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6, NOVEMBER 2015
AbstractIn this study, we investigate the impact of the dynamic Gain constant in automatic current regulator.
behavior of photovoltaic (PV) power generation systems on short- Time constant in automatic current regulator.
term voltage stability of the transmission system. First, the impact
of the fault ride-through capability of a PV model is studied by set- before voltage sag.
ting several recovery speeds of the active current output when the before voltage sag.
operation of the PV system is interrupted because of a voltage sag.
The results are analyzed by using transient - curves and a sta- Voltage at PV-connected bus before voltage sag.
bility boundary, which has been proposed in our previous research. Time.
Further, we show that the installation of PVs severely impairs the
short-term voltage stability if the PVs shut off after a voltage sag, Fault clearing time.
and its recovery speed is low. Next, two countermeasures to con- Reactive power injected by shunt capacitor.
trol short-term voltage instability phenomena are tested. One is
the operation of the PV system at a leading power factor in the
normal state, and the other is the dynamic reactive power control
by the inverters of the PV system after a voltage sag. Numerical
examples are carried out for a one-load innite-bus power system I. INTRODUCTION
and a ve-machine ve-load power system. The results show that
these countermeasures can play a substantial role in preventing
the voltage instability phenomena caused when a PV system is sud-
denly interrupted because of a fault.
Index TermsInduction motors, photovoltaic system, power
T HE rapid increase in the installed capacity of renewable
power generation systems is a key driving factor in the
move towards sustainable electric power systems. Photovoltaic
system stability, reactive power control. (PV) power generation is one of the promising power sources,
and a large number of PV systems are increasingly installed
as dispersed power generation systems in medium- and low-
NOMENCLATURE voltage transmission networks.
This high penetration of PV systems is expected to have a
Voltage behind electric lter of PV.
signicant impact on power system stability. Several studies
Voltage at PV-connected bus. have been conducted focusing on the impact of PVs on different
Reactance of electric lter. categories of stability such as transient stability [1], [2] and
Active power output of PV. small-signal stability [3]. Nevertheless, few papers have investi-
gated the impact of PVs on the short-term voltage stability. The
Reactive power output of PV.
short-term voltage stability is one of the areas of concern during
Reference value of active power output of PV. the transient period after a large disturbance. Dispersed power
Reference value of reactive power output of PV. generation systems are installed in medium- and low-voltage
Current output of PV. networks and are prone to stop their operation after voltage sags.
This can have an undesirable effect on the short-term voltage
Current rating of PV inverter.
stability of these networks. To ensure the short-term voltage sta-
Gain constant in automatic power regulator. bility even with a large installed capacity of PVs, it is essen-
Time constant in automatic power regulator. tial to study the impact of the dynamic behavior of PV systems
and develop countermeasures for controlling voltage instability
phenomena.
Currently, Japanese grid codes require the PV systems to stay
Manuscript received September 12, 2014; revised November 17, 2014 and
connected to the grid when a fault occurs and to continue sup-
December 29, 2014; accepted January 08, 2015. Date of publication January 22,
2015; date of current version August 03, 2015. This work was supported in part plying power to the grid as soon as possible even if the systems
by the CREST program, Creation of Fundamental Theory and Technology to temporarily stop their operation owing to the fault. The fault
Establish a Cooperative Distributed Energy Management System and Integra-
ride-through (FRT) capability was originally proposed for pre-
tion of Technologies across Broad Disciplines toward Social Application, of
Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST). Paper no. TPWRS-01246-2014. venting a cascading frequency drop after a disturbance. The im-
The authors are with the Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Uni- pact of the FRT capability on other instability phenomena has
versity of Toyama, Toyama, Japan.
not been fully studied yet. Reactive power control by PV in-
Color versions of one or more of the gures in this paper are available online
at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org. verters is expected to gain traction to provide dynamic voltage
Digital Object Identier 10.1109/TPWRS.2015.2390649 support (DVS). The favorable effects of the DVS capability on
0885-8950 2015 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission.
See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
KAWABE AND TANAKA: IMPACT OF DYNAMIC BEHAVIOR OF PV POWER GENERATION SYSTEMS 3417
TABLE II
SIMULATION CASES
TABLE III
SHUNT CAPACITORS AT EACH NODE
Fig. 4. Test system with the load center and the PV model.
B. Discussion on - Plane
Figs. 810 illustrate the change in the operating point of the
dynamic load in the - plane for cases AC under the 3LG
fault for 0.10 s. Here, and represent the active power con- Fig. 10. - plane for case C .
sumption and the magnitude of the terminal voltage of the load,
respectively. The stability boundary, which we have proposed in
[9], divides the - plane into stable and unstable regions. In Fig. 9 shows the results for case B. In this case, the operating
the unstable region at the left side of the boundary, the IM load point at the fault clearing time lies in the unstable
decelerates and causes a voltage instability. The transient - region because the PV system stops; therefore, the - curve
curves indicate the power transmission capability at a given shrinks. Note that the - curve expands with the increase in
time. The overview of the analytical method is explained in the the PV system's current output, as shown in Fig. 6. As a result,
Appendix. In this section, the previously proposed analytical the operating point enters the stable region, implying that the
method is applied to investigate impact of the FRT capability voltage returns to the normal operating range. It should also be
on the short-term voltage stability. noted that the - curve at is wider than that in case
Fig. 8 shows the result for case A. The operating point lying A, indicating that the transmission capability of the system im-
on the stability boundary at jumps to the lower left proves with the increase in the current output up to its rating.
owing to the 3LG fault at . The operating point during This effectively improves the short-term voltage stability, as
the fault is in the unstable region at the left side of the stability demonstrated by the comparison of the CCT in Table IV.
boundary. Therefore, the IM decelerates, and the operating point Fig. 10 illustrates the results for case C. The trajectory of the
further shifts downward. After clearing the fault at , operating point until in case C is the same as
the operating point jumps to the upper right. The operating point that in case B. Nevertheless, it can be seen that the expansion
moves upward along the - curve because it lies in the stable of the - curve in case C is less than that in case B owing
region at the right side of the boundary. to the slower current recovery, which is shown in Fig. 6. As a
3420 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER SYSTEMS, VOL. 30, NO. 6, NOVEMBER 2015
result, the operating point cannot shift out of the unstable region TABLE V
and moves downward in case C because the IM load largely SIMULATION CASES
decelerates, and its equivalent impedance becomes small.
The result of case D is close to that of case C. Although an an-
alytical result in the - plane is not shown here, the trajectory
of the operating point until in case D is the same
as that in case C. In case D, the transient - curve after the
fault remains unchanged because the PV system remains dis-
connected, and a voltage collapse occurs.
The analysis in the - plane reveals the following points. TABLE VI
SHUNT CAPACITORS AT EACH NODE
The integration of the PV system severely impairs the
short-term voltage stability when the PV system shuts off.
This is because the total capacity of the shunt capacitors
connected in the normal state is reduced by the PV system
at the load center, as summarized in Table III, and the shut
off of the PV system degrades the transmission capability
to the load center.
system. The DVS capability applied in this study is modeled by
The improvement in the recovery speed has a large impact
changing in the APR shown in Fig. 2 according to (2):
on short-term voltage stability. If the recovery speed is suf-
ciently fast, the installation of the PV system improves
the voltage stability because the PV system enhances the
transmission capability by increasing current output of the
(2)
PV up to its rating.
The constant determines the rate of change in the reactive
power with respect to the change in the terminal voltage. In this
study, is set at 5 to output the maximum reactive current when
IV. COUNTERMEASURES USING PV INVERTERS the voltage deviation is 0.2 p.u., i.e., is calculated by dividing
the rated current output of 1 p.u by the voltage deviation of
0.2 p.u.
A. Leading Power-Factor Operation and DVS Capability
B. Numerical Example
As shown in the previous section, the installation of a PV
system can adversely affect the short-term voltage stability, es- The effects of the two countermeasures are studied in the
pecially in the case where the PV system remains disconnected power system shown in Fig. 4. A 3LG fault in the EHV net-
after a voltage sag. In this section, we test the two countermea- work is assumed by setting the voltage of bus 1 at 0.01 p.u. for
sures using the inverters of the PV system with respect to the 0.10 s. The simulation cases summarized in Table V are carried
voltage instability phenomena caused when the PV system is out under the 3LG fault. Case I is the base case that is identical
suddenly interrupted because of a fault. to case D in Table II. In case II, the aggregated PV system op-
The capacity of the shunt capacitors connected in the normal erates at a leading power factor of 0.96 in the normal state and
state is reduced by the installation of the PV system. This is one does not have the FRT capability. In case III, the aggregated PV
of the reasons for the deterioration of short-term voltage sta- system operates at the leading power factor, and 50% of the PV
bility, as shown in the previous section. The operation of the system, which is assumed to be a utility-scale PV system, has
PV system at a leading power factor can avoid the reduction FRT and DVS capabilities. The voltages at buses 2, 4, and 6 are
in the capacity of the shunt capacitors. This operation has been set at 1.01 in the normal state by adjusting the reactive power
proposed for ensuring steady-state voltage regulation in distri- with the shunt capacitors at those buses, as summarized in
bution systems in Japan [13] as an economical countermeasure Table VI.
because the operation requires less apparent power capacity of Fig. 11 compares the change in the voltage at bus 6. A voltage
the inverter than the absorbed reactive power. In this paper, we collapse occurs in cases I and II. The leading power-factor op-
verify its effect on the short-term stability improvement. eration does not seem to be effective from this comparison. On
It is also shown in the previous section that the fast increase the other hand, the voltage is restored to the value in the normal
in the active current output of the PV system improves the short- state after the clearing of the fault owing to the DVS capability.
term voltage stability because it enhances the transmission ca- The change in the reactive power output from the PV system
pability to the load. One possible method to further enhance is compared between cases II and III in Fig. 12. It is observed
transmission capability is the injection of reactive current by that 50% of the PV system in case III achieves an increased
the PV inverters. This function is called the DVS. Although it reactive power output after fault clearing, and the reactive power
may not be feasible to equip all PV systems with FRT and DVS output gradually converges to the leading power output.
capabilities because of the cost factor, equipping at least part of The CCT for the IM stalling under the 3LG fault is also
the PV systems with these capabilities may signicantly help in investigated, and the results for cases IIII are tabulated in
maintaining the short-term voltage stability of the entire power Table VII. As seen from the comparison, the PV operation
KAWABE AND TANAKA: IMPACT OF DYNAMIC BEHAVIOR OF PV POWER GENERATION SYSTEMS 3421
Fig. 12. Reactive power output of the PV system in cases II and III.
Fig. 14. - plane for case II .
TABLE VII
CRITICAL CLEARING TIME
Fig. 18. Simulation results in case II . (a) Bus voltages. (b) Rotor
angles.
VI. CONCLUSION
This study analyses the impact of PV installation on the short-
term voltage stability and tests the effect of two countermea-
sures using PV inverters on the short-term voltage stability. Nu-
merical examples show that the installation of PVs severely im-
pairs the short-term voltage stability of the power generation
system if the PV system shuts off after a voltage sag, and its FRT
capability to return to the specied power output is low. Under
such an unstable condition, operating the PV system at a leading
B. Discussion on Location of DVS
power factor and deploying PV equipment with the DVS capa-
To investigate the impact of the location of the PV system that bility can be effective ways of improving the short-term voltage
has the DVS capability on the effect of the stability improve- stability. The countermeasures are preferable in terms of cost
ment, we compare several simulation cases for the ve-machine because they require less apparent power capacity of the inverter
ve-load power system, as summarized in Table X. Here, we than its controlled reactive power, though the control action can
assume that 50% of the PV system at one of the load centers be taken only at load centers and may not necessarily be effec-
has the DVS capability. The PV systems operate at the leading tive for maintaining the stability of bulk power systems, such as
power factor in every case; therefore, the base case in Table X is transient stability.
identical to case II in Table IX. In our future works, other countermeasures such as emer-
As summarized in Table X, the effect of the DVS capability is gency control of a battery energy storage system will be studied
dependent upon the location of the PV power plant that has the to facilitate the installation of a large amount of PV capacity
DVS capability. For the fault 1115, reactive power injection while simultaneously ensuring transient stability. Coordination
at L1, L2, or L3 is effective between the comparative cases. This between PV systems that have the DVS capability and other
is because reactive power injection at L1, L2, or L3 contributes controllers should also be considered to avoid other instability
to the deceleration of the critical generators such as G1G3 (see phenomena such as small-signal instability.
3424 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER SYSTEMS, VOL. 30, NO. 6, NOVEMBER 2015
APPENDIX [6] N. Kanao, Development of solar inverter with FRT and DVS capabil-
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generators in [9]. The analytical method should be developed K. Kawabe (M12) received the B.S. degree from
for multi-machine systems to make it applicable to a practical Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan, in 2007 and the
network analysis, evaluation, and control in our future works. M.S. and Ph.D. degrees from the University of
Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan, in 2009 and 2012, respectively.
So far, a related fundamental study have been carried out in He has been with the Graduate School of Science
[15] where the method to depict the transient - curves for and Engineering, University of Toyama, since 2012
a multi-machine system is proposed. as a visiting assistant professor and teaches power
system engineering.
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