SELECTED TOPICS OF CHEMISTRY

STUDY GUIDE FOR GLOBAL EXAM

(November 2015)

STAGE 1: HYDROCARBON DERIVATIVES

TOPIC I: Hydrocarbon Derivatives Types
1. Identify the type of carbon as primary, secondary, etc.
2. Recognize the functional groups of the following hydrocarbon derivatives :
a) Halogenated hydrocarbons e) Ethers
b) Alcohols f) Esters
c) Aldehydes g) Carboxylic acids
d) Ketones h) Amines
i) Amides
3. Given a structural formula, identify the type of alcohol as primary, secondary, etc.
TOPIC II: Hydrocarbon Derivatives Nomenclature
4. Given a structural formula, name the type of hydrocarbon derivative.
TOPIC III: Physical and Chemical Properties of Hydrocarbon Derivatives
5. Given the structural formula of compounds with different functional groups,
predict the position they will take by increasing values of boiling point.
6. Find the physical state of a compound at room temperature from the boiling point
data.
7. Identify the chemical properties of compounds from the type of reaction:
a) Combustion or Oxidation
b) Fermentation
c) Hydrolization
d) Hydrogenation

TOPIC IV: Uses of Hydrocarbon Derivatives

8. Identify the most important uses of each type of derivatives. You may consider the
following examples but read your TSQ book to find more:
a) Halogenated hydrocarbons tetrachloroethylene: dry-cleaning fabrics
b) Alcohols ethanol: obtained by fermentation of sugar
c) Aldehydes benzaldehyde: or almond oil, perfumery,
flavoring formulations
d) Ketones propanone: (acetone) nail enamel, solvent,

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 e) Ethers diethyl ether: general anesthetic,
f) Esters perfumes, essential oils, food flavorings
g) Carboxylic Acids palmitic acid: manufacture of candles, soaps,
cosmetics and lubricants
h) Amines fabric softeners, in paper coating, and for
solubilizing herbicides
i) Amides plastic and rubber industry, paper industry,
water and sewage treatment and color, in
crayons, pencils and inks
STAGE 2: IMPORTANCE OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
TOPIC V: The Chemistry of Domestic Products
9. Soap manufacturing:
a) Name of the reaction used to make soaps.
b) Raw materials used to make soaps.
c) Characteristics of soap molecule
d) Definition of tensoactive agent, surfactant, and micelle
10. Detergents:
a) What is hard water?
b) What is scum?
c) Types of detergents (anionic, cationic, and non-ionic; LAS and ABS
detergents)
d) Difference between soap and detergent
11. Household cleaning agents
a) Active ingredients and how they work
b) Safety rules for the use of cleaning agents
12. Hair products
a) Three types of interactions inside keratin that affect the shape of hair
b) Effect of water in hair curls. Artificial hair curls
c) Effect of pH
d) Natural hair pigments and artificial hair dye
e) Advantages of shampoo and main ingredients in shampoos
13. Skin products
a) Skin moisturizers, lotions and creams
b) Sunscreens and SPFs
14. Face cosmetic products
a) Ingredients in lipsticks, make ups, mascara
15. Perfumes, deodorants, and antitranspirants
a) The process of odor perception
b) The three notes of a perfume
c) Types of fragrances in perfumes: natural or artificial, animal or vegetal oils
d) Causes of body odor

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 e) Difference between deodorant and antitranspirants: active ingredients and
how they work to avoid odors
16. Polymers and plastics
a) Definition of monomer, polymer, and copolymer
b) Main and uses of LPDE and HDPE
c) Uses of PP, PVC, and PS
d) Properties of Teflon
e) Definition of thermoplastic, addition polymer, condensation polymer, and
elastomer
f) Uses of nylon, PET, polycarbonate, polyisoprene, and SBR
17. Natural polymers and rubber
a) Examples of naturally occurring polymers: silk, wool, DNA, cellulose and
proteins
b) Characteristics of rubber
c) Vulcanization
TOPIC VI: Medicines and Drugs
18. Love and depression: Neurotransmitters, serotonin, dopamine
19. Pain relief
a) Aspirin: the three main effects and its side effects
b) Definition of pyrogen and histamine
c) Alternatives to aspirin: naproxen, ibuprofen, acetaminophen
20. Antibiotics
a) Discovery of antibiotics: penicillin
b) How penicillin, cephalosporin and tetracycline fight bacteria
c) Antibiotics expiration date
21. Antivirals
a) Difference between bacteria, virus, and retrovirus
b) AIDS and HIV medications
c) How Azidothymidine (AZT) and Protease inhibitors work
22. Sexual Hormones
a) Definition for hormone, what are male and female main hormones
b) The pill and the minipill: How they prevent pregnancy, what are their side
effects
23. Steroids
a) Definition for steroids and examples of steroids used as drugs
b) Cortisone and prednisone: Uses and side effects
c) Anabolic steroids: What are they for and what are their side effects

24. Drugs to treat cancer

a) Difference between normal cells and cancerous cells
b) Side effects of chemotherapy
c) Types of anticancer medications

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 25. Depressants
a) What are CNS depressants and their side effects?
b) Alcohol abuse: How fast and where alcohol metabolizes, alcoholism
symptoms, risks of alcohol abuse
c) What are barbiturates and benzodiazepines
d) Inhalant drugs and their risks
26. Narcotics
a) Definition and examples of narcotic
b) How narcotics affect the body
c) Effects of morphine, codeine, and heroin
d) Opioid agonists and antagonists
e) Methadone and naltrexone in the treatment of heroin addiction
f) Endorphins: What are they?
27. Stimulants
a) Effects and side effects of cocaine and amphetamines
28. Legal stimulants: caffeine and tobacco
a) Effects and side effects of caffeine and nicotine
b) Side effects of quitting smoking
29. Hallucinogens: mescaline and LSD
a) What are hallucinogens? Give examples.
b) How hallucinogens distort perceptions of reality
c) Discovery of LSD
d) Main effects and side effects of LSD and mescaline
30. Marijuana
a) Active substance of marijuana
b) Main effects and side effects of marijuana
31. Prozac and Zoloft
a) The eight symptoms of depression
b) Main effects and side effects of Prozac and Zoloft
STAGE 3: ELECTRIC ENERGY IN OXIDATION-REDUCTION REACTIONS
TOPIC VII: Oxidation - Reduction
32. Oxidation number rules
33. Definition of oxidation, reduction, oxidizing agent, and reducing agent
34. Balancing redox equations (oxidation-number-change method)
35. Spontaneous and non-spontaneous reactions: activity series of metals
TOPIC VIII: Electric Energy and Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
36. Definition of electrolysis, electrolyte, electrolytic cell, voltaic cell, cathode, anode,
salt bridge
37. Identification of oxidation-half reaction and reduction-half reaction
38. Definition of corrosion, galvanization, electroplating

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STAGE 4: GASES, THEIR LAWS AND BEHAVIOR
TOPIC IX: Characteristics and Properties of Gases
39. Characteristics of substances in gas state
40. Definition of fluid, gas and vapor
41. Definition and composition of air
42. The five properties of gases
43. Definition for pressure, instruments used to measure pressure
44. Units to measure pressure. SI unit for pressure
TOPIC X: The Gas Laws
45. Statement and mathematical expression for:
a) Boyles Law
b) Charles Law
c) Combined Law of Gases
d) Avogadros Law of Gases
e) Ideal Gas Equation
f) Daltons Law of Partial Pressures
g) Gay Lussacs Law
46. Temperature and temperature scales. SI unit for temperature
47. Molar volume of a gas
48. Mole fraction
49. Universal Constant of Gases (R): magnitude and units
TOPIC XI: Calculations Involving the Laws of Gases
50. Solve example problems in the TSQ book. Start with Sample Problem 5.1 (page
140) and next problems.

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