Remote Fault Diagnosis System for Power

Transformer Insulation Based on RIA Model

Mingjun LIU, Peng WANG, Qiukuan ZHOU, Chen KANG

Equipment Status Assessment Center

State Grid Jiangxi Electric Power Research Institute

Nanchang, P.R. China doctorliumj@gmail.com

High Frequency (UHF) partial discharges, core

grounding current DGA and other monitoring
AbstractCurrently, the transformer monitoring methods have been fused together. Relationship
system has a single, centralized, geographical
between discharge and insulation defects, location
constraints and other weaknesses. Therefore,
and typical causes are established. A distributed
distributed remote insulation condition monitoring
and fault diagnosis system based on Rich Internet remote fault diagnosis system is developed.
Applications (RIA) model is proposed. Ultra high
frequency (UHF) partial discharges (PD), core
grounding current and other monitoring methods
MONITORING AND FAULT DIAGNOSIS METHOD
have been fused together. Relationship between
discharge and insulation defects, location and typical
causes are established. Discharge pattern recognition
and insulation fault diagnosis method fusion pulse Insulation Condition Monitoring
waveform and statistical operator are given. Remote
on-line monitoring of insulation state and distributed
multi-experts collaborative fault diagnosis is
implemented. The basis for insulation fault diagnosis is the
selection of

Keywordspower transformer; insulation; remote;

condition monitoring; fault diagnosis; RIA model
monitoring quantity, which need to follow these
principles: (a) It can reflect the state of transformer
insulation and meet the needs of fault diagnosis; (b)
I. INTRODUCTION sensor is easy to install and does not affect the
normal operation of the transformer; (3) It is easy
to maintain; (d) Its economy is feasible. Therefore,
the use of UHF PD, core grounding current
For transformer insulation fault diagnosis, the
detection and DGA method of combining block
existing monitoring system such as partial
diagram is shown in Fig. 1, which can effectively
discharge (PD), analysis of dissolved gases (DGA)
suppress the interference in the substation site.
in transformer oil and core grounding current,
which are not associated with each other [1-4]. Due
to geographical restrictions, these monitoring
systems have limited diagnostic knowledge and Further, the proposed monitoring method can
methods [5-7]. In view of the analysis of research improve the detection sensitivity of PD and solve
status on power transformer insulation monitoring the difficulty of UHF PD calibration.
and diagnosis, a remote monitoring and fault
diagnosis system for power transformer is proposed
based Rich Internet Application (RIA) model. Ultra
 Fig.1 UHF PD, core grounding current and DGA monitoring

B. PD Pattern Recognition

In transformer insulation structure, there are several

types of partial discharges which are very different
for dielectric breakdown. Therefore, it is necessary
to identify various types of discharge. The key of
discharge pattern recognition is feature extraction
to PD signals. In order to complete discharge type
recognition, these features are used as an input
vector of pattern classifier (such as cluster analysis,
neural networks, etc.). By analyzing the discharge
pulse shape differences or statistical distribution of
PRPD, the following two feature extraction
methods have been adopted: (a) extracting
characteristic parameters from a single discharge
pulse time-domain waveform; (b) statistical
operator is extracted from the spectrum distribution
of the discharge as a discharge fingerprint.

1) Features of Single PD Pulse

Reflecting the characteristic shape of the discharge

pulse waveform parameters are: the presence of the
pulse time (T11), the leading edge (T19), the trailing
edge (T91), 50% pulse width (T50), 90% pulse width
(T90). The waveform parameter is defined as shown
in Fig. 2. T90 reflects steep degree and falling

978-1-5090-0496-6/16/$31.00 2016 IEEE

edge of the waveform at the peak. If the pulse is features. The maximum value as shown in Fig. 2
less steep peak T90 is larger, whereas smaller; if the (Ui, i = 1, 2, ..., n) is the local peak of partial
pulse rise and fall quite steep, T90 and T50 is closer. discharge pulse.

The parameters reflecting the strength of the 1

discharge pulse amplitude include: discharge Ep = N U (i)
p

amplitude (Um), average discharge amplitude (), (1)

mean square value (D2) and RMS (D). Since PD N p i=1
signal has great randomness, average discharge
amplitude () describes stationary component of
discharge signal. Average discharge amplitude of
continuous discharge signals does not change over
time. However, average discharge amplitude due to
different insulation defects is quite different. Power
and strength of the random discharge signal is
characterized by mean-square value and RMS
value. The number of local peaks (Np) and peak
average (Ep) are used as additional amplitude
statistical operators of PRPD are extracted. The PD statistical operators of PRPD have been proposed,
recognition method integrated single PD pulse and which is shown in Fig. 3.

There is a direct link between the shape of single PD

pulse and insulation defect, which is the advantage of
pulse shape as the Pattern Recognition. However,
UHF signal influenced by the propagation path,
obstacles transformer cabinets core, winding and so
many fold, reflections, signal waveform distortion.
PRPD does not care single discharge pulse shape.
Discharge and the phase of its occurrence are
analyzed, and the

Fig. 3 The flow chart of identify to PD types

C. Insulation Fault Diagnosis

Insulation fault diagnosis is based on effective

Fig. 2 UHF PD pulse waveform parameters are defined
2) Statistical Operators of PRPD
monitoring of the insulation state. UHF PD signals
and core grounding current are selected as the main
feature amount. Comprehensive analysis is carried
out by combined with off-line transformer test data,
maintenance data. Insulation fault diagnosis
flowchart is shown in Fig. 4. When the
characteristic parameter exceeds the alarm limit
values or lasts more than attention, diagnosis
process is started. Weighted arbitration policy from
multi-classifier is used to classify the vote result
set.

PD statistical distribution comprises two-

dimensional q-, n-, n-q and three-dimensional n-
q-. Discharge spectrum reflects the distribution
relationship between the magnitude of the
discharge pulse, frequency distribution of phase
relations and the repetition rate discharges. Board
insulation defects produce different discharge
characteristics and spectrum shape, which has
become an important basis for the on-site expert
analysis discharge mode and determine the
insulation aging degree. In order to achieve
discharge automatic classification, features of
PRPD are extracted; PRPD is converted to
statistical operator, and as the input feature vector.
Characterization discharge spectrum distribution
shape characteristics of statistical operators are:
skewness (Sk), prominent degree (ku), the number
of local peaks (Pe), cross-correlation factor (cc)
and discharge asymmetry degree (Q).

REMOTE MONITORING AND DIAGNOSIS
System Composition Framework
For distributed monitoring and diagnosis and
information
integration, online monitoring unit is established by
fieldbus technique. To complete the insulation
condition monitoring, fault diagnosis and predictive
maintenance in a wide area, multilayer structure is
carried out to achieve dispersion insulation
condition monitoring, diagnosis resource sharing
and collaborative diagnostic task. The structure of
distributed remote fault diagnosis system for
transformer insulation built on RIA is shown in Fig.
5. In order to ensure security, firewall and role-
based access control system security policy are
adopted; by providing user authentication,
password, and access to the client, to ensure that
only authorized users access the appropriate
permissions function. To ensure that only
authorized users access the appropriate permissions
function, user authentication, password, and access
privileges are set on the client side.
B. Functional Analysis
The system shown in Fig. 5 can be divided into
three layers, which is called monitoring layer,
diagnosis layer and application layer from bottom
to top. Of particular note is that the users within
substations belong to the application layer.
The monitoring layer is the foundation of the whole
system, which is developed by embedded system
technology. It can run as a standalone module when
Fig.4 The flow chart of insulation fault diagnosis
needed. Signal acquisition, analysis and insulation
feature extraction for diagnosis are carried out in
the monitoring layer. The analysis result of
monitoring layer is uploaded to the integrated
diagnosis server through the fieldbus. Real-time
communication, reliability, and data security is
guaranteed using fieldbus. At the same time
detection unit expansion is convenient.
The diagnosis layer is the core of the whole system.
Collection and storage of the condition monitoring
data, comprehensive diagnosis and maintenance
decision have been completed in the diagnostic
layer. First, identification and classification of
known faults is performed by searching local
knowledge base. If the fault type cannot be
identified rely on the local knowledge base, remote
experts are invited to participate in collaborative
diagnosis. The system provides the condition
monitoring information for the remote experts
through the network. Interactive diagnostic is
implemented in the remote diagnostic center. The
new diagnostic knowledge will be added to local
knowledge base after the confirmation of
diagnostic expert.
The application layer is the agent of the user
interface. It is the monitoring and diagnosis system
can meet the requirements of the ultimate
expression. Three-dimensional simulation and
virtual environment technology is used to provide
interactive interface for users. Remote online
insulation condition monitoring and multilateral
collaboration fault diagnosis is implemented. Users
in the substation, transformer manufacturers and
mobile professionals can easily use the Web
browser to monitor the transformer condition. At
the same time, they can understand the device
history
information, and even participate in the intervention
insulation fault diagnosis.

Fig. 5 Remote insulation fault diagnosis system for transformers

C. RIA-based Remote Diagnosis

The software architecture of distributed remote

diagnosis system is mainly two-tier C/S structure
and three-tier B/S structure. C/S structure was
adopted in most traditional network diagnostics.
The client and server are connected closely in C/S
structure, which has the advantage of fast response.
However, users must rely on the specific client to
use the service. It is difficult to achieve cross-
platform, and the access mobility is limited also. At
the same time, it is not easy to expand and upgrade
for the system. As the B/S structure has cross-
platform features, multiple servers can be accessed
through a Web browser from anywhere. It is easy to
operate using the standardized Web GUI interface.
But the interactive response rate is slower than C/S
structure. In addition, the upgrade and maintenance
of C/S structure is more convenient than B/S
structure.

In recent years, the rise of RIA technology which

integrated by B/S and C/S structure advantages has
been gradually used in many industries. But it is
rarely used in remote fault diagnosis for power
transformers. Since the view of interactive
information such as UHF PD statistics spectrum, real-
time monitoring status, and historical state data, the
data stream of the remote fault diagnosis system is
great. .NET Framework provides a good platform for
the realization of RIA structure. The use of .NET
technology can be configured to meet the actual needs
of the RIA system. In this paper, the structure of
remote diagnostic system based on RIA is shown in
Fig. 6.
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