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JuliusEvola
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GiulioCesareAndreaEvola(Italian:[vola][1]19
May189811June1974),betterknownasJulius JuliusEvola
Evola,wasanItalianphilosopher,painter,and
esotericist.Evolaregardedhisperspectivesand
spiritualvaluesasaristocratic,masculine,
traditionalist,heroicanddefiantlyreactionary.

EvolabelievedthatmankindislivingintheKaliYuga,
aDarkAgeofunleashedmaterialisticappetites,
spiritualoblivionanddissolution.Tocounterthisand
callinaprimordialrebirth,Evolapresentedhisworld
ofTradition.ThecoretrilogyofEvola'sworksare
generallyregardedasRevoltAgainsttheModern
World,MenAmongtheRuins,andRidetheTiger.
Accordingtoonescholar,"Evolasthoughtcanbe
consideredoneofthemostradicallyandconsistently
antiegalitarian,antiliberal,antidemocratic,and
antipopularsystemsinthetwentiethcentury."[2]Much photograph,circa1920
ofEvola'stheoriesandwritingsiscenteredonEvola's
ownidiosyncraticspiritualismandmysticismthe Born GiulioCesareAndreaEvola
innerlife.Thephilosophycoveredthemessuchas 19May1898
Hermeticism,themetaphysicsofwarandofsex, Rome,Italy
Tantra,Buddhism,Taoism,mountaineering,theHoly Died 11June1974(aged76)
Grail,theessenceandhistoryofcivilisations, Rome
decadence,andvariousphilosophicandreligious
TraditionsdealingwithboththeClassicsandthe Influences
Orient. SiddharthaGautama,Nietzsche,Plato,
Spengler,Gunon,deMaistre,Donoso
Evola'sworkwasinfluentialonfascistsand
Cortes,Jnger,Wilde,Michelstaedter,Benn,
neofascists,[3][4]thoughhewasneveramemberofthe Vico,Tzara,Weininger,Stirner,Bachofen,
ItalianNationalFascistPartyortheItalianSocial
Laozi,Dostoevsky,Eckhart,Novalis,
Republicanddeclaredhimselfanantifascist.[5]He Merezhkovsky,Papini,Gurdjieff,Dante
regardedhispositionasthatofasympatheticright
wingintellectual,sawpotentialinthemovementand Influenced
wishedtoreformitserrors,toapositioninlinewith Hesse,Serrano,Moynihan,Limonov,
hisownviews.Oneofhissuccesseswasinregardto Dugin,Benoist,Almirante,Scaligero,
theraciallawshisadvocacyofaspiritual Eliade,Saviano,Godwin,Yourcenar,
considerationofracewonoutinthedebateinItaly, Yockey,Vikernes,Tucci,Pinchbeck,
ratherthanasolelybiologicalreductionismconcept Karlsson
popularinGermany.SinceWorldWarIImanyRadical
Traditionalist,NewRight,Conservative
Revolutionary,fascist,andThirdPositionistgroupshavetakeninspirationfromhim,aswellasseveral
apoliticaloccultists,suchasThomasKarlssonandMassimoScaligero.

Contents
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1 Biography
1.1 Earlyyears
1.2 Entryintoesotericism
1.3 RelationshipwithFascism
1.4 PostWorldWarII
1.5 Death
2 Philosophy
2.1 Tradition
2.2 ViewsonChristianity
2.3 Pathstoenlightenment
2.4 Ascesisandinitiation
2.5 Metaphysicsofwar
2.6 Metaphysicsofsex
2.7 Politics
2.8 Schutzstaffel
2.9 Race
3 Influence
4 Selectedbooksandarticles
5 Footnotes
6 References
7 Externallinks

Biography
Earlyyears

GiulioCesareAndreaEvolawasborninRometoaSicilianfamilyofaristocraticculturalethos
corresponding,inunknowndegreeof"nobiliarylegitimacy",tothehonorificandlocaltitleofreverential
politesse,"Baron".Whetherextrinsicallyof"legalofficial"titularpeerage,literally"baronial",thestatus
ofEvolaandhisancestryisnotcurrentlyknowninanyevent,thefamilywasculturallyultraaristocratic
andoldguardCatholic,andthisconstitutedtheformationofhisearliestpersonality(Evolahimself
woulddismissthematterasirrelevantfollowinghishypermetaphysicalworldview).Duringhisyouth,
hestudiedengineeringandreceivedexcellentgrades,butdidnotcompletehisstudiesbecausehe"did
notwanttobeabourgeois".Inhisteenageyearsheimmersedhimselfinpainting,whichheconsidered
tobeoneofhisnaturaltalents,andliteratureincludingOscarWildeandGabrieled'Annunzio,andserved
ashisfirstintroductiontophilosopherssuchasNietzscheandOttoWeininger.HeservedduringWorld
WarIasanartilleryofficerontheAsiagoplateau.Afterthewar,attractedtotheavantgarde,Evola
brieflyassociatedwithFilippoMarinetti'sFuturistmovement,butbecameaprominentrepresentativeof
DadaisminItalythroughhispainting,poetry,andcollaborationontheshortlypublishedjournal,Revue
Bleu.In1922,afterconcludingthatavantgardeartwasbecomingcommercializedandstiffenedinto
academicconvention,hereducedhisfocusonartisticexpressionsuchaspaintingandpoetry.[6]

Entryintoesotericism

Around1920,hisinterestsledhimintospiritual,transcendental,and"suprarational"studies.Hebegan
readingvariousesoterictextsandgraduallydelveddeeperintotheoccult,alchemy,magic,andOriental
studies,particularlyTibetanLamaismandVajrayanisttantricyoga.Hehadalsousedhallucinogenic
drugstoexperiencealteredstatesofconsciousnessduringthisperiod,butlatercametocriticizesuch
drugsinRidetheTiger,ashedidnotconsiderstimulationasameanstotranscendence.

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In1927,alongwithotherItalianesotericists,hefoundedtheGruppodiUr(theUrGroup).Thegroup's
aimwastoprovidea"soul"totheburgeoningFascistmovementofthetimethroughtherevivalofan
ancientRomanPaganism.[7]

RelationshipwithFascism

EvolaneverjoinedMussolini'sNationalFascistPartyheconsideredhimselfanantifascist,and
cataloguedfascistsquadristiaspeasants.[5]MussoliniconsideredEvolaoneofthe"hystericalfanatics"
whocouldservethefascistinterests.[5]AccordingtoDanielMcCarthy:

Atonepoint,ilDuceoroneofhisunderlingsaskedEvolawhyhehadntjoinedthe
FascistPartyproper.Evolarepliedthatthecontinuedexistenceofthepartyprovedthe
failureoffascism.Afterall,ifthestatehadbecomeallandabsorbedalllesser

allegiances,howcouldtherebesuchathingasaparty,which,asthewordindicates,
representsapartialorspecialinterest?[8]

EvolawasoneofanumberofrightwingintellectualswhoopposedBenitoMussolini'sLateranAccords
withtheRomanCatholicChurchandrejectedtheFascistparty'snationalismanditsfocusonmass
movementmobpoliticshehopedtoinfluencetheregimetowardhisownvariationonfascistracial
theoriesandhis"Tradionalist"philosophy.Earlyin1930,EvolalaunchedLaTorre[TheTower],abi
weeklyreview,tovoicehisconservativerevolutionaryideasanddenouncethedemagogictendenciesof
officialfascismgovernmentcensorssuppressedthejournalandengagedincharacterassassination
againstitsstaff(foratime,Evolaretainedabodyguardoflikemindedradicalfascists)untilitdiedoutin
Juneofthatyear.From1934to1943,heeditedtheculturalpageofRobertoFarinacci'sjournalRegime
Fascista[TheFascistRegime].

MussolinireadEvola'sSynthesisoftheDoctrineofRace(SintesidiDottrinadellaRazza)inAugust
1941,andmetwithEvolatoofferhimhispraise.EvolalaterrecountedthatMussolinihadfoundinhis
workauniquelyRomanformoffascistracismdistinctfromthatfoundinNaziGermany.With
Mussolini'sbacking,EvolalaunchedtheminorjournalSangueeSpirito[BloodandSpirit].Whilenot
alwaysinagreementwithGermanracialtheorists,EvolatraveledtoGermanyinFebruary1942and
obtainedsupportforGermancollaborationonSangueeSpiritofromleadingNaziracetheorists.[9]

EvolaconsistentlyandpubliclycriticizedFascism,buthasoftenbeenwronglyaccusedofbeingaFascist
himselforaFascistsupporter,becausehecritiquedFascismfromtherightratherthanfromtheleft.
WhenWorldWarIIbrokeout,hevolunteeredformilitaryserviceinordertofighttheCommunistson
theRussianfronthewasrejectedbecausehehadtoomanydetractorsinthebureaucracy.[10]Italian
Fascismwentintodeclinewhen,duringthemidstofthewarin1943,Mussoliniwasdeposedand
imprisoned.Evola,althoughnotamemberoftheFascistParty,anddespitehisapparentproblemswith
theFascistregime,wasoneofthefirstpeopletogreetMussoliniwhenthelatterwasbrokenoutof
prisonbyOttoSkorzenyin1943.

AftertheItaliansurrendertotheAllieson8September1943,EvolamovedtoGermany,wherehespent
theremainderofWorldWarII,alsoworkingasaresearcheronFreemasonryfortheSSAhnenerbein
Vienna.TheresearchonFreemasonryresultedinadocumenttitled"Freimaurerei:Geschichteund
Mythos"[Freemasonry:HistoryandMyth],publishedbytheAhnenerbeinlimitedcopieswithhisname
aseditorinchief.

ItwasEvola'scustomtowalkaroundthecityduringbombingraidsinordertobetter'ponderhisdestiny'.
Duringonesuchraid,inMarchorApril1945,ashellfragmentdamagedhisspinalcordandhebecame
paralyzedfromthewaistdown,remainingsofortheremainderofhislife.[11]
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PostWorldWarII

AfterWorldWarII,Evolacontinuedhisworkinesotericism.Hewroteanumberofbooksandarticleson
sexualmagicandvariousotheresotericstudies,includingTheYogaofPower:Tantra,Shakti,andthe
SecretWay(1949),ErosandtheMysteriesofLove:TheMetaphysicsofSex(1958),Meditationsonthe
Peaks:MountainClimbingasMetaphorfortheSpiritualQuest(1974),ThePathofEnlightenment
AccordingtotheMithraicMysteries(1977).HealsowrotehistwoexplicitlypoliticalbooksMenAmong
theRuins:PostWarReflectionsofaRadicalTraditionalist(1953),RidetheTiger:ASurvivalManualfor
theAristocratsoftheSoul(1961),andhisautobiographyThePathofCinnabar(1963).

Inthepostwaryears,Evola'swritingswereheldinhighesteembymembersoftheneofascist
movementinItaly,andbecauseofthis,hewasputontrialfromJunethroughNovember1951onthe
chargeofattemptingtoreviveFascisminItaly.Hewasacquittedbecausehecouldprovethathewas
neveramemberoftheFascistparty,andthatallaccusationsweremadewithoutevidencetoprovethat
hiswritingsglorifiedFascism.[12]RidetheTiger,Evola'slastmajorwork,whichsawhimexamining
dissolutionandsubversioninaworldinwhichGodwasdead,sawhimrejectingthepossibilityofany
political/collectiverevivalofTraditionduetohisbeliefthatthemodernworldhadfallentoofarintothe
KaliYugaforanysuchthingtobepossible.Insteadofthisandratherthanadvocatingareturntoreligion
asReneGuenonhad,hecraftedwhatheconsideredanapoliticalmanualforsurvivingandultimately
transcendingtheKaliYuga.Thisideawassummedupinthetitleofthebook,theTantricmetaphorof
"RidingtheTiger"whichingeneralpractice,consistedofturningthingsthatwereconsideredinhibitory
tospiritualprogressbymainstreamBrahmanicalsocietyforexample,meat,alcohol,andinveryrare
circumstances,sexwereallemployedbyTantricpractitionersintoameansofspiritualtranscendence.
TheprocessthatEvoladescribedinvolvedpotentiallymakinguseofeverythingfrommodernmusic,
hallucinogenicdrugs,relationshipswiththeoppositesex,andevensubstitutingtheatmosphereofan
urbanexistencefortheTheophanythatTraditionalistshadidentifiedinvirginnature.[13]

Death

Evoladiedunmarried,withoutchildren,on11June1974inRome.Hisashesweredepositedinaholecut
inaglacieronMt.Rosa.

Philosophy
FriedrichNietzscheheavilyaffectedEvola'sthought.However,EvolacriticizedNietzscheforlackingthe
"transcendentelement"inhisphilosophy,thusultimatelyleadingtothelatter'smentalcollapsein1889.
AreferencepointisneededaccordingtoEvola,andthispointcannotbereachedwithsensesorlogicbut
withtranscendentalexperiencesachievedthroughsymbolismoftheheroicelementinMan.[14]

Tradition

Evola'ssystematicanddetailedreferencestoancientandmoderntextsmakeitdifficulttospeakabout
influences,thoughaffinitiescouldexistbetweenEvolaandPlato,OswaldSpengler,HoustonStewart
Chamberlain,ArthurdeGobineau,FriedrichNietzsche,MeisterEckhart,Homer,JacobBoehme,Ren
GunonandseveralCatholicthinkerslikeJuanDonosoCortsandJosephdeMaistre.TheItalian
philosopherofhistoryGiambattistaVicoprovidedEvolawiththeconceptsofprimordialheroiclaw,
"naturalheroicrights",andthemeaningoftheIndoEuropeanLatintermvirasindicativeof"wisdom,
priesthoodandkingship."CrucialtoEvola'sformulationoftheideaof"solarmasculinity"versus
"chthonicmasculinity"andmatriarchalregressionwasthemaverick19thcenturySwissscholarJohann

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JakobBachofen.Otherprominent,philosophicallyfoundationalinfluencesforEvolaincludetheancient
AryoHinduscripturethatteachestheconceptof"detachedviolence",theBhagavadGita,andtheAryan
kshatriyasageSiddarthaGotama,thehistoricalBuddha.[15]

LikeGunon,hebelievedthatmankindislivingintheKaliYugaoftheHindutradition,theDarkAgeof
unleashed,materialisticappetites.TheKaliYugaisthelastoffourages,whichformacyclefromthe
SatyaYugaorGoldenAgethroughtheKaliYugaortheHesiodicIronAge.Evolaarguedthatboth
ItalianfascismandNationalSocialismheldhopeforareconstitutionoftheprimordial"celestialrace."[16]

ForEvola,thewordTraditionhadameaningverysimilartothatofTruth.Thedoctrineofthefourages,
abroadcharacterizationoftheattributesofTraditionandtheirmanifestationsintraditionalsocieties
makesupthefirsthalfofEvola'smajorworkRevoltAgainsttheModernWorld.InRevolt,heexpounds
accordingtotheancienttextsthatthereisnotonetradition,buttwo:anolderanddegeneratetradition
thatisfeminine,matriarchal,unheroic,associatedwiththetelluricnegroidracialremnantsofLemuria
andahigheronethatismasculine,heroic,"Uranian"andpurelyAryoHyperboreaninitsorigin.The
latteronelatergaverisetoanambiguousWesternAtlantictradition,whichcombinedaspectsofboth
throughthehistoricalHyperboreanmigrationsandtheirdegeneratingassimilationofexoticspiritual
influencesfromtheSouth.

IntheGoldenAgeexistedinthedominatingelites,the"DivineKings",aconvergenceofthetwopowers,
namelythespiritualprincipleandtheroyalprinciple.FromtheAryoHindutradition,heseesthehuman
typeoftheRajarshiasanembodimentoftheGoldenAgeidealandquotestheBrihadaranyaka
Upanishad(1.4.11):"Thisiswhynothingisgreaterthanthewarriornobilitytheprieststhemselves
veneratethewarriorwhentheconsecrationofthekingoccurs."EvolaarguesthatintheHindutradition
areplentyofinstancesofkingswhoalreadypossessoreventuallyachieveaspiritualknowledgegreater
thanthatpossessedbythelatertimesdegeneratedbrahmana.Thisisthecase,forinstance,ofKing
Jaivala,whoseknowledgewasnotimpartedbyanypriest,butratherreservedtothewarriorcastealso,
inBrihadaranyakaUpanishad(4.3.1)KingJanakateachesthebrahmanaYajnavalkyathedoctrineofthe
transcendentSelf.Evolaexplainsthat,accordingtotradition,theprimordialgnosiswashandeddown,
startingfromIkshvaku,inregalsuccession[17]thesameSunDynasty(suryavamsa)wasconnectedwith
blueeyed,fairskinned[18]GautamaBuddha'saristocraticAryanfamily(SuttaNipata,3).Inthelawsof
thesecondorSilverAge,theLawsofManu,thetextstates"rulersdonotprosperwithoutpriestsand
priestsdonotthrivewithoutrulers"andthat"thepriestissaidtobetherootofthelaw,andtheruleris
thepeak"(11.321211.834).

ViewsonChristianity

InreferencetoChristianity,Evoladistinguishedbetween1)themysticalcharacterofprimitive
Christianityanditslatersocialhistoryontheonehand,and2)theprimordialHyperboreanelementsand
thedecadentJudaicelementsontheother.InRevoltAgainsttheModernWorld,heasserts"inthe
symbolismofChristaretracesofamystericpattern":p:281and"Jesus'sayinginMatthew(11:12)
concerningtheviolencesufferedbythekingdomofHeavenandtherevivaloftheDavidicsaying:'You
aregods'(John10:34),belongtoelementsthatexercisedvirtuallynoinfluenceonthemainpathosof
earlyChristianity"(Revolt,:p:284).Evolastates"theChristianlegendofthethreemagiisanattemptto
claimforChristianityatraditionalcharacterinthesuperiorsenseIgivetotheterm."[19]Inthesame
work,Evolaargues"theJewishnotionofaMessiahandtheChristiannotionofGod'sKingdom,which
manypeoplebelievetohavegreatlyinfluencedthemedievalimperialmyth,arenothingbutanechoof
theancientandpreChristianAryoIranianconcept"oftheSaoshyantas"lordofafuture,triumphal
kingdomoftheGodofLight"and"slayeroftheAhrimanicdarkforces".[20]Evolarecallsthemysterious
figureofthepriestkingMelchizedekasaprimarypointofjuncturewiththeprimordialsacralroyal
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Traditionoftheorigins.AbrahamreceivesanalmostfeudalspiritualinvestiturefromMelchizedekinthe
biblicalepisodeofGenesis14,givingthemysteriouspriestkingtithes,thussymbolizingtheAbrahamic
tradition'simplicitdependency(cf.St.Paul:"Itisbeyonddisputethattheinferiorisblessedbythe
superior",Hebrews7:13).Evolaoftennotestheroleofthe"regalreligionaccordingtoMelchizedek"in
theGhibellineideology(themedievalItalianfactionsupportingtheHolyRomanEmperoragainstthe
papacy).EvolafindsthetestimonyofEginhardsignificant,whostatesthatafterCharlemagnewas
consecratedandhailedwiththeformula,"LonglifeandvictorytoCharlestheGreat,crownedbyGod,
greatandpeacefulemperoroftheRomans!"thepope"prostratedhimself(adoravit)beforeCharles,
accordingtotheritualestablishedatthetimeoftheancientemperors."EvolaemphasizeshowtheHoly
RomanEmperorSigismund(13681437),founderofthemilitantCatholicchivalricOrderoftheDragon,
continuingalongtraditionofChristianRomanandByzantineimperialdominanceinreligiousmatters,
summonedtheCouncilofConstancein1413,tobeheld141418inordertopurifytheclergyfrom
schismsandanarchy.[21]TheGhibellineconspiracybeingtheoverwhelmingoftheVatican'sspiritual
authoritywiththesecularpowerofthecitystate.Theinternecinewarfareledtoanapocalyptic
interpretationbyRussianSymbolistsofNietzsche'sappropriations.[22]

TheclassicalTraditionalpolityisstructuredaccordingtoastricthierarchyofsociopoliticalfunctions,
wherethelowerfunctionsareconcernedwithmerematterandorganicvitalityandtheascending
functionsprogressivelyruledbyspirit.Thisorder,inwhichpowersofspiritcorrelatetosocietalstatus,
EvolafindscrystallizedintheIndiancastesystem,theRepublicofPlato,ancientIraniansociety,andthe
medievalhierarchicalclassdivisionsbetweenpeasants,burghers,nobilityandtheclergyandmilitary
religiousorders.Theinvolutionthroughthecycleoftheageswasmirroredinthelawoftheregressionof
thecastes,fromtheprimal"heavenborn"kingstothedeconsecratedslavishusurpersandraceless
pariahsofthepresent.EvolasawtheGhibellinedynastyofHohenstauffenemperors(11521271)asthe
Germanicchampionoftheprimordial"sacredregality"inarenewedHolyRomanEmpire.Oncethe
solar,golden,sacredregalityofthemythicalfirstagefell,powerdevolveduponalunar,silver,feminized
priestlycastebeforeanunconsecratedwarriornobilitystruggledagainstit,announcingtheBronzeAge.
Thenpowershiftstothemercantilecaste,representedbytheItaliancomune,Freemasonry,theJewish
financialoligarchyoftheRenaissance,andNewWorldAmericanJudeoProtestantplutocracy.Bythe
beginningofthetwentiethcentury,organizedlabourandMarxistTrotskyitesubverterssoughttotransfer
powertothelastcasteofslavesorsudras,ortheconsumerpariah,reducingallvaluestomatter,
machines,dysgenicegalitarianismandthereignofabstractquantity.

Pathstoenlightenment

ThepathtoenlightenmentisthechiefsubjectofanumberofEvola'sworks.Firstandforemostisthe
BuddhistascesisasherediscovereditfollowingovertwothousandyearsofobstructionoftheBuddha's
teachings(TheDoctrineofAwakening:TheAttainmentofSelfMasteryAccordingtotheEarliest
BuddhistTexts).Hetriestoshowthewaysthatallowamantosurvivespirituallyintactinthemodern
ageofobscurationandtoachievesuprahumanliberationortranscendence.Evolabasedhis
interpretationofBuddhismontheoriginalPaliCanon,rejectedwesterninterpretationsofBuddhismasa
humanitarianreligionofcompassionforallbeings,heldreincarnationasafalsetenetnotfoundinthe
originalPaliCanonandsawtheMahayanatraditionasheterodoxalongwithcertainaspectsof
Theravada.[23]

EveninhisbookMeditationsonthePeaks:MountainClimbingasMetaphorfortheSpiritualQuest
Evoladiscussedmountaineeringasapossibleapproachorsupportonthewayofinitiaticascesisin
whichheroicactioniscombinedwithspecializedknowledgeandtrainingculminatinginaninitiation
theclimbingofthemountain.Inthisway,andnotasasportorarecreation,mountaineeringcanbea
"spiritualquest,"asthesubtitleofthebooksuggests.

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Ascesisandinitiation

AccordingtoJuliusEvola,traditioninitspurestformencompassedasceticism,whichhedescribedin
TheDoctrineofAwakening:TheAttainmentofSelfMasteryAccordingtotheEarliestBuddhistTextsasa
discipline.Hedescribestwobasicandcomplementarytypesofasceticismthatofactionandthatof
contemplation.Theasceticismofactionispersonifiedbythewarriorwhilethatofcontemplationbythe
pureascetichedescribedBuddhismasthehighestformoftheasceticismofcontemplation,aformvery
suitableforthewarriorinhispreparationforinnerandouterwarfare.

Metaphysicsofwar

InhisMetaphysicsofWar,Evoladescribeshowadaptingthelanguageofwarcanbeameansthrough
whichthewarriorcanbecalledtoahigherformofspiritualexistence.Towardsthisaimheadoptsthe
languageofgreaterandlesserjihad,explaininghowthegreaterjihadofspiritualstrugglecanhelpone
transformoneselfandcreateametaphysicalbasisforopposingmodernity.Healsoexplainshowtheuse
ofspirituallanguageinwarfareismetaphysicallyappropriate.

Evolarejectedpacifismasit,accordingtothetheory,wasmaterialisticandmadepeoplecomfortableand
weakintheirexistence,whilewarbreakstheroutineof"comfortablelife"andoffersatransfiguring
knowledgeoflife:"lifeaccordingtodeath".Evolawritesthatwaralwayshasanantimaterialistvalue,a
spiritualvalue.InhisworksEvolacallsforthe"reawakeningofheroicideals"andspiritualismthrough
war.

Metaphysicsofsex

InTheYogaofPower:Tantra,Shakti,andtheSecretWayandalsoErosandtheMysteriesofLove:The
MetaphysicsofSex,Evoladescribedthepracticeofsexualmagicasanasceticismofactionthatallows
onetoachievetranscendentstatesthroughphysicalaction,primarilysex.Toexplainthemetaphysicsof
sex,Evolacitestheoriginalmeaningoftheword"orgy"as"thestateofinspiredexaltationthatbeganthe
initiatoryprocessintheancientGreekmysteries.Butwhenthisexaltationoferos,itselfakintoother
experiencesofasupersensualnature,becomesindividualizedasalongingthatisonlycarnal,thenit
deterioratesandendsfinallyintheformconstitutedbymere"pleasure,orvenereallust".[24]

Inhissexualphilosophy,EvolafollowedtheesotericHinduandBuddhistschoolsintheteachingof
retentionofsemenasameansofontologicalenergizationandultimateselfmastery."Virya,orspiritual
manhood,iflostorwastedresultsindeathandifwithheldandconservedleadstolife".[25]Evola
consideredTraditionalchastityassignifying"control,limit,antititanicpurity,overcomingofpride,and
immaterialunshakability,ratherthanamoralisticandsexuophobicconcept"[26]

Evolaconsideredsex"thegreatestmagicalforceinnature",whichthroughthemagneticpolarityand
complementarynatureofthetwosexesbringsaboutthepossibilityoferotictranscendence.But,
accordingtoEvolahomosexuality...formsacomplexproblemfromthepointofviewofthe
metaphysics.[27]

HenameserosasessenceofPlatonicloveandseesitscarnaldevelopmentasafirststageinthefall.
Plato...referrednotonlytoheterosexuallovebutalsotoloveforepheboiandmaleparamours.Nowlet
usconsider"eros"inthoseofitsexaltedformsthatarelinkedtotheaestheticfactor,accordingtothe
Platonicsequence...Weshouldpass...torapturethatcanbearousedbyincorporealbeauty...Thereisno
realproblemiftheaccidentalstartingpointisabeingofthesamesex.Theword"uranism,"whichsome

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usetomeanhomosexuality,springsfromPlato's...AphroditeUrania...thegoddessofanoblelovewhich
isnotcarnalandunconcernedwithprocreation,asisthelovewhichhaswomanasitsobject...But...this
eros...ledincreasinglytocarnaldevelopmentsastheancientcustomsinGreeceandRomedeclined.[28]

ForhimIf,therefore,weassumehomosexualitytoconformtothesecarnalconditions...thenwemay
welldescribeitasadeviation...fromthestandpointofthemetaphysicsofsex.RefutingPlato,Evola
seeshomosexualitylackingmagicforceortranscendency.Itisinappropriatetoapply,asPlatodoes,the
metaphysicalmeaningmadeevidentbythemythofthehermaphroditetohomosexualloveortoloveas
practicedbetweenpederastsorlesbians.Infact,inthecaseofsuchlove,itisnolongerallowableto
speakoftheimpulseofthemaleorfemaleprinciple,aspresentintheprimordialbeing,tobereunited.
Theessential...losesitsmeaning,namely,theideaofthepolarityandthecomplementarynatureofthe
twosexesasthebasisofthemagnetismofloveandofa"transcendency"ineros,andoftheblindingand
destructiverevelationoftheOne.[29]

Evolaseesthetwoformsofhomosexualitywhetherinbornoracquired,onalowerlevel.Tofindan
explanationitisnecessarytodescendtoalowerlevelandexaminevariousempiricalpossibilities.
Normallytwoformsofhomosexualityaredistinguishedinsexology:Onehasaninborn,natural
character,whereastheotherhasanacquiredcharacterandisconditionedbypsychologicaland
sociologicalfactorsinfluencedbyaperson'senvironment.Butinthesecondoftheseformsitis
necessarytogiveapropervaluetothedistinctionbetweenformshavingaviciousnatureandformsthat
presupposealatentpredispositionwhichisarousedundergivencircumstances.Heseesinborn
homosexualityasanincompletesexualdevelopment.Itisimportant,however,nottoconsiderthe
inbornformofhomosexualityinarigidwaybuttoallowacertainpossibilityofvariation.Innatural
homosexuality...theprocessofsexualdevelopmentinitsphysicaland,evenmoreso,initspsychic
aspectscanbeincomplete.[29]

ForEvola,acquiredhomosexualityisdrivingthecontemporaryhomosexualityboom.Butitis
necessaryto...alsobearinmindcasesofregression...thesurroundingsandthegeneralatmosphereof
societycanplayanotunimportantpart...Inacivilizationwhereequalityisthestandard,where
differencesarenotlinked,wherepromiscuityisinfavor,wheretheancientideaof'beingtruetooneself'
meansnothinganymoreinsuchasplinteredandmaterialisticsociety,itisclearthatthisphenomenon
ofregressionandhomosexualityshouldbeparticularlywelcome,andthereforeitisnowayasurpriseto
seethealarmingincreaseinhomosexualityandthe'thirdsex'inthelatest'democratic'period,oran
increaseinsexchangestoanextentunparalleledinothereras".[30]

DefininghomosexualityfurthermoreEvolaaddsthedecidedlymanlypleasureandperversiondriven
mutualmasturbatorasadifferentvarietyofhomosexual.Butthereferenceto...anincompleteprocess
ofthedevelopmentofsexortoaregression,doesnotexplainallthevarietiesofhomosexuality.Infact,
therehavebeenmalehomosexualswhohavenotbeeneffeminate...butevenmenofwar,individuals
decidedlymanlyintheirappearanceandbehavior,powerfulmenwhohavehadorcouldhavehadthe
mostbeautifulwomenattheirdisposal.Suchhomosexualityishardtoexplain,andwehavetheright
heretospeakofdeviationandperversion,or"vice"linked,perhaps,toafashion...However,thereis
reasontosupposethatitismerelyamatterof"mutualmasturbation"andthattheconditionedreflexes
areexploitedfor"pleasure"sincenotonlythemetaphysicalbutalsothephysicalpremisesforawhole
anddestructiveunionarelacking.[31]

Finally,Evolarebukesbisexualityforexpressingachaoticdesiretotryeverything.Ontheotherhand,
classicalantiquitybearswitness...(to)abisexualattitudeinwhichbothwomenandyoungmenwere
used...Hereitseemsthatthegoverningmotivationwassimplythedesiretotryeverything.However...we
mayalsorefertothecrudesaying...thatifonehashadenoughfromagirlasagirl,shecanalwaysplay
thepartofaboy...Astotheclaimforanidealnatureofhermaphroditicwholenessinthepederastwho
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actsbothasmanandaswomansexually,thatisobviousfallaciousbeyondthelevelofstraightforward
sensationshermaphroditicwholenesscanonlybe"sufficiency,"forithasnoneedofanotherbeingand
istobesoughtatthelevelofaspiritualrealizationthatexcludesthenuancesthatthe"magicofthetwo"
canofferinheterosexualunions.AndEvolarepudiatesTurkishandJapanesehomosexuality
justificationsthroughfeelingsofpower.Eventherationalesometimesfoundincountriessuchas
TurkeyandJapan,thathomosexualpossessiongivesafeelingofpower,isnotconvincing.Thepleasure
ofdominationcanalsobefeltwithwomenandwithotherbeingsinsituationsfreeofsexualintercourse.
Besides,suchapleasurecouldbeinvolvedonlyinacompletelypathologicalcontextwhereitwould
developintoatrueorgasm.ThusEvolaconcludesthatwhenhomosexualityisnot"natural"orelse
cannotbeexplainedintermsofincompleteinbornformsofsexualdevelopment,itmusthavethe
characterofadeviation,avice,oraperversion.[32]

EvenextremeerotichomosexualintensityhasnohighermeaningforEvolathanexperiencerootedinthe
displacementoferos.Andifsomeinstancesofextremeeroticintensityinrelationsbetween
homosexualsshouldbeadduced,theexplanationistobesoughtinthepossibilityofthedisplacementof
eros.Indeed,itisenoughtogothroughanytreatiseonsexualpsychopathologytoseeinhowmany
unthinkablesituationstheeroticpotentialofahumanbeingcanbearoused,sometimestothelevelof
orgiasticfrenzy(fromfetishismeventoanimalsodomyandnecrophilia).Thesameanomalous
backgroundcouldincludethecaseofhomosexuality,althoughthelatterismuchmorefrequent:a
displacederosforwhichabeingofthesamesexcanserveasasimple,occasionalcauseorsupport,asin
somanycasesofpsychopathy,althoughitmustwhollylackeveryprofounddimensionandevery
meaninghigherthanexperiencebecauseoftheabsenceofthenecessaryontologicalandmetaphysical
premises.[33]

Evola'sattitudetowardshomosexualityisreflectedinhisreferencetoPlotinus,whodeemedhomosexual
lovestobeshamefulandabnormal,likediseasesofdegeneratepersons"whichdonotarisefromthe
essenceofbeingandarenottheoutcomeofthedevelopmentthereof"(Enneads,III).

Evolascornedmodernpornographyforbeinga"scantysource"oferoticexperience,denouncingitas
"dreadfullysqualidnotonlyinthefactsandscenesdescribed,butinitsessence".[34]

Politics

TherearecontradictoryviewsamongscholarsastoEvola'spoliticalcategorizationandhispossible
relationshipwithfascismandneofascism.Hehasbeendescribedasa"fascistintellectual,"[35]a"radical
traditionalist,"[36]"antiegalitarian,antiliberal,antidemocratic,andantipopular,[37]andashavingbeen
"theleadingphilosopherofEurope'sneofascistmovement."[37]Gregorwritesthat,"Evolaopposed
literallyeveryfeatureofFascism."[38]AkeydifferencebetweenEvola'sTraditionalismandItalian
FascismisEvola'srejectionofnationalism,whichheviewedasaconceptionofthemodernWestandnot
ofaTraditionalhierarchicalsocialarrangement.HeinrichHimmler'sSSkeptadossieronhim,andin
dossierdocumentAR126describedhimasa"reactionaryRoman,"withasecretgoalof"aninsurrection
oftheoldaristocracyagainstthemodernworld,"andrecommendedthattheSS"stophiseffectivenessin
Germany"andprovidenosupporttohim.[39]Whenhemetwith"esotericHitlerist"MiguelSerrano,
EvoladeniedthathewasafascistorHitlerist,butrathersawMetternichasaconservativeideal.Serrano
himselfwascriticalofEvolaandsawhimasan"oldstyletraditionalist."[40]Evola'sfirstpublished
politicalworkwasanantifascistpiecein1925,andhewroteasecondin1928.[41]EvolacalledItaly's
fascistmovementa"laughablerevolution,"basedonemptysentimentandmaterialisticconcerns.He
opposedthefuturismthatItalianfascismwasalignedwith,alongwiththe"plebeian"natureofthe
movement.[42]InRevoltAgainsttheModernWorld,EvolaclearlycitesMonarchismashispreferred

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formofgovernment,giventhataMonarchwouldholdspiritualprinciplesabovetheStateandenforcea
hierarchyofwarriors,priests,merchantsandscholarswhichheviewedasuniversalintraditional
societies.Althoughheneverformallyalignedhimselfwithsuchschool,onecanseestrongsimilarities
betweenEvola'sthoughtandtheConservativeRevolutionarymovementinGermany,suchasa
traditionalistworldviewrejectingapurelybiologicalconceptofraceandthe'self'.

Evolaheldthatpolitics,likeeverythingelseinlife,shouldlookupwardandbeyondtheself.Themain
argumentagainstmodern"demagogic"politicsisitsmaterialisticfocusandmentality,stemmingfroman
invertedorderofcastes.Accordingly,inmodernity,duetowhathecallstheregressionofthecastes,the
oncepreeminentwarriorcaste(crystallizedinthemedievalmilitaryreligiousordersandethicalchivalry
anditswarriorcode)hasbeendowngradedintothefiguresofthemeredemocraticsoldierand
mercenary,whoareservantsoftheartificial,soullessneedsofthenowdominantmercantileand
industrialinterests.AsEvolastates,"Oppositetothe'soldier'wasthetypeofthewarriorandthemember
ofthefeudalaristocracythecastetowhichthistypebelongedwasthecentralnucleusinacorresponding
socialorganization.Thiscastewasnotattheserviceofthebourgeoisclassbutratherruledoverit,since
theclassthatwasprotecteddependedonthosewhohadtherighttobeararms"[43]

Onthemeaningofhisanti'bourgeoisie'stance,Evolastated:

Weare"antibourgeois"notinthedescendingsenseofsubversivecollectivistsbutinthesenseof
opposingthedominanceofthelowermanifestationsofthemodernbourgeoisspirit:effeminate
materialism,commercialism,gangsterism,etc.).Thebourgeoistendencyhasitsinevitableroleinsociety,
butmustnotbeabsolutizedrather,thebourgeoisiemustbepurified,contained,itsvaluesgiventheir
spacebutsubordinatedtosuperiorvalues.Weareantibourgeoisbecausethebourgeoistype,while
rankingabovetheproletarian,yetstandsinferiortothesoldierlyheroicandspiritualpriestlyorders.The
bourgeoistype,comparedtothesacralwarrior,onlyrepresentsalesserdegreeofprogressive
manhood.[44]

EvolaattemptedtoinfluenceItaly'sfascistmovementintheconservativerevolutionarydirectionhe
believeditshouldgothedirectionofradicalTraditionalismi.e.awayfromtheesotericmodern
ChristianChurch,thebourgeoisie,andthemasses.Hiseffortstoinfluencetheregimewereafailure,and
hebelievedthatbynotfollowinghisadvice,Mussolini'spartyfailedtofulfillitsfunction.Hewould
maintaintheviewthatarevolutionarymovement,similartoFascismbutinharmonywith"esoteric
tradition",wasnecessaryforthereturntoahigherformofcivilization.[45]Inthedecadeimmediately
followingthewar,Evolawrotetwobookswhichfalllooselyintothecategories"asceticismofaction"
and"asceticismofcontemplation"intheirprescriptionsforpoliticalaction.

InMenAmongtheRuins,Evoladescribedatraditionalistattitudepossiblyleadingtoareactionary
revolutionlikewhathehadhopedFascismcouldhavebeenwiththerightleaders.Thisattitudeisa
sortofasceticismofactioncallingforpoliticalactiontoreformcurrentsocietyinaconservative
revolutionary/radicalTraditionaldirection.Buthealsofeltthattheaccelerationofmodernityfollowing
WorldWarII'soutcomeandthus,theeliminationofanytrulyopposingforces,madeanysuchrevolution
ratherimpossible,unlessthe'unforeseeable'imposesaradicalchangeofcircumstances.

InRidetheTiger,heprescribedasotospeakapoliticalasceticismofcontemplationinwhichamanis
advisedtoactinthemodernworld,whileremainingintellectuallyandspirituallydetachedfromand
aboveit.Hehadcometoholdthisviewaftercomingtotheconclusionthat,inhisview,themodern
worldwassodecadentthatareturntoa"traditional"civilizationwasimpossible.Evolaarguedthatin
ordertosurviveinthemodernworldanenlightenedor"differentiatedman"should"ridethetiger".Asa
man,byholdingontothetiger'sback,maysurvivetheconfrontationoncetheanimalendsexhausted,so
toomightaman,bylettingtheworldtakehimonitsinexorablepath,beabletoturnthedestructive
forcesaroundhimintoakindofinnerliberation.
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Schutzstaffel

Inspiteofallthesenegativeaspects,therewassomethinginNationalSocialismthatattractedEvola:the
conceptofastateruledbyanOrder,whichhefeltwasembodiedbytheSS."Weareinclinedtothe
opinionthatwecanseethenucleusofanOrderinthehighersenseoftraditioninthe'BlackCorps,"he
wroteinVitaItalianaonAugust15,1938.AgaininVitaItalianaonAugust1941hewrote:"Beyondthe
confinesofthepartyandofanypoliticaladministrativestructure,aneliteintheformofanew'Order'
thatis,akindofasceticmilitaryorganizationthatisheldtogetherbytheprinciplesof'loyalty'and
'honor,'mustformthebasisofthenewstate."Asmentioned,EvolaheldtheSS,whichHimmlerstroveto
designaccordingtothemodeloftheTeutonicOrder,tobethiselite.

ThecastlesoftheSSOrder,withtheir'initiations,'theemphasisontranscendingthepurelyhuman
element,theprerequisiteofphysicalvalour,aswellastheethicalrequirementsloyalty,discipline,
defianceofdeath,willingnesstosacrifice,unselfishnessstrengthenedEvolainhisconviction.Healso
wasoftheopinionthattheethicsoftheSSwereborrowedfromtheJesuits.[46]

Race

AnumberofEvola'sarticlesandbooksdealexplicitlywiththesubjectofrace.InFebruary1939,the
RaceOfficeinItalyhadanationalist,"Mediterranean"changeofpersonnel.ThenewPresidentofHigh
CouncilofDemographyandRace,GiacomoAcerbo,replacedanutritionprofessor.Thepoliticalriseof
AlbertoLuchini,andtheinstitutionalizedracistsfromMay1941,coincidedwithEvola'sschoolof
thought.[47]TheconvergenceoftheesotericandmetaphysicaltheoriesinItalymarkedaneffective
adoptionofmoreNordicradicalisminBloodandSpirit[48]

A.J.Gregorcomments:"Inthe[GermantranslationofImperialismopagano],Evolaconsidered
principledantiSemitismoneoftheessentialsofasalvific'racialrebirth'inthemodernworld.Notonly
didEvolamakeapointofidentifyingKarlMarx,oneofthearchitectsofthemodernworldof
materialism,inferiority,pretendedequality,andculturaldecay,asaJewbuthespokeofaJewish
capitalisticyokethatobstructedeveryeffortatracialregeneration"[49]InRevoltAgainsttheModern
World,hesaidthatheconsideredhimselftobeacriticofthe"racistworldview"bywhichhemeantthe
theoriesofmainstreamNazisandothersofhiscontemporaries.However,hewroteanintroductiontoan
ItalianlanguageversionofTheProtocolsoftheEldersofZion,thatallegesaJewishconspiracytorun
theworldthroughcontrolofthemediaandfinance,andreplacethetraditionalsocialorderwithone
basedonmassmanipulation.

Evolawasindifferentastowhetherthedocumentwasauthenticornot.Heclassifieditasa'myth'.
"Myth"heredoesnothaveitscontemporaryconnotationofa'falsehood'.InFascistparlance,mythswere
storiesthat,properlycultivated,wereproductiveofarealitythatanelitedesired,suchasthemobilisation
ofthemasses.[50]In1937,ayearafterthepublicationofGiovanniPreziosi'sItalianeditionin1936,
whenitwasclaimedtobeafiction,Evolawroteasfollows:

WhetherornotthecontroversialProtocolsoftheLearnedEldersofZionarefalseor
authenticdoesnotaffectthesymptomaticvalueofthedocumentinquestion,thatis,the
fact,thatmanyofthethingsthathaveoccurredinmoderntimes,havingtakenplaceafter

theirpublication,effectivelyagreewiththeplansassumedinthatdocument,perhaps
morethanasuperficialobservermightbelieve.[51][52][53]

Inshort,hewasunconcernedthatcouldbeaforgery,becausethatdidnotalterwhathebelievedwasthe
essentialtruthencipheredinthedocument.

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Inhisintroductiontothe1938ItalianeditionoftheProtocols,Evolawrotethatthetracthad"thevalue
ofaspiritualtonic,"thatJews"destroyeverysurvivingtraceoftrueorderandsuperiorcivilization,"and
that,"aboveall,inthesedecisivehoursofwesternhistory,[theProtocolstract]cannotbeignoredor
dismissedwithoutseriouslyunderminingthefrontofthosefightinginthenameofthespirit,oftradition,
oftruecivilization."

ForEvolathistextrepresentedamanipulationbyoccultpowerstryingtohidebehindtheJewishand
Freemasonichistoricaldrivetowardamerchantsocietysoontobereplacedbythechaosof"mass
society"whichcouldeventuallyturnagainstboth.[54]

EvolaattributedtoJews,aswellastowhathetermedthe"semiticspirit,"[55]acorrosiveeffectonthe
"Nordic"race(aracethatwas,inEvola'smythology,analogoustotheNazi's"Aryans").Evolaargued
thatnotonlyJews,butevennonJews"Judaicizedintheirsouls"mustbecombatedbya"coherent,
complete,impartial"antiSemitismgiventhemeansto"identifyandcombattheJewishmentality."[56]
EvolasupportedtheNaziantiSemiticviewthattherewasahiddenformofJewishpowerandinfluence
inthemodernworldhethoughtthisJewishpowerwasasymptomofthe"modern"world'slackoftrue
aristocraticleadership.TosomeEvolawas"totherightofFascism",althoughheremainedanon
combatanttheorist,hewasidentifiedwith"Mediterraneannationalist"scholarswhobelievedJewishness
andItalianswereincompatible.[57]EvolafurtherheldthatJewishpeopledenigratedlofty"Aryan"ideals
(offaith,loyalty,courage,devotion,andconstancy)througha"corrosiveirony"thatascribedevery
humanactivitytoeconomicorsexualmotives(laMarxandFreud).[58]Ina1938articleEvolaaccused
SigmundFreud,KarlMarx,andCesareLombrosoofbeing"proponentsofJewishmaterialisticculturein
thenineteenthcentury[59]twoyearslater,inanessayentitled"JewsandMathematics,"Evola
characterizedJudaismastheantithesisof"Aryancivilization,"andbroadlyattackedarangeofwhathe
consideredexamplesofJewishinfluences,fromPythagoreanismtomathematics.[59]Thearticlewas
illustratedwithpicturesofnotableJewsinterspersedwithclassicantiSemiticrepresentations.[59]

InTheMetaphysicsofSex(InnerTraditions,1stUSedition1983,pps.910),Evoladiscoursedonhis
philosophyofdeevolutionaryspiritualracism:"Ourstartingpointwillbenotthemoderntheoryof
evolutionbutthetraditionaldoctrineofinvolution.Wedonotbelievethemanisderivedfromtheapeby
evolution.Webelievethattheapeisderivedfrommanbyinvolution.WeagreewithJosephDeMaistre
thatsavagepeoplesarenotprimitivepeoples,inthesenseoforiginalpeoples,butratherthedegenerating
remainsofmoreancientracesthathavedisappeared.Weconcurwiththevariousresearchers
(Kohlbrugge,Marconi,Dacque,Westenhofer,andAdloff)whohaverebelledagainsttheevolutionary
dogma,assertingthatanimalspeciesevincethedegenerationofprimordialman'spotential.These
unfulfilledordeviantpotentialsmanifestasbyproductsofthetrueevolutionaryprocessthatmanhasled
sincethebeginning."[60]

Evolabelievedthataraceof"Nordic"people,ancientlyemanatingfromGoldenAgeArcticHyperborea,
originallysemiimmaterialand"softboned",hadplayedacrucialfoundingroleinAtlantisandthehigh
culturesbothoftheEastandWest.InEvola'seyes,halfremembered,crypticmemoriesofa"morethan
humanrace"onceexistingina"northernparadise"constitutethepatrimonyofthetraditionsofmany
diversepeoples.Inthisoccultbelief,EvolawasadditionallyinfluencedbyArcticHomeintheVedasby
BalGangadharTilak,whichpositedthepolarNorthastheoriginalhomeofthewhiteUrAryantribes
beforetheirlaterseparationintoWestern(Hellenic,Roman,Celtic,Germanic)andEastern(Iranian,
IndoAryan)divisions.

AccordingtoJoscelynGodwin'sresearch:"thebasicoutlinesofEvola'sprehistoryresemblethoseof
Theosophy,withLemurian,Atlantean,andAryanrootracessucceedingeachother,andapoleshift
markingthetransitionfromoneepochtoanother".[61]Evola'sdualismbetweentheNorthernLightand
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theSouthernLight,andalsothecaptureoftheAtlanteansbythelatter,isalsofoundinthewritingsof
Theosophy'scofounderHelenaPetrovnaBlavatsky:

TheAtlanteans[gravitated]towardtheSouthernPole,thepit,cosmicallyandterrestrially
whencebreathethehotpassionsblownintohurricanesbythecosmicElementals,
whoseabodeitis."[62]
Everybeneficent(astralandcosmic)actioncomesfromtheNortheverylethalinfluence

fromtheSouthPole.Theyaremuchconnectedwithandinfluencerightandlefthand
magic."[63]

VictorA.Shnirelman,aculturalanthropologistandethnographer,hasnotedthatcosmologicalracial
ideasalsoappearintheNeoTheosophicalwritingsofH.P.Blavatsky'sonetimediscipleAliceBailey.
ShnirelmanwrotethatinBailey'steachings,"Jewsweredepictedasthe'humanproductoftheformer
Solarsystem,'linkedwith'WorldEvil'"heidentified"similarideas"intheworksofBaileyand
Evola.[64]

Thehierarchyofracesisreallyahierarchyofembodiedspiritualitiesthespirit,ratherthanethnic
substance,determinesculturebutatthesametimeraceisthebiological"memory"ofacertainspiritual
orientation.Inordertodescribewhathecalledthelower,telluric,Negroidraces,hefrequentlymadeuse
oftheterm"Southern"whereastohimhigherraceswere"Northern.""North"and"South"areindicated
ashavingsimultaneouslymetaphysical,geographicalandanthropologicalmeanings:

Especiallyduringtheperiodofthelongicywinter,itwasnaturalthatinthenorthern
racestheexperienceoftheSun,ofLight,andofFireitselfshouldhaveactedina
spirituallyliberatingsense.HencenatureswhichwereUraniansolar,Olympianorfilled
withcelestialfirewouldhavedevelopedmuchmorefromthesacralsymbolismofthese
racesthanfromothers.Moreover,therigoroftheclimate,thesterilityofthesoil,the
necessityforhunting,andfinallytheneedtoemigrateacrossunknownseasand
continentswouldnaturallyhavemoldedthosewhopreservedthatspiritualexperienceof
theSun,oftheluminoussky,andoffireintothetemperamentofwarriors,ofconquerors,
ofnavigators,soastofavorthatsynthesisbetweenspiritualityandvirilityofwhich
characteristictracesarepreservedintheAryanraces(Revolt,p.208).
EvolaquotestheConfucianChungYung(10.4)toreinforcehispoint:

Toteachwithkindlybenevolence,nottoloseone'stemperandavengethe
unreasonablenessofothers,thatisthevirileenergyoftheSouththatisfollowedbythe
wellbredman.Tosleeponaheapofarmsanduntannedskins,todieunflinchingandas
ifdyingwerenotenough,thatisthevirileenergyoftheNorththatisfollowedbythe
braveman.
AccordingtoEvola,themorerecentNorthern,WhiteandIndoEuropeanpeoples(despiteracialmixing)
implicitlypreservedmoreoftheprimordialArcticHyperboreanbloodmemoryandareobjectively
spirituallysuperiortothearchaic,matterobsesseddegenerateremnantsoftheracesoftheSouth.Evola
sawthesignoftheHyperboreanTradition[65]anditsantagonismwiththeforcesofAntitraditioninthe
IndianmythologysurroundingtheVedicdivinityIndra(cf.Thor),whois"fairofcheek"(RigVeda,I.9
(http://www.sacredtexts.com/hin/rigveda/rv01009.htm).3)andwithhis"faircomplexionedfriends"
(I.100(http://www.sacredtexts.com/hin/rigveda/rv01100.htm).18)annihilatesthelawlessblackDasyu,
"givingprotectiontotheAryancolor"(III.34(http://www.sacredtexts.com/hin/rigveda/rv03034.htm).9),
blowingtonothingness"theswarthyskinwhichIndrahates"(IX.73(http://www.sacred
texts.com/hin/rigveda/rv09073.htm).5).
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Onthe"demonic"natureofthelowernegroidracesandtheirdegeneratingremnants,Evolareliesonan
oldAryoZoroastriantraditionthatteachesnegroidsbelongedtothedarksideowingtotheiralleged
originintheunionbetweenademonandawickedwitch:"Zohak,duringhisreign,letlooseadev
(demon)onayoungwoman,andletlooseayoungmanonaparik(witch).Theyperformedcoitionwith
[thesight]oftheapparitionthenegrocameintobeingthroughthat[novel]kindofcoition"
(Bundahishn,XIVB(http://www.avesta.org/mp/grb12.htm)).

FloweringforthintheGreek,preCeltic,IndoAryan,AryoPersian,Armenic,Roman,Germanic,
Tiwanaku,Teotihuacn,earlyChinese,AztecNahua,IncaandfirstEgyptiandynasties'representatives,
withmoreorlessethnicbutgreatspiritualpurity,the"NorthernLight"wasconsiderablylosttothe
Atlanteanoffshootwhichdefileditselfthroughspiritualintegrationintothespirituallunarsphereofthe
worldofthe"Mother"or"Earth"ofthe"SouthernLight"andfurthermiscegenationwithbestial,dark
Lemurianstocks.RevoltAgainsttheModernWorldpresentsworldhistorytobethesagaofdualistic
conflictbetweenthe"NorthernLight"andthe"SouthernLight":ononesidestandtheUranian,
patriarchalstocksofpurerHyperboreanlineage,climaticallyharshlyconditionedandheroicminded
celebratorsofthewintersolsticeontheotherstandthechthonicandtitanizedinferiorracesandthe
spiritually/ethnicallybastardizedheirsofthefallenAtlanteancivilizationcapturedbythe"Southern
Light"anditssacerdotalandnaturalisticpantheistreligionofpromiscuousvegetalandanimal
fertility.[66]

EvolacitesPlato'sdescriptionofthefallofAtlantisbyAtlanteanmiscegenationwithhumankind
(Critias,110c120de121ab)andthebiblicalmythofthebeneielohim,theSonsofGod
catastrophicallymixingwiththe"daughtersofmen"(Genesis6:413)assupportforhisesoteric,
Aryanistanthropogenesis.Evolainterpretsarcheologicalfindingsofsemihumanhominidfossilsasnot
purelyprimordialbutevidenceofthemismatingofthecelestialborealracewithinferioranimalistic
breedsaswell,andmostoften,asremnantsofdegenerating,bestializedracesintheirfinalinvolutionary
stagesprecedingextinction.

JustasEvolaaffirmedthenaturalhierarchybetweendifferentindividualsofthesamerace,sohe
affirmedanaturalrankorderingofthedifferenthumanraces.Asthebestpreservedremnantsofthe
primordialcelestialHyperboreans,Evolaaffirmedthewhiteraceinitsdifferentbranchesasthecreator
ofthegreatestplanetarycivilizations:

"Wehavetorememberthatbehindthevariouscapricesofmodernhistoricaltheories,andasamore
profoundandprimordialreality,therestandstheunityofbloodandspiritofthewhiteraceswhocreated
thegreatestcivilizationsbothoftheEastandWest,theIranianandHinduaswellastheancientGreek
andRomanandtheGermanic".[67]Infact,EvolapubliclycelebratedItalianFascismasameanstoensure
andrestoreinamoderndecadentworldwhitesupremacy:

"AndifFascistItaly,amongthevariousWesternnationsistheonewhichfirstwishedforareaction
againstthedegenerationofthematerialist,democraticandcapitalistcivilisation,againsttheLeagueof
Nationsideology,therearegroundsforthinking,withoutevenanyscintillaofchauvinisticinfatuation,
thatItalywillbeonthefrontlineamongtheforceswhichwillguidethefutureworldandwillrestorethe
supremacyofthewhiterace".[68]Whilecharacterizingraceassomethinghereditaryandbiological,
Evolaalsoclaimedthatracewasnotsimplyandlinearlydefinedbymereskincolorandthevariousother
hereditaryfactors.Inotherwords,inadditiontopredominantly"Aryan"or,morebroadly,"Northern"
biology,theinitialnecessarypreconditionforfurtherracialdifferentiation,onemustproveoneself
spiritually"Aryan".ThefactthatinIndiathetermAryawasthesynonymofdwija,"twiceborn"or
"regenerated"supportsthispoint.Tohimhigherraceimpliedsomethingakintosuprahuman,spiritual
caste.Evolawrote,"thesupernaturalelementwasthefoundationoftheideaofatraditionalpatriciateand
oflegitimateroyalty."

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In'MythandViolence:TheFascismofJuliusEvolaandAlaindeBenoist,'ThomasSheehanpointsout
that"Evolapridedhimselfondevelopingatheoryofracesthatwentbeyondthemerelybiologicaltothe
spiritual.WhatconstitutesasuperiorraceforEvolaisthespiritualorientationofagivenstock,the
subsumptionoftherequisitebiologicalmaterial(andthatdidmeantheAryanraces)underaqualitatively
elevatingform,namelyreferencetotherealmofthespirit.ButinfactallthatEvola'stheorydoesisto
promotebiologicalethnicracismastephigher.Thereareenoughreferencesinhisworkstothe'inferior,
nonEuropeanraces,'tothe'powerofinferiorstrataandraces,'todisgusting'Negrosyncopations'injazz,
to'Jewishpsychoanalysis'andenoughadulationoftheAryansforustodivinethatEvola's'spiritual'
racismmayhavehadsomethingotherthandisinterestedApollonianorigins."

InMussolini'sIntellectuals,A.JamesGregordiscussesEvola'sracismasfollows:"[IntheGerman
renderingofImperialismopagano],Evolaarguesthatitisoutofthecreativityofan'urAryan'and'solar
Nordic'bloodthatworldcultureemerges.Conversely,culturedeclineisafunctionofthefeckless
mixtureofAryan,withlesser'animalistic,'blood...AccordingtoImperialismopagano,the'natural'and
endogamouscastesystemofantiquitythatsustainedthe'purity'oftheculturecreating'Hyperborean
Nordics'slowlydisintegratedovertimeunderthecorrosiveinfluenceofSemiticreligionandthe'Semitic
spirit'.

WhileEvolawasclearabouttherelativeinsignificanceofthephysicalattributesofrace,hedid
acknowledgethatthe'originalHyperboreans,'whichhewascriticallyconcerned,wereprobably
'dolichocephalic,tallandslender,blondandblueeyed'[69]Evolaheldthatthephysicalmixtureofraces,
particularlybetweenAryansandracesthatwere'alien'(i.e.,nonAryan),wasalwayshazardousbut
mixturebetween'related'racesmightproducehybridvigor.Givenhisgenerousnotionofwhat
constitutedanAryanrace(EvolawasconvincedoftheHyperboreanoriginsofmostEuropeans,the
indigenouspeoplesofNorthandSouthAmerica,aswellasthoseoftheIndiansubcontinent),those
candidateracesEvolaconsideredtobetruly'alien'wereneverexplicitlycataloguedexceptintermsof
SemitesandthedeeplypigmentedpeoplesofsubSaharanAfrica.[70]Whatseemedeminentlyclear,for
allthequalifiers,wasthatallthematerialracesEvolaidentifiedascapableofservingashostsforthe
extrabiologicalandsupernaturalspiritualelementswerepurportedlybiologicaldescendentsofthe
'AryanNordics'ofHyperborea.

Inthegoldenage,thecelestialracewasspiritualonlygradually,overtime,takingonmaterial
properties...Asanecessaryconsequenceofmiscegenation,therewasacontinualandirreversible
declineofthecelestialsinancienttimesatenuousrevivalundertheRomans,andanotherbytheNordic
GermansduringthecourseoftheHolyRomanEmpirebutbythetimeoftheRenaissance,withits
humanism,rationalism,universalismanditsgradualsubmissiontothethesesoftheequalityofall
humans,humankindhadenteredthekaliyuga,theterminalageof'obscurity,'theendofthiscurrentrace
cycle.EvolaidentifiestheJewsasprovidinga'fermentofdecomposition,dissolutionandcorruption'in
antiquity[71]ForEvola,giventhefatefulpathtraversedbyhistory,thereremainedonlyonecoursefor
contemporaryhumanity:anattemptatreconstitutionoftheprimordialcelestialrace,amidthedebrisof
previousracecycles,employingtheracialremnantsoftheHyperboreans.

ForEvola,spiritualforcesshapedracesfortheirowninscrutablepurposes.Thenotionthatmutations,
governedfrom'onhigh,'mightbethesourceofraciationwasarelativelycommonconvictionamong
Germanesoterics.[72]Geneticists,Evolaargued,failedtoprovideacompellingaccountofhowmutations
occur.Hemaintained,asaconsequence,that'thecauseistobefoundelsewhere,intheactionsofa
superbiologicalelementnotreducibletothedeterminismofthephysicaltransmissionofgenetic
materials.'Thetruecauseofhereditaryvariationwastobefound'ratherbystartingfromanotherpointof
viewthataffordsoneanentirelydifferentsetoflaws'thanthoseofempiricalscience.

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Giventhissupposition,EvolaproceededtoarguethatFascismorNationalSocialismwiththeir
heroism,theirsacrificialandasceticethic,theirauthoritarianandhierarchicalorder,togetherwiththeir
appealtomythandritualprovidedanenvironmentcompatiblewiththe'spirit'ofthecelestials.That
mightbeenoughtopromptacosmic,ifgradual,reemergenceofthecelestialrace.Insuchcircumstances,
theformativespiritualprinciplethat,intheultimateanalysis,governsthetranscendent'superhistory'of
humankindmightliterallyreconstitutetheindividualsoftheprimordialcreativeraceofHyperborea.
Evolasoughttoshowthatsuchanoutcomewouldnotbeessentiallydeterminedbybiology,butbythe
cosmicspiritthatitsformativeinfluencecouldtransformindividualsintopersonsaccommodatinga
properlycorrespondingsoulandspirittorenderthemonceagain'pure.'"Evolaheldracismatthecore
ofhisbeliefs.[73]

TheeminentscholarofFascism,RenzoDeFelice,maintainedthatwhileEvola'sspiritual,neoidealist
racialtheorieswerewrong,theyhadanotableintellectualancestry,andEvoladefendedtheminan
honorableway:"Evolaforhispartcompletelyrefusedanyracialtheorizingofapurelybiologicalkind,
whichwentsofarastodrawtohimselftheattacksandsarcasmsofaLandra,forexample.Thisdoesnot
meanthatthe'spiritual'theoryofraceisacceptable,butithadatleastthemeritofnottotallyfailingto
seecertainvalues,torefusetheGermanaberrationsandtheonesmodeledafterthemandtotrytokeep
racismonaplaneofculturalproblemsworthyofthename".[74]

ChristopheBoutin,inhismajorworkonEvola,PolitiqueetTradition:JuliusEvoladanslesicle,1898
1974(Paris,1992),discussesEvola'sviewsonracismandNegroes.[75]BoutinmentionsthatinEvola's
1968collectionofessays,LArcoelaclava[76]thereisachapteron"AmericaNegrizzata,"inwhich
Evolacriticizesthe"Telluric"NegroidinfluenceonpopularAmericanculture,whileacknowledgingthat
therehasbeenlittleactualmiscegenation.EvolaalsoarguesagainstAmericanracialintegrationinthis
chapter.Theunadulterated1972ItalianeditionofMenAmongtheRuinsendswithanappendixentitled
"AppendixontheMythsofourTime,"ofwhichnumber4is"TaboosofourTimes".[77]Inthissection
Evolaarguesthatmodernirrationaltaboosforbidanhonest,frankdiscussionontheworkingclassesand
Negroes.Evolanoticesthatthemereword'Negro'hadconnotationsofoffensivenessintheleftwing
atmosphereoftheera:"latabuizzazionecheportafinoadevitarel'usodelladesignazione'negro,'perle
sueimplicazioni'offensive'".[78]EvolaopinesthatatrueRightistmovementwillnotcompromisewith
thissortofmoralisticdevelopment.[79]

Influence
Evola'swritingshavecontinuedtohaveaninfluencebothwithinoccultintellectualcirclesandin
Europeanfarrightpolitics.HeiswidelytranslatedinFrench,SpanishandpartlyinGerman.Amongst
thosehehasinfluencedareMiguelSerrano,SavitriDevi,GRECE,theMovimentosocialeitaliano
(MSI),FalangeEspaola,GastonArmandAmaudruz'sNouvelOrdreEuropen,GuillaumeFaye,Pino
Rauti'sOrdineNuovo,TroySouthgate,AlaindeBenoist,MichaelMoynihan,GiorgioFreda,theNuclei
ArmatiRivoluzionari(ArmedRevolutionaryNuclei),EduardLimonov,ForzaNuova,CasaPoundItalia
andtheConservativePeople'sPartyofEstonia.FamedauthorHermanHessewasanadmirerofEvola,
callinghim"Averydazzlingandinteresting,butalsoverydangerousauthor".GiorgioAlmirante
referredtohimas"ourMarcuseonlybetter."[80]Accordingtooneleaderoftheneofascist"black
terrorist"OrdineNuovo,"Ourworksince1953hasbeentotransposeEvolasteachingsintodirect
politicalaction."[81]ThenowdefunctFrenchfascistgroupTroisimeVoiewasalsoinspiredbyEvola.[82]
JonathanBowden,EnglishpoliticalactivistandchairmanoftheNewRight,hasspokenhighlyofEvola
andhisideasandhasgivenlecturesonhisphilosophy.GermanpsychotherapistKarlfriedGraf
Drckheimbasedpartofhis"initiatorytherapy"onEvola'swork.[83]

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Evola'sworkheavilyinfluencesThomasSteiner,theGermanintellectual.

Evola'sworkisavailableintheUnitedStatesthroughpublisherInnerTraditions.Hehasalsogained
someattentioninRussia,wheresomeofhisworkhasbeenanalyzedbyAlexanderDuginandothers
fromanationalisticRussianview,andisalsopopularamongMonarchistswithaviewofanimperial
Moscowasthe"ThirdRome",butfewtranslationsofsomeofhisshortertexts.Hisworkisalso
availableintranslationintheU.K.,Spain,Poland,Scandinavia,Finland,Romania,Hungary,Mexico,
Argentina,andTurkeywherehisRevoltAgainsttheModernWorldwaspublishedin2006.In2010
RevoltAgainsttheModernWorldwaspublishedinBrazilbyasmalltraditionalistgroup,inanedition
limitedto100copies.

InadditiontoEvola'spoliticalinfluenceonrightwingradicalconservatives,"blackterrorist"
(neofascist)factionsandtraditionalistgroupsworldwide,hehasalsoconsiderablyinfluencedfollowers
ofcertainocculttraditions.

Selectedbooksandarticles
ArteAstratta,posizioneteorica(1920)
Laparoleobscuredupaysageintrieur(1920)
Saggisull'idealismomagico(1925)
L'individuoeildiveniredelmondo(1926)
L'uomocomepotenza(1927)
Teoriadell'individuoassoluto(1927)
Imperialismopagano(1928Englishtranslation:
HeathenImperialism,2007)
Introduzioneallamagia(192719291971
Englishtranslation:IntroductiontoMagic:
RitualsandPracticalTechniquesfortheMagus,
2001)
Fenomenologiadell'individuoassoluto(1930)
Latradizioneermetica(1931Englishtranslation:
TheHermeticTradition:SymbolsandTeachingsof
theRoyalArt,1995)
Mascheraevoltodellospiritualismo
contemporaneo:Analisicriticadelleprincipali
correntimoderneversoilsovrasensibile(1932)
Rivoltacontroilmondomoderno(1934second
edition:1951Englishtranslation:RevoltAgainst
theModernWorld:Politics,Religion,andSocial
OrderintheKaliYuga,1995)
Treaspettidelproblemaebraico(1936English
translation:ThreeAspectsoftheJewishProblem,
2003)
IlMisterodelGraalelaTradizioneGhibellina
dell'Impero(1937Englishtranslation:The
MysteryoftheGrail:InitiationandMagicinthe
QuestfortheSpirit,1997)
Ilmitodelsangue.GenesidelRazzismo(1937)
Indirizziperunaeducazionerazziale(1941
Englishtranslation:TheElementsofRacial
Education2005)
Sintesididottrinadellarazza(1941German
translation:GrundrissederFaschistischen
Rassenlehre,1943)
DieArischeLehrevonKampfundSieg(1941
Englishtranslation:TheAryanDoctrineofBattle
andVictory,2007)
GliEbreihannovolutoquestaGuerra(1942)
Ladottrinadelrisveglio(1943English
translations:TheDoctrineofAwakening:AStudy
ontheBuddhistAscesis,1951TheDoctrineof
Awakening:TheAttainmentofSelfMastery
AccordingtotheEarliestBuddhistTexts,1995)
LoYogadellapotenza(1949Englishtranslation:
TheYogaofPower:Tantra,Shakti,andtheSecret
Way,1992)
Orientamenti,undicipunti(1950)
Gliuominielerovine(1953Englishtranslation:
MenAmongtheRuins:PostWarReflectionsofa
RadicalTraditionalist,2002)
Metafisicadelsesso(1958Englishtranslations:
TheMetaphysicsofSex,1983Erosandthe
MysteriesofLove:TheMetaphysicsofSex,1991)
L'OperaionelpensierodiErnstJnger(1960)
Cavalcarelatigre(1961Englishtranslation:Ride
theTiger:ASurvivalManualfortheAristocrats
oftheSoul,2003)
Ilcamminodelcinabro(1963secondedition,
1970Englishtranslation:ThePathofCinnabar:
AnIntellectualAutobiography,2009)
IlFascismo.Saggiodiunaanalisicriticadal
puntodivistadelladestra(1964secondedition,
1970Englishtranslation:FascismViewedfrom
theRight,2013)
L'arcoelaclava(1968)
Ragablanda,Composizioni19161922(1969)
Iltaoismo(1972Englishtranslation:Taoism:The
Magic,theMysticism,1994)
Meditazionidellevette(1974Englishtranslation:
MeditationsonthePeaks:MountainClimbingas
MetaphorfortheSpiritualQuest,1998)

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IlFascismovistodalladestraNotesulterzo
Reich(1974Englishtranslation:Notesonthe
ThirdReich,2013)
Ultimiscritti(1977)
Laviadellarealizzazionedissecondoimisteri
diMitra(1977Englishtranslation:ThePathof
EnlightenmentAccordingtotheMithraic
Mysteries,1994,ISBN1558182284)
Footnotes
1.RaiDOP
(http://www.dizionario.rai.it/poplemma.aspx?
lid=61429&r=90351)
2.Ferraresi,Franco."TheRadicalRightinPostwar
Italy,"Politics&Society,198816:71119,Pg.84
3.StanleyG.Payne.AHistoryofFascism,1914
1945Downtothetimeofhisdeathin1974,Evola
stoodastheleadingintellectualofneofascismand/
ortheradicalrightinallEurope.
4.BlackSun:AryanCults,EsotericNazism,andthe
PoliticsofIdentityByNicholasGoodrickClark
5.A.JamesGregorandAndreasUmland."Dugin
NotaFascist?(http://ku
eichstaett.academia.edu/AndreasUmland/Papers/87
021/Dugin_Not_a_Fascist_A_Debate_with_A._Ja
mes_Gregor_6_texts_)"(6texts).Erwgen
WissenEthik,2005.
6.G.Evola,IlCaminodelCinabro,1963
7.IsottaPoggi."AlternativeSpiritualityinItaly."In:
JamesR.Lewis,J.GordonMelton.Perspectives
ontheNewAge.SUNYPress,1992.Page276.
8.PoliticalViolenceandTerror
(http://books.google.co.jp/books?id=
efGhmaRw4cC&pg=PA68&lpg=PA68&dq=evola+
party+state+fascist+mussolini&source=bl&ots=qz
Sv6KlbOF&sig=5RjinHTxSrM154FSk6uACiut5C
0&hl=en&ei=FxUpTsP8B8PFgAf1mKz5Cg&sa=
X&oi=book_result&ct=result&redir_esc=y#v=one
page&q=evola%20party%20state%20fascist%20m
ussolini&f=false),quotedinMcCarthy,Daniel
(2010725)What'sWorseThanLeviathan
(http://www.amconmag.com/mccarthy/2011/07/25/
whatsworsethanleviathan/),TheAmerican
Conservative
9.AaronGillette.RacialTheoriesinFascistItaly.
London:Routledge,2002.
10.Hansen,2002
11.Stucco1992,xiii
12.Evola"Autodifesa/SelfDefence"inappendixto
MenAmongtheRuins:PostWarReflectionsofa
RadicalTraditionalist1953
13.RidetheTiger:ASurvivalManualforthe
AristocratsoftheSoul.InnerTraditions,2003.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Evola
LoZen(1981Englishtranslation:Zen:The
ReligionoftheSamurai,1993)
UnMaestrodeitempimoderni:RenGunon
(1984Englishtranslation:ReneGuenon:A
TeacherforModernTimes,1994)[84]
MetaphysicsofWar:Battle,VictoryandDeathin
theWorldofTradition(2007)
14.AlsoSprachZarathustra(18835,ThusSpoke
Zarathustra),Nietzsche'smajorworkthatdenied
theexistenceofGod,andrepudiatedChristian
ethics,despisingdemocraticidealism.
15.Evola,"ThePathofCinnabar",1963
16.A.JamesGregor,Mussolini'sIntellectuals:
FascistSocialandPoliticalThought.Princeton,
NJ:PrincetonUniversityPress,2005.
17.cf.Bhagavadgita,4.12
18.ChuanZhi(17July2001)."AncientWisdom:The
BlueLotus".Archivedfromtheoriginalon19
August2014.Retrieved22April2015.
19.TheMysteryoftheGrail,:p:45)
20.(TheMysteryoftheGrail,:p:39
21.Nietzsche(1888c)DerAntichrist,1895trans.W.
KaufmannasTheAntichrist,inThePortable
Nietzsche,NewYork:Viking,1954.
22.ConciseRoutledgeEncyclopediaofPhilosophy,
(2000),p.6312.
23.Thedoctrineofawakening:theattainmentofself
masteryaccordingtotheearliestBuddhisttexts.
InnerTraditions/Bear&Co,1995
24.TheMetaphysicsofSex,p.48
25.ibid.,219
26.TheMysteryoftheGrail,p.80
27."TheMetaphysicsofSex",p.62
28."TheMetaphysicsofSex",p.6263
29."TheMetaphysicsofSex",p.63
30.TheMetaphysicsofSex,p.64
31."TheMetaphysicsofSex",p.6465
32."TheMetaphysicsofSex",p.65
33."TheMetaphysicsofSex",6566
34.TheMetaphysicsofSex,4
35.Blamires,Cyprian,andPaulJackson.World
Fascism:ahistoricalencyclopedia,vol1,Santa
Barbara,CA,2006.p.208.
36.Packer,Jeremy.Secretagentspopularicons
beyondJamesBond.NewYork,NY:Lang,2009.
p150.
37.Atkins,StephenE..Encyclopediaofmodern
worldwideextremistsandextremistgroups.
Westport,Conn.:GreenwoodPress,2004.p89.
38.Gregor,AJamesTheSearchforNeofascism:The
UseandAbuseofSocialScience.Cambridge
UniversityPress,2006.p93.
18/21
12/4/2016 JuliusEvolaWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
39.H.T.Hansen,"AShortIntroductiontoJulius
Evola"inEvola,RevoltAgainsttheModern
World,pxviii.
40.GoodrickClarke,Nicholas.BlackSun:Aryan
Cults,EsotericNazism,andthePoliticsof
Identity.NewYorkUniversityPress2002,p.337)
41.Gregor,AJamesTheSearchforNeofascism:The
UseandAbuseofSocialScienceCambridge
UniversityPress,2006.p86.
42.TheSearchforNeofascism:TheUseandAbuse
ofSocialScience.CambridgeUniversityPress,
2006.p86.
43.MenAmongtheRuins:Postwarreflectionsofa
RadicalTraditionalist,InnerTraditions,Vermont,
193204
44.MenAmongtheRuins,217224
45.AaronGillette,"RacialTheoriesinFascistItaly"
(London:Routledge,2003),233287.Gillette
believesthefascisttheoristswereonaspectrum
sowidetheyfollowidiosyncrasiesofindividual
proponents
46.Dr.H.T.Hansenin"JuliusEvola'sPolitical
Endeavors"introductionto"MenAmongthe
Ruins:PostWarReflectionsofaRadical
Traditionalist"(1953)
47.Onthesetwoprojects,seeCassata,LaDifesa
dellarazza.Politica,ideologiaeimmaginedel
razzismofascista,7982.
48.see:theinfluenceoftheMafiainsouthernItaly
overtheVaticanduringWorldWarTwo,193942
49.Mussolini'sIntellectuals,200201
50.A.JamesGregor,ItalianFascismand
DevelopmentalDictatorship,1979,pp.44ff
51.J.Evola,IlMisterodelGraalelatradizione
ghibellinadell'Impero,Laterza,Bari1937p.182.
52.EvolasaysalsothatthiswaspreciselyPreziosi's
ownview.Itshouldalsobenotedthatinspeaking
ofa'Masonic'conspiracyinsuchtexts,'Masonic'
wasoftenacodewordforasecretlobby
containingprominentsecularizedJewish
businessmen.Thepointisunderscoredbyarecent
controversyinItalywhereapriestusedtheword
'MasonicJewishlobby'and,inreactiontoapublic
outcry,subsequentlychangedthereferenceto
'Masonic',whichhoweverretainstheold
ambiguityinFascistusage.
53.'DonGelmini,primaattaccapoirettifica,'inLa
Repubblica05/08/2007
54.Evola,MenAmongtheRuins,1953
55.A.JamesGregor.Mussolini'sIntellectuals:
FascistSocialandPoliticalThought.Princeton
UniversityPress,2005.
56.QuotedinAaronGillette,RacialTheoriesin
FascistItaly,Routledge,2002.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Evola
57.FrancescoCassata,"Adestradelfascismo:profilo
politicodiJuliusEvola(BollatoBoringhieri,
2003)GianniScipioneRossi,"ilrazzista
totalitario":Evolaaleggendadell'antisemittismo
spirituale(Rome:Rubettino,2007)
58.KevinCoogan,DreameroftheDay:Francis
ParkerYockeyandthePostwarFascist
International,p.309
59.Zimmerman,JoshuaD.(2005).JewsinItaly
UnderFascistandNaziRule,19221945.New
York:UniversityofCambridgePress.p.139.
ISBN0521841011.OCLC56876639.
60..ForacompletebiographyofJuliusEvola,see
FrancescoCassata,Adestradelfascismo.Profilo
politicodiJuliusEvola(Turin:Bollati
Boringhieri,2003).
61.Arktos,60
62.Blavatsky,TheSecretDoctrine,Vol.2,p.274.
63.ibid.,p.400.
64.Shnirelman,VictorA.(1998),'RussianNeopagan
MythsandAntisemitism
(http://sicsa.huji.ac.il/13shnir.html)',inACTA
(AnalysisofCurrentTrendsinAntisemitism)no.
13,aspecialresearchunitofSICSA(TheVidal
SassoonInternationalCenterfortheStudyof
Antisemitism),HebrewUniversityofJerusalem.
65.Revolt,245
66.ReneGuenon:"Thestartingpointgiventothe
yearthatonecancallnormal,asbeingindirect
conformitywithprimordialtradition,isthewinter
solstice"TraditionalFormsandCosmicCycles,
24
67.TheDoctrineofAwakening,14
68."IlProblemadellasupremaziadellarazzabianca"
[TheProblemoftheSupremacyoftheWhite
Race],LoStato,1936
69.SintesidiDottrinadellaRazza,67
70.Evola,'Psicologiacriminaleebraica,'Difesadella
Razza2,no.18,3235SintesidiDottrinadella
Razza,74,237
71.Evola,SintesidiDottrinadellaRazza,160
Rivoltacontroilmondomoderno,314
72.PauwelsandBergier,TheMorningofthe
Magicians,4005
73.PaulFurlong,"TheSocialandPoliticalThought
ofJuliusEvola",London:Routledge,2011
74.StoriadegliEbreiItalianisottoilFascismo,or
TheHistoryofItalianJewsunderFascism
(Milan,1977),465
75.Boutin,197200
76.Milan,1968,revised1971
77.Gliuominielerovine,Rome,1953,revised1967,
withthenewappendix,1972
78.Boutin,276
79.TheInnerTraditionsEnglishtranslation
suppressedEvola'sappendix,ironicallybearing
outEvola'sthoughtsonthe"taboosofourtimes."
19/21
12/4/2016 JuliusEvolaWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

80.ThomasSheehan.Italy:TerrorontheRight 83.VictorTrimondi,"KarlfriedGrafDrckheim"
(http://www.nybooks.com/articles/7178).TheNew (http://www.trimondi.de/Zen
YorkReviewofBooks,Volume27,Number21& Buddhismus/Duerckheim.htm)
22,January22,1981 84."BibliografiadiJ.Evola".FondazioneJulius
81.QuotedinFerraresi,Franco."TheRadicalRight Evola.Retrieved25April2015.
inPostwarItaly."Politics&Society.198816:71
119.(p.84)
82.InstituteofRacerelations."ThefarRightin
Europe:aguide."Race&Class,1991,Vol.32,
No.3:125146(p.132).

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