acummulative CDD,
31
CAT
46. monotonicity,
translation invariance, homogeneity subadditivity
VaR VaR
1 1
47. se(u ) = se( ) =
T 2T
(SEE, Standard error of the estimate)
n
SEE
(Y i Yi ) 2
2
SEE = se = = i =1
=
2 i
n2 n2 n2
48. 1 2
VaR
VaR
50. risk map is a plot of expected loss frequency against expected severity
for each risk type or line of business
Delta-normalVAR
delta Delta-normalVAR
VAR vaR
51. MC
deterministric
8
1 / k
1 / k
52. drt = k ( rt )dt + rt dz t k
drt = k ( rt )dt + dz t
1 brennan schwartz
9
E[V ] = X 1 r1 + X 2 r2 + DPV DP
V = X 12 12 + X 22 22 + 2 X 1 X 2 1, 2 1 2 percentage
rp = 12 12 + 22 22 + 21 2 1, 2 1 2 ,
rp = (1 1) 2 B2 + 22 22 + 2(1 1) 2 1, 2 1 2
59. VaR = 12 12 + 22 22 + 21 2 1, 2 1 2
VaR
60. VaR delta-normal
61. zero-out
,Anticipatory stress
scenario approach
zero-out Anticipatory stress scenario
approach Predictive anticipatory stress scenario approach
Anticipatory
stress scenario with stress correlation
VaR
delta-normal
62. POTpeak over threshold, block maximaPOT
block maxima GEV), GEV
EVT primarily univariate nature
63. Gaming VaR dramatic change in market
structure
64. Gaming VaR
65. coherent risk measure VaR
monotonicity
, translation invariance risk
free condition , homogeneity
subadditivity
Homogeneity subadditivity
SPAN( VaR
16
expected shortfall,
66. tax loss carryback carryforward
10
DV 01
PPC= ,PPC
YTM 0
BV y BV+ y
percentage price change= BV
2 * BV0 * y
/
BV y + BV+ y 2 BV0
= 7
BV0 * y 2
50
P
= Dmod (r ) + 1 / 2 cov ex * (r ) 2 = 7 * 0.1% + 25 * (0.1%) 2 = 0.698%
P
70. 12
3
4
1
71. DV01=0.01%* * (
1+ y / 2
1
Dmod =1 / P* * (
1+ y / 2
y/2 =1+y/2*
PPC= Dmod *
72. perpetuity
zero coupon bond()deep discount bondpar bond premium bond
DV01
premium bond, par bond, deep discount bond zero coupon bond
11
73. barbell strategy Bullet
strategy Barbell
74. key rate bucket rate
implied forward rate
2 key rate 4.78 100 0.67
4.78=0.67/100*F F
75. on the run
76. B-S 1
02B-S
3
77. STRIPS(separate trading of registered interest and
principal securities) P-STRIPS,
C-STRIPSSTRIPS
STRIPS C-STRIPS
trade rich C-STRIPS trade cheap. P-STRIPS fair value
78. coupon rate YTM YTM
reinvestment risk , YTM
zero coupon
79. EAY EAR
80. 100M
1.7 101 50M 5 4.1 99
100 *101 *1.7 50 * 99 * 4.1
= = 0.61
100 *101 50 * 99
81. callable zero coupon callable zero coupon
call
82. MBS Mortgage ratecontract rate
Conventional mortgage fixed-rate,
12
level-payment() ,full amortized mortgage
Prepayment
curtailment
MBS
mortgage pass-through securities ,CMO, stripped MBS MBS
mortgage age PAS
YTM 1 ytm2
/YTM /YTM implied model,
YTM,
prepayment function
model,
prevail
mortgage rate mortgage age point pay
- amout outstanding (+).
83. conditional prepayment rate ,CPR(single
dP / P = D * dy
87.
MBS00
88. (98 )
89. IO PO stripped MBS
mortgage rate IO PO PASSTHROUGH
IO PO mortgage pass-through
mortgage pass-through PO
90. MBS 5 1 2
13
2 mbs 4
OASOASstatic spread5
OAS
91. delta-normal
libor FRN
FRN reset day
DELTA
FRN
KMV
95.
B-S
S t = Vt N (d1 ) Ke rT N (d 2 ) Bt = Vt N (d1 ) + Ke rT N (d 2 )
V
ln( t +r + 2 / 2)T
d1 = K
V K
T
d 2 = d1 T
S B
N ( d 2 ) 1- N ( d 2 )
EDF()
14
96. KMV EDF d 1
E (Vt ) DPT
DD= , E (Vt ) DPT
E (Vt ) *
KMV
EBITDA
PD 02FRM
conceptual model
KMV
12
realized return
99. Altman rating migration
11970-1979 1981-1995 23rating
withdraw category
100.
101.1 2 3*
4
102. 1 2 3
4 5 67
103.=*
104. mean loss rate=PD(1-Recovery rate)Risk neutral mean loss rate=1-
/
105.
15
- * k
=-k* RAROC= ,
109. RAROC=()/ RAROC
R
L = DL L
1 + R
110.altman EAR=YTM-EAL
RP
R p = x i * EARi sharp ratio=
P
.
111.Z-score=6.56(X1)+3.62(X2)+6.72(X3)+1.05(X4)+3.25X1=/X2=
/ X3=EBIT/X4=/Z-score
N N
112. UALP = X
i =1 j =1
i X j i j
ij
113.
cost-plus-profit
=E(V)-P(C), Pc
RAROC
114.
CD
115.
16
(ECE) x (WCE)
AECE= 1 / T ECE t dt
0
AWCE= (1 / T ) WCE t dt
0
amortization effect, 0
1/4
3/2
1/3 T
116.(credit trigger)
time put
Creditmetrics
117.Creditmetric 1 2
3 4
P VaR.
02
118. VaR
119.Altman EAR=YTM-EAL.
120.Creditmetric
Creditmetric 1 VaR 2 VaR
121. 1=/a b
CreditMetric
122.Creditmetric
7
Creditmetris
Creditmetric
CreditPortfolioView
17
123.Creditmetric VaR 1 2
2 4
5 6
VaR
18
repackaged bond
130.
131. replace contract
peak exposure ()
remainder of unmatched swap
*
C-VaR
VaR peak exposure short
C-VaR peak exposure02
132. OTC master netting arrangement
enforceability
02 special purpose derivative vehichles
spdv DPC
133.
134.: L f
m R b promise return rate
f + ( L + m)
1+ k = 1+ . k promised yield
1 [b(1 R)]
E(r)=p*(1+k),p
135.
136.linear discriminant Analysis model Altman z-score
1
2 3 4
137. t-bond corprate bond corporate debt
1+ i
1 p = 1
1+ k
1+ i
k i = = (1 + i )
+ p p
138. C P = 1 ( p1 * p 2 L p n )
19
1 treasury rate f i corporate forward rate
1 + f1
ci p 2 =
1 + c1
141.
/
MPT
142.loan volume data
loan loss based model
X R = + X P ,
VAREX=
2
ER ()5 MG/
20
2HLT buyout(
)acquisition HLT distress
95% non-distress distress
150. 1 participation agreement 2
assignment 90% assignment participation
assignment
151. non distress HLT 1
2 3 4 5distress
HLT 1
2 3
152. 1 2 3
4
153.1 2
DT = F Max( F VT ,0) F VT
S t = Vt N (d1 ) Ke rT N (d 2 )
SVFTt ) = Vt N (d ) Ke rT N (d T t )
jump
155.
156.
F
U+FSD(V,F,T,t)=c(V,F,T,t)-c(V,U+F,T)
wik k x
21
159.creditRisk+creditMetrics KMV
160.vulnerable option
161.
162.1counterparty risk :OTC
2 3CE4PFE,5
EE 6EPE, 7
right way exposure,8wrong way exposure
9creditrisk mitigant()
liduidity put
credit trigger
early settlement and termination provision10
163. PFE
PFE
MC
164.OTC CVACVA
A 8 B 3 CVA=5,
A X-5
165.Mean loss rate=PD(1-) EE(
) L()
166. 1 EE2
L3 C4 V=EE*L*C
A B - A
22
rates overdraft borrowing
negative ripple effects
169. HFLS LFHS,
top-down
Top-down HFLS LFHS
bottom-up , construct
HFLS LFHS , forward looking
170.top-down 1 2
income-based model 3
expense-based model 4
operating leverage model 5 scenario
ananlysis 6risk profile model
performance
residual variance.
171.buttom-up 1causal networks
2connectivity model causal
networks 3reliability model
4empirical loss
567
proprietary
172.
catastrophe option ()
catastrophe bonds cat bond,
173. limitation: 1complexity
2 34
174.metallgesellschaft
stack-and-roll
contango
175.yasuo Hamanaka
176.LTCM
CRMPG LTCM
177.
178.Hoffman 5 class1people riskemployee misled, employee
error, 2relationship risk client
customer
3technology risk4physical risk
23
5external fraudregulatory changes
179.Hoffman 1origination
2 3managing business line
4corporate level activity
180.ITWGOR 6
6 restitution to other party()
asset write down
181.: the risk of direct and indirect loss resulting from
inadequate or failed internal process, people and system or from external event
reputation risk strategic risk ++
02
24
COOR
191.1
= required earnings/ CAPM
1
23 2loss
scenario model,LSM
LSM issue-based model risk mappingissue-based model
issue risk mapping
LSM 1 2
3 4
LSM 1 2
3 trend analysis,
4
56
Delta-EVT
bayesian belief networks
system dynamics approach
neutral networks
buttom
192.
generalized
193.1COOR
2 risk-aware 3
4 5
25
194.top-down
chanrge
bottom-up
195.bankers turst RAROC.1
2 3
196. RAROC 1 2
3
197.Scorecard capital allocation top-down
:1 2
overlay3
198.zero sum game top-down
199.
(
(WCL)-Estimated lossEL)* RAROC
revenues-expected loss-expenses+return on economics capital+(-)transfer
price/
200. RAROC charge
F1 (VAR) + F2 [ MAX (VAR lim it VAR,0)] + F3 [ MAX (VAR VAR lim it ,0)]
F VAR 99
VAR Limit 100000F1 2F2 0.2,F3 4 VAR 80000
RAROC charge2800000.21000008000040164000 VAR
150000 RAROC charge21500000.204150000100000500000
201. chargecapitalmarket value of position capital factor
(tenor)
202.RAROC RAROC
203.
originator Originator 1
readily accessible cash2
3 4
26
5 6
7 ABS
204.ABS originator individual asset structure of
transaction
205.intermediaries
ABS1origator SPE2SPE
ture sale originator
creditor
3SPE ABS ABS
Subordinated tranches senior tranches
ABS
excess spread over collateralization ABS
risk profile adversely affected
debtholder
originator
206.1 2
3 4
207.
1
2 3 4
208. tier1tier2 tier3
after-tax retained earning,
100
209. 100past due 150
210.IRB
PD LGD,EAD(Exposure at defalut)
M
211. loan loss
provison insterst margins
LGD
downturn LGD
212.mitigation
1 2receivable3guarantee and credit derivatives
LGD
27
213.basel 2 1external
rating-based approach(RBA,RBA originator
investor ),supervisory formulaSF,
,internal assessment approachIAA,
214. 20 10 10 1
250 5000 exception 099
1.0,100-199 1.13 1.28 1.33Kupiec
P( A I B)
217. P( A U B) = P ( A) + P( B) P( A I B) , P ( A / B ) = ,
P( B)
P( Bi ) P( A / Bi ) P( Bi ) P( A / Bi )
P ( Bi / A) = =
P( B1 ) P( A / B1 ) + P( B2 ) P( A / B2 ) + L + P( Bk ) P( A / Bk ) P( A)
n! n!
Pn = , C nr =
r
(n r )! r!(n r )!
cov(X,Y)=E(XY)-E(X)E(Y) XY cov
X,Y
=0,var(X+Y)=var(X)+var(Y)+2cov(X,Y)
1
chebyshev k 1
k2
219.mode median
28
even
220.skewnessoutlier
mode median
mean>median>modemode>median>mean
Leptokurtic platykurtic
(X i X )3
SK = s
ns 3
(X i X )4
excesskurtusis = = 3
ns 4
E(x)=(a+b)/2,var(x)=(b-a)^2/12
np, npq.500.67 68
x
951.96 992.58 Z z
x e
P ( X = x) = np
x!
X np
z = n
npq
222. X E ( X ) = ,
2
=
2
x
n
pq
proportions p =
n
x x = 12 / n1 + 22 / n2
1 2
( X i ) 2
Xi
2
s2 =
(X i X) 2
= n
n 1 n 1
(n 1) s 2 (X1 X )2 + L + ( X n X )2
Chi-square 2 = =
2 2
Chi-square
29
223.point estimate1
unbiased estimator 2
3
consistent
224.F Chi-square
SSE (Y Y ) i i
2
SEE = se = = i =1
=
2 i
,SEE the better the fit
n2 n2 n2
SSE sum of the squared error SSE
OLS ordinary least square
b1 =
cov( X , Y )
=
(Y Y )( X X= n X Y X Y
i i i i i i
intercept
var( X ) (X X ) i n X ( X ) 2
i
2
i
2
b0 = Y b1 X
2
226.R YX
2
R =0.63 63%R
n
SSE= (Y Y )
i =1
i i
2
,sum of squared regression
SSR = (Yi Y ) 2 R 2 =
SSR
= 1
SSE
=
(Y Y )
i
2
SST SST (Y Y )
i
2
SSE+SSR=SST
b1 b1
227.tb1 t b =
sb
1
0.78 0.32 26 5%
b1 b1
b1 0 t b = =0.78 0) / 0.32 = 2.4375 24 t
sb
1
2.064
n
( X i X )(Yi Y )
228. cov =
i =1 n 1
30
r n2
t t =
1 r2
229.EWMA n = n 1 + (1 )u n 1 n 1
2 2 2
GRACH(1,1)
n2 = + n21 + un 12 = VL V L =
1
+ + = 1, + < 1
= ht = 0 + 1 rt 1 + ht 1 1 + < 1, 1 +
2
1
231.MA MA(30) 30 t =
2
M
r 2
t i
232.
( w) ( w) ( w)
w) = w1 + w2 + L + wN
w1 w2 w N
VaR( w) ( w) ( w)
235. w1 w1
w1 w1 w1
*
wi wi
( w) ( w* wi )
change in risk: wi i ,*
wi wi
31
implied view expected return
236. pension fund strategic benchmark is a hedge against the
liability stream. pension fund
237.
analysis of strategic benchmark,1
2
global capitalization weighted portfolio 1
2
1
2 3
implied view
238.strategic benchmark risk decomposition
239.total fund tracking error
240.
241.
32
trustee employee
defined contribution plan 1 2rogue manager
,
defined contribution plan
plan defined benefit plan 1surplus
risk 2tracking
error risk 1fee
income2customer satisfaction VAR
248. 1 2
3 4
plan pension liability
strategic asset allocation surplus at risk ()
tactical asset allocation implementation risk
tactical asset allocation risk, asset held by the plan
active risk (plan level)(
) , asset held by a given manager active
risk(manager level)
249. thresholds
outperformance
250. 1downstreaming()
SAR(surplus at risk)
2 dynamic trigger():
251. maintaining a quality VAR measure1
consistency 2 3
252. risk threshold 1
elevate the information2
3
SAR
implementation risk active risk (plan
level)1 2 threshold3
institute a overlay program active risk(manager level)
253. 1 2 3 45(
)
254.
outperformance market1
2
6 1 2 3
deficiencies in the benchmark4 5 6
255.12
33
3realized 4
realized
256.1 2
1
2
257. 3-zone approach:
,
258.Ontario teacherspension plan VAR
80 14 surplus 1
VAR 1 2 3
/ 4 5
259. SAR,SAR 1policy SAR
2MEAR,
policy asset benchmark
260.
fundamental factor model
261.explicit factor model,
implicit factor model PCA
explicit model:
implicit factor model
262.fund of hedge funds
1
2 3
4 5
6 7
8 FOHF 1
263. 1return enhancer
2risk reducer 3total diversifier
4pure diversifier
264.fund of hedge fund fund of hedge fund
1 2
265.1
2business model3
34
266.IRC
1 2 3
strategy driftIRC 1content2granularity
3frequecy4delay
267. style drift 1
2
3
268.
1 2
bottom up topdown1
2
12 3 4
5 6
269.1monitoring risk factor
2return-based analysis3performance
attribution4peer group comparison
5position analysis6communication with the fund manager
270.PWG
Hedge fund manager risk broker
decideassignchoose
monitor approve
271.1
joint decision 23
45
67
7
272. 1 generally
accepted accounting practices(GAAP),2 adjustment based
upon risk3NAV GAAP
273.interrelatedmarket riskfunding risk
counterparty risk
replacement costpotential future exposurePD amount of documentation
274. accounting based
risk-based
volatility-of-value-to-equity,
dynamic measure
275.data-entry error system failureerror in valuation
fraudrandom spot check of activity
35
separation of dutymaintenance of a centralization data
set internal review
36