Large Strain Consolidation: Title

Title
Large Strain Consolidation

By: Murray Fredlund
SoilVision Systems Ltd.
2109 McKinnon Ave. S, Saskatoon, Sask., S7J 1N3
Voice: (306) 477-3324
Fax: (306) 955-4575
Email: info@soilvision.com
Features:
Handles large deformations during consolidation
Varying boundary conditions
1-Dimensional
Page 1
Title
ation
Page 2
Help
HELP
General Rules for spreadsheet are as follows:
Colors are significant
Yellow means the user can modify
Do not modify non-yellow cells
Other colors are for marking areas so if sheet is changed, colors must not be disturbed
Press New Problem or Current Problem button
Enter values for yellow cells and proceed through sheets by pressing Next
Press the Generate and Apply buttons where available
On the Control sheet:
Press Initial button to initialize values
Press Start and then Iterate to get the problem iterating
Press Stop to stop the iteration process
Various buttons can be pressed on the control sheet to view results
If model has problems converging, check initial conditions to see if they are reasonable
Tolerance, Iterations, and Beta values can be modified to best fit problem
Curve fitting of experimental data and examination of equations can be done in spreadsheet CURVEFIT.XLS
Page 3
Help
t not be disturbed
spreadsheet CURVEFIT.XLS
Page 4
Nodes
Node Generation
The number of nodes to be used in the solution must be input. A greater number of nodes will
yield a more accurate solution but will slow computations. A minimum of 11 nodes and a maximum of 680 node
Stresses are calculated at the nodes while soil properties are based on the space between the nodes.
20 : Number of Nodes
Valid number of nodes
1
Elements are regions between nodes
2
Page 5
Nodes
r of nodes will
es and a maximum of 680 nodes are allowed.
e between the nodes.
Page 6
Height
Height
Enter the node spacings of the current section. Node spacings from previous sections
can be imported. Heights are measured from a datum with positive 'y' values
in the 'up' direction.
Old Heights Height

Node # (m) (m)
20 9.60 0.505263 : Node spacing in new material (m)
19 9.09
18 8.59
17 8.08
16 7.58
15 7.07 20 : Expected # of nodes
14 6.57 20 : Actual # of nodes
13 6.06 OK
12 5.56
11 5.05
10 4.55
9 4.04
8 3.54
7 3.03
6 2.53
5 2.02
4 1.52
3 1.01
2 0.51
1 0.00
Page 7
Height
material (m)
Page 8
SG
Specific Gravity
Enter Specific Gravities for the soil solids at each node. Use 'fill down' to eliminate repetition.
Node # Height (m) S.G.

20 9.60
19 9.09 2.82
18 8.59 2.82
17 8.08 2.82 20 : Expected # of nodes
16 7.58 2.82 20 : Actual # of nodes
15 7.07 2.82 OK
14 6.57 2.82
13 6.06 2.82
12 5.56 2.82
11 5.05 2.82
10 4.55 2.82
9 4.04 2.82
8 3.54 2.82
7 3.03 2.82
6 2.53 2.82
5 2.02 2.82
4 1.52 2.82
3 1.01 2.82
2 0.51 2.82
1 0.00 2.82
Page 9
SG
e repetition.
Page 10
Weights
Initial Unit Weights

Initial total unit weights of soils must be input. Values can be cut and pasted from previous problem. Used as a
Height Unit Weight Total Stress

Node # (m) (kN/m^3) (kPa)
20 9.60 9.81 9.81 : Initial load on surface (kPa)
19 9.09 10.94 15.34 1.00 : Equivalent meters of water head
18 8.59 10.94 20.87
17 8.08 10.94 26.39
16 7.58 10.94 31.92
15 7.07 10.94 37.45
14 6.57 10.94 42.98 20 : Expected # of nodes
13 6.06 10.94 48.50 20 : Actual # of nodes
12 5.56 10.94 54.03 OK
11 5.05 10.94 59.56
10 4.55 10.94 65.09 9.81 : Unit Weight of Water (kN/m^3)
9 4.04 10.94 70.61 9.81 : Acceleration of Gravity (m/s^2)
8 3.54 10.94 76.14
7 3.03 10.94 81.67
6 2.53 10.94 87.20
5 2.02 10.94 92.72
4 1.52 10.94 98.25
3 1.01 10.94 103.78
2 0.51 10.94 109.31
1 0.00 10.94 114.83
Page 11
Weights
ous problem. Used as a guess.
on surface (kPa)
t meters of water head
ht of Water (kN/m^3)
on of Gravity (m/s^2)
Page 12
PWProfile
Pore-Water Pressures
This defines the initial pore-water pressure distribution. Pore-water pressure distributions can be loaded
from previous problems by the 'import' function. All added weight from new layer is assumed carried by the por
Previous Added New

Height PWP's PWP's PWP's
Node # (m) (kPa) (kPa) (kPa)
20 9.60 9.81 9.81
19 9.09 15.34 15.34
18 8.59 20.87 20.87
17 8.08 26.39 26.39 20 : Expected # of nodes
16 7.58 31.92 31.92 20 : Actual # of nodes
15 7.07 37.45 37.45 OK
14 6.57 42.98 42.98
13 6.06 48.50 48.50 114.83 : Maximum pore-water pressure
12 5.56 54.03 54.03
11 5.05 59.56 59.56
10 4.55 65.09 65.09 Note: Use 'Clear Contents' to eliminate pre
9 4.04 70.61 70.61
8 3.54 76.14 76.14
7 3.03 81.67 81.67
6 2.53 87.20 87.20
5 2.02 92.72 92.72
4 1.52 98.25 98.25
3 1.01 103.78 103.78
2 0.51 109.31 109.31
1 0.00 114.83 114.83
Page 13
PWProfile
ributions can be loaded

r is assumed carried by the pore-water pressure.
: Expected # of nodes
: Actual # of nodes
: Maximum pore-water pressure (for calculations)
Clear Contents' to eliminate previous pore-water pressures
Page 14
Compression
Compressive Properties
In large strain consolidation the soil will compress as water flows out of the soil and the pore-water pressures d
This compression is commonly related to a change ineffective stress. The method used by this program is a fun
how the void ratio changes with a change in effective stress. This plot can be obtained from a standard consolid
The definition of this function to a great degree controls the ability of the program to converge so care must be
to ensure that the function is continuous and has a reasonable slope at all expected effective stress values. Sw
restricted from taking place. Outside max and min the slope of the function is assumed zero.
function example: y=2*x^2-5*x-6
Function in x and y Derivative of e vs. Effective

Node Height describing void ratio vs. eff. stress function Mini- Maxi- Stress
# (m) effective stress in x and y mum x mum x (kPa)
20 9.60 0.00
19 9.09 y=7.72*x^(-0.22) y=1.6984*x^(-1.22) 0.0519 500 0.00
18 8.59 y=7.72*x^(-0.22) y=1.6984*x^(-1.22) 0.0519 500 0.00
17 8.08 y=7.72*x^(-0.22) y=1.6984*x^(-1.22) 0.0519 500 0.00
16 7.58 y=7.72*x^(-0.22) y=1.6984*x^(-1.22) 0.0519 500 0.00
15 7.07 y=7.72*x^(-0.22) y=1.6984*x^(-1.22) 0.0519 500 0.00
14 6.57 y=7.72*x^(-0.22) y=1.6984*x^(-1.22) 0.0519 500 0.00
13 6.06 y=7.72*x^(-0.22) y=1.6984*x^(-1.22) 0.0519 500 0.00
12 5.56 y=7.72*x^(-0.22) y=1.6984*x^(-1.22) 0.0519 500 0.00
11 5.05 y=7.72*x^(-0.22) y=1.6984*x^(-1.22) 0.0519 500 0.00
10 4.55 y=7.72*x^(-0.22) y=1.6984*x^(-1.22) 0.0519 500 0.00
9 4.04 y=7.72*x^(-0.22) y=1.6984*x^(-1.22) 0.0519 500 0.00
8 3.54 y=7.72*x^(-0.22) y=1.6984*x^(-1.22) 0.0519 500 0.00
7 3.03 y=7.72*x^(-0.22) y=1.6984*x^(-1.22) 0.0519 500 0.00
6 2.53 y=7.72*x^(-0.22) y=1.6984*x^(-1.22) 0.0519 500 0.00
5 2.02 y=7.72*x^(-0.22) y=1.6984*x^(-1.22) 0.0519 500 0.00
4 1.52 y=7.72*x^(-0.22) y=1.6984*x^(-1.22) 0.0519 500 0.00
3 1.01 y=7.72*x^(-0.22) y=1.6984*x^(-1.22) 0.0519 500 0.00
2 0.51 y=7.72*x^(-0.22) y=1.6984*x^(-1.22) 0.0519 500 0.00
1 0.00 y=7.72*x^(-0.22) y=1.6984*x^(-1.22) 0.0519 500 0.00
Page 15
Compression
he pore-water pressures dissipate.

ed by this program is a function describing
ed from a standard consolidation test.
converge so care must be taken
effective stress values. Swelling is
y=7.72*x^(y=1.6984*x 0.06 500

example: y=2*x^2-5*x-6
Midpoint Unit
Eff. Stress av in terms Weight
(kPa) Void Ratio of de/dStress (kN/m^3)
0.00 14.80 62.74 10.94

0.00 14.80 62.74 10.94
0.00 14.80 62.74 10.94
0.00 14.80 62.74 10.94
0.00 14.80 62.74 10.94
0.00 14.80 62.74 10.94
0.00 14.80 62.74 10.94
0.00 14.80 62.74 10.94
0.00 14.80 62.74 10.94
0.00 14.80 62.74 10.94 20 : Expected # of nodes
0.00 14.80 62.74 10.94 20 : Actual # of nodes
0.00 14.80 62.74 10.94 OK
0.00 14.80 62.74 10.94
0.00 14.80 62.74 10.94
0.00 14.80 62.74 10.94
0.00 14.80 62.74 10.94
0.00 14.80 62.74 10.94
0.00 14.80 62.74 10.94
0.00 14.80 62.74 10.94
Page 16
PermF
Permeability Function
As the soil compresses, the channell allowing the water to flow squeezes off and the permeability decreases.
The program handles this by a function which is input as permeability vs. void ratio.
Height Void Permeability

Node # (m) Permeability Function (in x and y) Ratio (m/s)
20 9.60
19 9.09 y=(0.2532e-6)*x^4.65/84600 14.80 8.28E-07
18 8.59 y=(0.2532e-6)*x^4.65/84600 14.80 8.28E-07
17 8.08 y=(0.2532e-6)*x^4.65/84600 14.80 8.28E-07
16 7.58 y=(0.2532e-6)*x^4.65/84600 14.80 8.28E-07
15 7.07 y=(0.2532e-6)*x^4.65/84600 14.80 8.28E-07
14 6.57 y=(0.2532e-6)*x^4.65/84600 14.80 8.28E-07
13 6.06 y=(0.2532e-6)*x^4.65/84600 14.80 8.28E-07
12 5.56 y=(0.2532e-6)*x^4.65/84600 14.80 8.28E-07
11 5.05 y=(0.2532e-6)*x^4.65/84600 14.80 8.28E-07
10 4.55 y=(0.2532e-6)*x^4.65/84600 14.80 8.28E-07
9 4.04 y=(0.2532e-6)*x^4.65/84600 14.80 8.28E-07
8 3.54 y=(0.2532e-6)*x^4.65/84600 14.80 8.28E-07
7 3.03 y=(0.2532e-6)*x^4.65/84600 14.80 8.28E-07
6 2.53 y=(0.2532e-6)*x^4.65/84600 14.80 8.28E-07
5 2.02 y=(0.2532e-6)*x^4.65/84600 14.80 8.28E-07
4 1.52 y=(0.2532e-6)*x^4.65/84600 14.80 8.28E-07
3 1.01 y=(0.2532e-6)*x^4.65/84600 14.80 8.28E-07
2 0.51 y=(0.2532e-6)*x^4.65/84600 14.80 8.28E-07
1 0.00 y=(0.2532e-6)*x^4.65/84600 14.80 8.28E-07
Page 17
PermF
he permeability decreases.
20 : Expected # of nodes
20 : Actual # of nodes
OK
Page 18
Boundaries
Boundary Conditions
The boundary conditions for the top and bottom of the soil layer must be specified.
Top Bou...
Bottom ...
Pressure head = constant
flux = zero
1.00 : Pressure head (m)
2.00 : Ignored
20 : Expected # of nodes
20 : Actual # of nodes
OK
Page 19
Boundaries
: Expected # of nodes
: Actual # of nodes
Page 20
Boundaries

flux = zero
1

flux = zero
2
Page 21
Control
Control
The control of variables while the problem is being solved can be accomplished on this page. Only change yello
years days Err:523 Height (m)
Err:523 s Actual Time Increment

Err:523 Err:523 Err:523 s Current Time (calc)
1,000.66 ### 31,556,926,000 s Maximum Time (input)
3.00% Err:523 Maximum change in unit weight

3.00% Err:523 Maximum change in height
3.00% Err:523 Maximum change in void ratio
3.00% Err:523 Maximum change in pore-water head
2 Err:523 Iterations to allow correct height prediction. This is to correc
4 Err:523 Times to iterate once new pore-water pressures have been
Err:523 Err:523 Switches to update current time and PWP (calc)
Err:523 Max Beta; don't know max value for this. Determine by exp
200 Minimum Beta
1,000 Beta Increment
500,000 Maximum Beta
View Graphing
Note: The 'Esc' key must be hit tw
Page 22
Control
d on this page. Only change yellow cells. Checks:

OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
water head
height prediction. This is to correct for the way Excel does calculations (Suggest = 2)
pore-water pressures have been calculated
t time and PWP (calc)
x value for this. Determine by experimentation.
View Graphing
Note: The 'Esc' key must be hit twice after pressing the 'Start' button.
Page 23
363918710.xls
Calculations years days

Project - Numerical Methods
100% Saturation Err:523 s Actual Time Increment
Err:523 Err:523 Err:523 s Current Time (calc)
Basic Idea: Yellow - user input 1,000.66 ### ### s Maximum Time (input)
Green - Input: controls soil properties
Purple - special cell (just a marker) 3.00% Err:523 Maximum change in unit weight
Blue - special cell (just a marker) 3.00% Err:523 Maximum change in height
3.00% Err:523 Maximum change in void ratio
3.00% Err:523 Maximum change in pore-water head
2 Err:523 Iterations to allow correct height prediction. This is to correct for the way Excel does calculations(Suggest = 2)
4 Err:523 Times to iterate once new pore-water pressures have been calculated
Err:523 Err:523 Err:523 Switches to update current time and PWP (calc)
Seed Number : 2 1 = use initial properties Err:523 Max Beta; don't know max value for this. Determine by experimentation.
2 = use calculated new properties; iterate 200 Minimum Beta
1,000 Beta Increment
500,000 Maximum Beta
Min =
Starting Properties Estimate changes New Pore-Water Pressure
Node Initial Initial Element St. Total Pore-water Pore-water Effective Midpoint Max. Eff. Void Height of Element Unit Weight Change in Change in Starting Permeability Pore-water
Numbers Head Thickness Stress Head Pressure Stress Eff. Stress Stress Ratio Nodes Thickness Total Stress Height Head k av Head Beta
(m) (m) (kPa) (m) (kPa) (kPa) (kPa) (kPa) e (m) (m) (kN/m^3) (kPa) (m) (m) (m/s) (1/kPa) (m)
seed seed (h-z)pw.g Pt-uw max ever seed estimate estimate changes input function -de Finite Check
reached w/increment dP' Difference
20 10.60 Err:523 Err:523 Err:523 Err:523 Err:523 Err:523 Err:523 Err:523 Err:523 Err:523
19 10.66 0.51 Err:523 Err:523 Err:523 Err:523 Err:523 Err:523 Err:523 Err:523 Err:523 Err:523 Err:523 Err:523 Err:523 Err:523 3.4237 Err:523 Err:523
18 10.72 0.51 Err:523 Err:523 Err:523 Err:523 Err:523 Err:523 Err:523 Err:523 Err:523 11.787 Err:523 Err:523 Err:523 Err:523 1.4983 Err:523 Err:523
1 11.71 0.51 Err:523 Err:523 Err:523 Err:523 Err:523 Err:523 Err:523 Err:523 Err:523 12.938 Err:523 Err:523 Err:523 0.1056 Err:523 Err:523
Err:523 Err:523
Page 24
363918710.xls
Err:523
New Properties After Change in Pore-Water Pressure Actual Changes in Properties
Max. Change in Change New New New New New New New Midpoint Max New Actual Actual Actual Actual Volume Change in Change in Change in Change in
Time Effective Void Ratio Void Ratio Thickness Height Unit Weight Pore-water Total Effective Effective Effective Void Change in Change in change change Change PWH Void Ratio Height Unit Weight
Increment Stress e e (m) (m) (kN/m^3) Pressure Stress Stress Stress Stress Ratio Total Height in e in eff.str. (m^3) (%) (%) (%)
(s) (kPa) (kPa) (kPa) (kPa) (kPa) (kPa) (kPa) (m) de * dh
(1+eo)
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Err:523 max Err:523 Err:523 Err:523 Err:523
Page 25
Record_Ht
Record of Height vs. Time

This sheet records the height of consolidation layer with time.
Time (s) Height (m) Count = Err:523 Err:523 OK

0 9.60 Magnify = 15
Err:523 Err:523 # Points = 200
Err:523 Err:523 Actual Points = 200 OK
Err:523 Err:523
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8.00
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Height (m)
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2.00
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Page 26
Record_Ht
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Page 27
Record_Ht
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Record_Ht
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Record_Ht
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Page 30
Record_Ht
ime
s. Time
1 1 1 1 1 1
seconds)
Page 31
Total
Total Stress vs. Height
12.00
10.00
8.00
Height (m)
Final
6.00 Initial
4.00
2.00
0.00
0.00 100.00 200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00 700.00 800.00
Total Stress (kPa)
Page 32
Head
Head vs. Height
12.00
10.00
8.00
Height (m)
Final
6.00 Initial
4.00
2.00
0.00
0.00 100.00 200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00 700.00 800.00
Head (m)
Page 33
PWP
Pore-Water Pressure vs. Height

12.00
10.00
8.00
Height (m)
Final
6.00 Initial
4.00
2.00
0.00
0.00 100.00 200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00 700.00 800.00
PWP (kPa)
Page 34
Effective
Effective Stress vs. Height
12.00
10.00
8.00
Height (m)
Final
6.00 Initial
4.00
2.00
0.00
0.00 100.00 200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00 700.00 800.00
Effective Stress (kPa)
Page 35
Unit Weight
Unit Weight vs. Height
10.00
9.00
8.00
7.00
6.00
Height (m)
Initial
5.00 Final
4.00
3.00
2.00
1.00
0.00
0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00 14.00
Unit Weight (kN/m^3)
Page 36
e
Void Ratio vs. Height
10.00
9.00
8.00
7.00
6.00
Height (m)
Final
5.00 Initial
4.00
3.00
2.00
1.00
0.00
0.00 100.00 200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00 700.00 800.00
Void Ratio
Page 37
Permeability
Permeability vs. Height
12.000
10.000
8.000
Height (m)
6.000
4.000
2.000
0.000
0.1000 1.0000 10.0000
Permeability (m/s)
Page 38
Equations
Model Equation
This sheet is for checking the performance of an equation. The derivative will also be used to predict the
slope and estimate the same curve. Input the equation using lowercase x and y's with y being to the left of the
equals sign as in the example equation shown.
Node: 3
Input Equation: y=7.72*x^(-0.22) x-range minimum: 0.0519
(ie. y=6*x^3-2*x+7) maximum: 2
Derivative of equation: y=1.6984*x^(-1.22) No. of increments: 50
see CURVEFIT.XLS for complete function analysis
Predicted
x-values y-values Slope y
0.06 14.335869 52.56485 14.33587 16
0.098962 12.841455 28.54752 12.75572
0.137924 11.937037 19.04054 11.82866 14
0.176886 11.301205 14.05575 11.18391
0.215848 10.816948 11.02502 10.69531 12
0.25481 10.429168 9.004423 10.30511
0.293772 10.107762 7.569502 9.982238 10
Void Ratio, e
0.332734 9.8345823 6.502516 9.708101

0.371696 9.5978944 5.680816 9.470758 8
0.410658 9.3896983 5.030302 9.262094

6
0.44962 9.2043106 4.503688 9.076363
0.488582 9.0375572 4.069455 8.909349
4
0.527544 8.8862881 3.705821 8.757879
0.566506 8.7480712 3.397273 8.619504 2
0.605468 8.6209919 3.132483 8.492298
0.64443 8.503518 2.90299 8.374721 0
0.683392 8.3944051 2.702357 8.265523 0 0.5 1
Effective Str
0.722354 8.2926299 2.525602 8.163677
0.761316 8.1973412 2.368813 8.068329
0.800278 8.1078239 2.228877 7.978761
0.83924 8.023472 2.103289 7.894366
0.878202 7.9437676 1.990008 7.814625
0.917164 7.8682647 1.88736 7.73909
0.956126 7.796577 1.793955 7.667374
0.995088 7.7283676 1.708634 7.59914
1.03405 7.6633412 1.630419 7.534092
1.073012 7.6012373 1.558484 7.471969
1.111974 7.5418255 1.492123 7.41254
1.150936 7.4849007 1.43073 7.3556
1.189898 7.4302796 1.373783 7.300965
1.22886 7.3777982 1.32083 7.248472
1.267822 7.3273085 1.271478 7.197971
1.306784 7.2786773 1.225382 7.14933
1.345746 7.2317835 1.182238 7.102427
1.384708 7.1865176 1.141781 7.057152
Page 39
Equations
1.42367 7.1427796 1.103775 7.013407

1.462632 7.100478 1.06801 6.971098
1.501594 7.0595293 1.034299 6.930143
1.540556 7.0198568 1.002475 6.890465
1.579518 6.9813899 0.972389 6.851992
1.61848 6.9440635 0.943907 6.814661
1.657442 6.9078177 0.916907 6.778411
1.696404 6.8725967 0.89128 6.743185
1.735366 6.838349 0.866928 6.708934
1.774328 6.8050268 0.843759 6.675608
1.81329 6.7725856 0.821694 6.643163
1.852252 6.7409838 0.800656 6.611558
1.891214 6.7101828 0.780578 6.580754
1.930176 6.6801464 0.761398 6.550715
1.969138 6.6508407 0.743059 6.521407
2.0081 6.6222341 0.725507 6.492797
Page 40
Equations
be used to predict the

with y being to the left of the Stress in soil above node
Eff. Stress e
Err:523 Err:523
Plot of Data
Calc.
Predicted
Node Point
.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Effective Stress (kPa)
Page 41

Large Strain Consolidation: Title

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Large Strain Consolidation

Valid number of nodes

Old Heights Height

Node # Height (m) S.G.

Initial Unit Weights

Height Unit Weight Total Stress

ous problem. Used as a guess.

Previous Added New

ributions can be loaded

: Maximum pore-water pressure (for calculations)

Clear Contents' to eliminate previous pore-water pressures

function example: y=2*x^2-5*x-6

Function in x and y Derivative of e vs. Effective

he pore-water pressures dissipate.

y=7.72*x^(y=1.6984*x 0.06 500

0.00 14.80 62.74 10.94

Height Void Permeability

Pressure head = constant

Pressure head = constant

years days Err:523 Height (m)

Err:523 s Actual Time Increment

3.00% Err:523 Maximum change in unit weight

Note: The 'Esc' key must be hit tw

d on this page. Only change yellow cells. Checks:

Calculations years days

Err:523 Err:523 Err:523 Err:523 Err:523 Err:523 0.00% Err:523

Record of Height vs. Time

Time (s) Height (m) Count = Err:523 Err:523 OK

Err:523 Err:523 6.00

Total Stress vs. Height

Total Stress (kPa)

Head vs. Height

Pore-Water Pressure vs. Height

Effective Stress vs. Height

Effective Stress (kPa)

Unit Weight vs. Height

Unit Weight (kN/m^3)

Void Ratio vs. Height

Permeability vs. Height

0.332734 9.8345823 6.502516 9.708101

0.410658 9.3896983 5.030302 9.262094

1.42367 7.1427796 1.103775 7.013407

be used to predict the

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function example: y=2x^2-5x-6

y=7.72x^(y=1.6984x 0.06 500