RAMEYS TYPE CURVE CONTD

Internal
 PROCEDURE
Step 1: Prepare a log-log graph paper with the same size
(scale) as the master type curve using tracing paper.
Step 2: plot ( ) vs. (drawdown) or ( @=0 )
vs. (buildup) on a log-log graph paper you prepared in
Step 1.
Step 3: if the data has a unit slope region (45 at early times),
choose any point (,( )) or ( , ( @=0 )) on
the unit-slope line and calculate the wellbore storage
coefficient :

= (RB/psi) (6)
24 ( )

Internal
 PROCEDURE CONTD
Then calculate the dimensionless wellbore storage coefficient:
0.894
= 2 (7)

Step 4: Using type curves with as calculated in step 2, find
curve that most nearly fits all plotted data. Side the field
curve, keeping axes parallel, until the best match is obtained
with one of the curves of the master graph.

Internal
 PROCEDURE CONTD
Step 5: Pick any convenient match point and read its
corresponding coordinates: (, ) and (, ) for drawdown
test or ( , ) for buildup test.

Step 6: Calculate k and using the following equations:

= 141.2 (mD) (8)

0.000264
= 2 ( 1 ) (9)

Internal
 Example 1: Determine k, s, and C from the data and table below, which were obtained in a
pressure drawdown test on an oil well.
q=500 STB/D rw=0.3 ft
=0.2 h=56 ft
=0.8 cp Bo=1.2 RB/STB
Ct=1e-5 psi-1 Pi=3000 psia
t, hrs pi-pwf, psi t, hrs pi-pwf, psi
0.0218 47 0.546 744
0.0273 58 1.09 1048
0.0328 70 1.64 1172
0.0382 81 2.18 1232
0.0437 92 2.73 1266
0.0491 103 3.28 1288
0.0546 114 3.82 1304
0.109 215 4.37 1316
0.164 307 4.91 1326
0.218 389 5.46 1335
0.273 464 6.55 1349
0.328 531 8.74 1370
0.382 592 10.9 1386
0.437 648 16.4 1413
0.491 698

Internal
 Step 1:Prepare a log-log graph paper with the same size (scale) as the master type
curve using tracing paper.

10000

1000

100

10
0.01 0.1 1 10 100

Internal
 Step 2: plot ( ) vs. (drawdown) on a log-log graph paper you prepared in
Step 1.

10000

1000
p, psi

100

10
0.01 0.1 1 10 100
t, hrs

Internal
 Step 3: calculate and

.
= =
( )

10000

1000

( )=100
100
p

=0.046

10

1
0.01 0.1 1 10 100

= 0.0115 / and = 1000

Internal
 Step 4: Using type curves with as calculated in step 3, find curve that most nearly fits all plotted data.
Side the field curve, keeping axes parallel, until the best match is obtained with one of the curves of the
master graph.

10000

S=5
1000

100

10
0.01 0.1 1 10 100

Internal
 Step 4: Pick any convenient match point and read its corresponding coordinates:
(, ) and (, / ) for drawdown test or ( , / ) for buildup test.
= 100
= 0.7
= 1
= 17000
=5
Step 5: Calculate k and using the following equations:

= 141.2

0.000264
= 2

= 8.472
=1.928 106 1
Internal
 2. GRINGARTEN ET AL. TYPE CURVES
Gringarten et al. replotted Rameys solutions
to facilitate application of the type curve.

2
The graph is vs as a function of

Internal
 GRINGARTEN ET AL. TYPE CURVES CONTD

Internal
 PROCEDURE
Step 1:Prepare a log-log graph paper with the same size (scale) as the master type
curve using tracing paper.
Step 2: plot ( ) vs. (drawdown) or ( @=0 ) vs. (buildup) on a
log-log graph paper that you prepared in Step 1.
Step 3: if the data has a unit slope region (45 at early times), choose any point (,
( )) or ( , ( @=0 )) on the unit-slope line and calculate the
wellbore storage coefficient :

=
24
Then calculate the dimensionless wellbore storage coefficient, :
0.894
= 2

Or
0.03723
= 2 (10)

Internal
 CONTD
Step 4: overlay the test data on the type curves and find the type curve
that most nearly fits all the plotted test data. Record the value of the type-
curve correlating parameter, 2 , corresponding to the matched type
curve. This match will probably not be unique; i.e., other curves may match
the data equally well.
Step 5: Pick any convenient match point and read its corresponding
coordinates: ( , ) and (, / ) for drawdown test or ( , / )
for buildup test.
Step 6: Calculate k and using the following equations:

= 141.2

0.000264
=
2
Internal
 CONTD
Step 7: calculate the dimensionless wellbore-storage coefficient, , from the
time match point.
0.000264
= 2 (11)
/

This value should be comparable to the one calculated in Step 3.

Step 8: Calculate skin factor, s, with the type-curve correlating parameter,

2 , from step 4 and the dimensionless wellbore-storage coefficient, ,
determined from the time match point in step 7.
2
= 0.5 (12)

Internal
 Example 2: The data summarized the table below are from a buildup test on an oil well. Estimate the effective
permeability to oil, the skin factor, and the wellbore-storage coefficient with the Gringarten type curve.
q=600 STB/D rw=0.365 ft
=0.2 h=78 ft
=1 cp Bo=1.2 RB/STB
ct=1.61e-5 psi-1 @=0 =250 psia
tp=1400 hrs Pi=2447 psia
t, hrs te pws, psi p t, hrs te pws, psi p
0 0 250 1.71 1.707914 2043.1 1793.1
0.0001 1E-04 254.09 4.09 2.73 2.724687 2072.1 1822.1
0.0002 0.0002 258.16 8.16 4.36 4.346464 2100.7 1850.7
0.0005 0.0005 270.3 20.3 6.5 6.469961 2124.9 1874.9
0.0008 0.0008 282.33 32.33 10.5 10.42184 2153.7 1903.7
0.001 0.001 290.29 40.29 15.1 14.93887 2175.4 1925.4
0.003 0.003 367.39 117.39 20 19.71831 2192 1942
0.005 0.005 440.4 190.4 25 24.5614 2205.2 1955.2
0.008 0.008 542.99 292.99 30 29.37063 2215.9 1965.9
0.01 0.01 607.11 357.11 35 34.14634 2225 1975
0.016 0.016 780.68 530.68 40 38.88889 2232.8 1982.8
0.0255 0.0255 1005.1 755.1 45 43.59862 2239.6 1989.6
0.0406 0.040599 1263.2 1013.2 50 48.27586 2245.7 1995.7
0.0649 0.064897 1515.6 1265.6 55 52.92096 2251.2 2001.2
0.104 0.103992 1714 1464 60 57.53425 2256.2 2006.2
0.165 0.164981 1837 1587 65 62.11604 2260.8 2010.8
0.264 0.26395 1907.4 1657.4 70 66.66667 2265 2015
0.421 0.420873 1950 1700 72 68.47826 2266.6 2016.6
0.672 0.671678 1983.2 1733.2 80 75.67568 2272.6 2022.6
Internal
1.07 1.069183 2013.5 1763.5
 Step 1:Prepare a log-log graph paper with the same size (scale) as the master type
curve using tracing paper.
10000

1000

100

10

1
0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100

Internal
 Step 2: Plot vs = @=0 on log-log graph with same scale as the master
type curve
10000

1000
p, psi

100

10

1
0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100
te, hrs

Internal
 Step 3: if the data has a unit slope region (45 at early times), choose any point (, ( ))
or ( , ( @=0 )) on the unit-slope line and calculate the wellbore storage coefficient
:
0.03723
=
2
Then calculate the wellbore storage coefficient, :

=
24
10000

1000
= 18.767
p =117.39 = 7.027 4 RB/psi
, psi

100
psi
10
=0.003
1
0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100
_

Internal
 Step 4: overlay the test data on the type curves and find the type curve that most nearly fits
all the plotted test data. Ans: 2 = 1010
10000
( = 10000 , = 80)

1000

100

10

( =0.1, / =32)
Internal 1
0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100
 Step 5: Pick any convenient match point and read its corresponding coordinates: ( , ) and (, / ) for
drawdown test or ( , / ) for buildup test.
Ans: ( = 10000 , = 80) and ( =0.1, / =32)
Step 6: Calculate k and using the following equations:

= 141.2

Ans: (k=9.56md)
Step 7: calculate the dimensionless wellbore-storage coefficient, , from the time match point.
0.000264
=
2 /

Ans: ( =18.364)
This value should be comparable to the one calculated in Step 3.
Step 8: Calculate skin factor, s, with the type-curve correlating parameter, 2 , from step 4 and the
dimensionless wellbore-storage coefficient, , determined from the time match point in step 7.
2
= 0.5

Ans: (s=10.06)
Internal
 3. Bourdet et al. Derivative Type Curve
The classical type curves have very similar shapes for high values of CDe2s which lead
to the problem of finding a unique match by a simple comparison of shapes and
determining the correct values of k, s, and C.

Bourdet et al. addressed the problem by proposing that flow regimes can have clear
characteristic shapes if the pressure derivatives "rather than pressure is plotted
versus time on the log-log coordinates. Since the introduction of the pressure
derivative type curves in 1983, well test analysis has been greatly enhanced by its
use.

Internal
 CONTD
The use of pressure derivative type curves offer the following
advantages:
Heterogeneities hardly visible on the conventional plot of well test data are amplified
on the derivative plot.
Flow regimes have clear characteristic shapes on the derivative plot.
The derivative plot is able to display in a single graph many separate characteristics
that would otherwise require different plots.
The derivative approach improves the definition of the analysis plots and therefore the
quality of interpretation
It is possible to make qualitative interpretation regarding the porous medium and the
flow system in the formation by just looking at the shape of the derivative plot.

Internal
 CONTD
They added pressure derivative curves on the Gringarten
type curves where the dimensionless pressure-derivative is
defined as:

=
= (13)
ln

Internal
 CONTD
Properties of the dimensionless pressure-derivative graph:

1. For test data on the unit-slope line, =
From the early time region (ETR),

= (14)
24
In terms of dimensionless variables, Eq. (14) can be written as:

= (15)

Taking the derivative of Eq. (15) with respect to tD/CD gives,

=1 or . = (16)


indicates that a plot of .
vs. on a log-log coordinates will produce

a unit-slope straight line during the wellbore storage dominated period.
Internal
 PROPERTIES CONTD

2. For the infinite acting period (semilog straight line region or MTR), = .
From the MTR data, see Eq. 5
2
1
=
2 4

In terms of the logarithmic approximation ( = ln(1.781)), Eq. 5 can be rewritten

as,
2
1
= ln(1.781 ) (17)
2 4

Eq. 17 can be written as,

1
= ln 1.781/4 + ln 2 ln +
2
1 1.781
= ln + ln 2 ln
2 4
1

= ((1/ ) Thus = 0.5
2

Internal


Internal
Internal
 Gringarten, 2006 (SPE 102079)

Internal
 BOURDET TYPE CURVE

Internal
 PROCEDURE
Step 1: Calculate pressure-derivative functions of the well-test data.
For drawdown test,

=
()

For buildup test,

=
( )

where = for drawdown test or = ,=0 for buildup test.

Step 2:Prepare a log-log graph paper with the same size (scale) as the master type
curve using tracing paper.

Step 3: Plot (or )
and as a function of (drawdown) or (for

tests with boundary effects) (buildup) on log-log graph on the tracing paper

Internal
 CONTD
Step 4: Align horizontal part of field data and the master type
curve pressure-derivative

Step 5: Align unit-slope part of the field data and type curve

Step 6: Determine 2 from the match curve and select a match

point ( , ) and (, / ) for drawdown test or ( or
, / ) for buildup test

Internal
 CONTD
Step 7: Calculate permeability, , from the pressure match point

= 141.2

Step 8: Calculate the dimensionless wellbore-storage coefficient, , from the time
match point
0.000264
= 2
/

Step 9:Calculate skin factor, s, with from step 7 and 2 from step 6
2
= 0.5

Internal
 Example 3: The data summarized in the table below are from a buildup test on an oil well. Estimate the effective
permeability to oil, the skin factor, and the wellbore-storage coefficient with the Bourdet et al. type curve.
q=600 STB/D rw=0.365 ft
=0.2 h=78 ft te p te*p' te p te*p'
0 1.707914 1793.1 67.40524
=1 cp Bo=1.2 RB/STB 1E-04 4.09 4.08 2.724687 1822.1 66.28186
ct=1.61e-5 psi-1 @=0 =250 psia 0.0002 8.16 8.128334 4.346464 1850.7 64.90794
0.0005 20.3 20.14167 6.469961 1874.9 64.4423
tp=1400 hrs Pi=2447 psia 0.0008 32.33 31.93602 10.42184 1903.7 63.8726
0.001 40.29 39.68639 14.93887 1925.4 62.10695
0.003 117.39 112.5827 19.71831 1942 61.16314
0.005 190.4 177.9089 24.5614 1955.2 60.77307
0.008 292.99 263.3188 29.37063 1965.9 60.63931
0.01 357.11 312.773 34.14634 1975 60.59699
0.016 530.68 429.9999 38.88889 1982.8 60.04072
0.0255 755.1 538.09 43.59862 1989.6 59.89411
0.040599 1013.2 589.6348 48.27586 1995.7 60.05071
0.064897 1265.6 541.971 52.92096 2001.2 59.99982
0.103992 1464 403.5155 57.53425 2006.2 60.05213
0.164981 1587 250.6124 62.11604 2010.8 59.83784
0.26395 1657.4 142.8521 66.66667 2015 59.63457
0.420873 1700 91.72348 68.47826 2016.6 59.79745
0.671678 1733.2 74.32284 75.67568 2022.6
Internal
1.069183 1763.5 69.24236
 Step 2:Prepare a log-log graph paper with the same size (scale) as the master type curve using tracing
paper.

10000

1000
p&p, psi

100

10

1
0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100
te, hrs

Internal

Step 3: Plot (or )
and as a function of (drawdown) and (buildup) on log-

log graph with the same size (scale) as the master type curve.

10000

1000

100

10

1
0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100
Internal
 Step 4: Align horizontal part of field data and the master type curve pressure-derivative
Step 5: Align unit-slope part of the field data and type curve

10000

1000

100

10

1
0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100
Internal
 Step 6: Determine 2 from the match curve and select a match point ( , ) and (, / )
for drawdown test or ( or , / ) for buildup test

Ans: 2 = 1010 ; ( = 10 , =0.082) and ( = 3, = 1000)

Step 7: Calculate permeability, , from the pressure match point

= 141.2

Ans: k=9.797 md
Step 8: Calculate the dimensionless wellbore-storage coefficient, , from the time match point
0.000264
= 2
/
Ans: = 18.1
Step 9:Calculate skin factor, s, with from step 8 and 2 from step 6
2
= 0.5

Ans: s= 10.065

Internal
Internal