01

02.

 02

?
(, )
.

3
(boiler proper)

(heating equipment)

(auxiliary installations)

 03

 04

(flue tube boiler)

 05

(smoke tube boiler)

: , ,
.
.
 06

(flue-smoke tube boiler)

:
.

- .

- .

- , .

- 8090% .
 07

: (compact) , ,
.
 08

:
, .

- ( 500kg/s), ( 160barg) ( 550) .

- , .

 09

2D ( )
: , ()
D , .
 010

(once-through boiler, )
: , , ,
.

- 1015

=
 011

- .
- 200300kg/h ton/h .
- .
- 8090% .
- .
 012

: 2-15
. .

- , , .
- 200kg/h6000kg/h , 12MPa.
- , , , .
 013

: (dowtherm)
() .

- .
( 0.20.3 MPa 200300 )
- 68109 .
- , .
- (Dowtherm) A, (Hg), , , ,
T, Seriola KS 2120 (Therminol)55,
SK Supertherm TK 220, Molytherm 2000 .
 014

(condensing)
: .

- (H2O) ,
. -->
- --> 1Kg 2257kJ(539Kcal)
- 170200 5070 .
- .
- 1020% .
- .
 015

()
: .

- .
-
.
- ,
.
- 85 .
 016

( )
: 100 .

- 85 .

- 85 .

 017

: .

: 80%, .

(equivalent evaporation) : Ge
: .
100 100 1 .

: Ge = [kJ/h] = [kcal/h]

Ge : [kg/h] Ga : [kg/h]

h1 : [kJ/kg][kcal/kg] h2 : [kJ/kg][kcal/kg]

(factor of evaporation) f = (h1 - h2)/2257[539]

Ge = Gaf
 018

:
.

: .

: .

Gf : [kg/h], Hh : [kJ/kg], [kcal/kg]

Q : [kJ/kg], [kcal/kg]

c = 0.850.98

h = 0.650.80(, )

h = 0.850.92(, )
 019

03.

 020

(fuel)
.

, .

(solid fuel)
- , , .

- , .

- , , , , .

- , (cokes), ,

- .

- , , , , , .

- , , .
 021

- : , , , , .

- : , , , .

(1) (gasoline)
- 44(MJ/kg)[10,500(kcal/kg)]
- , .

(2) (kerosene)
- 4446(MJ/kg)[10,50011,000(kcal/)]
- , .

(3) (light oil)

- 46(MJ/kg)[11,000(kcal/kg)].
- Diesel oil .

(4) (heavy oil)

- A, B, C . 4345MJ/kg

* API .
 022

(gaseous fuel)
: .

: , , .

: , , .

: , , LPG.

(LPG, Liquefied Petroleum Gas)

: .

- (propane, C3H8), (butane, C4H10) , .

, .
 023

(combustion)
:
.

(Carbon, C)

C + O2 = CO2 + 407(MJ/kmol)[97,200(kcal/kmol)],

12[kg] 32[kg] 44[kg]

(Hydrogen, H2)
H2 + O2 = H2O + 241(MJ/kmol)[57,600(kcal/kmol)] [HL]

+ 286(MJ/kmol)[68,400(kcal/kmol) [Hh]

2[kg] 16[kg] 18[kg]

(Sulfur, S)
S + O2 = SO2 + 335(MJ)[80,000(kcal)]

32[kg] 32[kg] 64[kg]

 024

: .

(1)

(C)

C + O2 CO2

* : C 1[kg] (Oo) = = 1.867[N/kg]

* : C 1[kg] (Oo) = = 2.667[kg/kg]

(H2)

H2 + O2 H2O

* : H2 1[kg] (Oo) = = 5.6[N/kg]

* : H2 1[kg] (Oo) = = 8[kg/kg]

 025

: , 23.2%, 21% .

(1) (Ao)

: Ao = {1.867C + 5.6(H- ) + 0.7S} [N/kg]

= 8.89C + 26.67(H- ) + 3.33S [N/kg]

= 8.89C + 26.67H + 3.33(S - O) [N/kg]

: Ao = {2.667C + 8(H- ) + S}[kg/kg]

= 11.6C + 34.5(H- ) + 4.31S [kg/kg]

= 11.6C + 34.5H + 4.31(S - O) [kg/kg]

Av = {11.6C + 34.5(H-O/8) + 4.31S} [N/kg]

 026

: 1kg A[N] ,

(A) = (Ao) + [N/kg]

(A) = (Ao) (m) [N/kg]

(A-Ao) = (m-1)Ao

* (m) =

= =

* (m-1)100, (m-1) .
 027

, , ,
.

(rotary burner)( )
(3,00010,000rpm) (atomizing cup)
1 .
 028

.
*

.
150(Mesh) 1
.
.
 029

(service tank)
.

: 21
 030

1
Qs

HhQ

2 ,

Lh :
 031

04.

 032

*
CaCO3 (ppm)

: CaCO3 . - 1 CaCO3 1mg 1ppm .

(dH)

: CaO 100 CaO 1 mg 1(1dH).

( , )

[Ca(HCO3)2] [Mg(HCO3)2] .

. .

( , )

(sulphates), (chorides) Ca Mg .

.
 033

*
(1)

, , , , .
.

(2) (DS)[ (TDS : Total Dissolved Solids)]

(Ca) (Mg) (carbonate)
(sulphate) .

(3) (SS)[ (TSS)]

- 0.12m , .

(4)
. , .

TS(Total solids, ) = TSS + TDS

 034

* (carry over)
.

(1) (foaming)

(Na), (K), (Ca), (Mg) ,

.

(2) (priming)

, .

(3) (silica carry over)

.
 035

* (blow)
, , ,
.

- : () .

- : TDS() .

- TDS 2,000ppm
3,000ppm

* ( : S/) TDS .

* 25, pH 7 : (S/)0.7 = TDS (ppm).

* 25, pH7

: (S/)0.5 = TDS (ppm).

 036

( : )

(sludge) .
 037

* ( : )
, , ,
TDS .

*
[/h, kg/day] = ,

(K)% = F/B-F 100

S : ()[/h, kg/day]
F : TDS (ppm, S/cm)

B : TDS (ppm, S/cm)

 038

,
.

.
 039

* ()
(Ca, Mg)
Na . .
 040

* (deaerator, degasifier)
, ,

(vacuum deaerator)

(membrane degasifier)

 041

 042

*
 043

* (Lm) :

[kw]

p : t :

: (1020%) 1.11.2

 044

*
.

 045

05.

 046

*
, , ,
. , , , .

 047

* ( )
(1) ( )

(2) ( )

(3) ( )

 048

*
(1) ()
.

(2) ()
.

(3)
.

(a) () (b) () (c)

 049

(b)
(a)

(c) (d)
 050

1.
(1) ()

[Impeller] .
.

(2) (turbo)
.
824 .

(3)
612 .

2.
(1)
, 4050% . .

(2)
.
.
 051

* ,

(Q) = []

(P) = [ mm]

(HP) = [HP]

N1, N2 : Q1 : (/min)
P1 : (mm) HP1 : (HP)

* (L)

(kW), (PS)

Q : [/min] , Ps : [mmAq]

s : ,
 052

* (soot blower)
.

. (long retractable)

. (short retractable)

 053

(a) CO2 (b) (c)

(d) (e) O2
 054

*
 055

 056

* : ON/OFF .

* : .

(a) (b)
 057

* : ON/OFF .

* :
.

1 2

3
 058

*
.

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)
 059

*
(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

 060

 061

*

, , , .

* ()

.

 062

* ( )
-(C.C) : -180300
-(I.C) : -20800
-(C.A) : -201200
-(P.R) : 1600

(a) (b)
 063

*
 064

 065

 066

*
-
(bellows type)
(diaphragm type)
(piston type)

 067

() ()
 068

 069

 070

() () ()

()
 071

*
, , , , , , , , , ,
, .

*
 072

*
(Column-Radiator)
(Wall-Radiator)
(Convector)
(Pipe-Radiator)

* [kcal/h]
 073