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VRES=VRN+VBN+VYN=0.
In case of fault VRES is not
zero and this residual
voltage operates the relay.
Rotor faults:
Faults in the rotor circuit may be either earth faults or
between the turns of the field winding .
Field circuits are normally operated un-earthed. So a
single earth fault will not affect its operation.
But when a second fault arises then field winding is
short circuited and produce unsymmetrical field
system which leads to unbalanced forces on rotor and
results in excess pressure and bearing and shaft
distortion.
Rotor earth fault protection:
The rotor earth fault protection is done by dc
injection method or ac injection method.
The dc or ac voltage is impressed between the field
circuit and ground through a sensitive overvoltage
relay and current limiting resistor or capacitor(in case
of ac).
But dc source is generally used as over-current relay in
case of dc is more sensitive than ac.
A single earth fault in rotor circuit will complete the
path and the fault is sensed by the relay.
Rotor earth fault protection
Rotor temperature alarm
It is provided in large
generators.
It indicates the level of
temperature but not the
actual hot spot
temperature.
The relay measures the
temperature by
measuring the resistance
.(as shown in fig)
Loss of excitation protection:
When the excitation of generator is lost it operate as a
Induction generator. It derives excitation from the
system and supply power at leading power factor.
Which may cause-
A fall in voltage & so loss of synchronism & system
instability.
Over heating of rotor due to induction current on it.
A protection having MHO characteristic
is used to detect loss of field.
Over voltage protection:
Overvoltage protection is required in case of hydro-
electric or gas turbine generators but not in case of
turbo generators.
Over voltage may be caused due to-
Transient over voltage in the transmission line due to
lightening.
Defective operation of the voltage regulator.
Sudden loss of load due to line tripping.
The protection is provided with an over voltage relay.
It is usually of induction pattern with an IDMT
Characteristic
Overload protection:
Overloading of the machine causes overheating in the
stator winding.
This can be prevented by using over-current relay with
time delay adjustment.
But overheating not only depends on over-current but
also the failure of the cooling system in the generator.
So temperature detector coils such as thermistors or
thermocouples are used at various points in stator
winding for indication of the temperature.
Reverse power protection:
When prime-mover fails machine starts motoring and
draws electrical power from the system and this is
known as inverted operation .
The generator can be protected from inverted
operation by using single-element directional power
relay(reverse power relay) which senses the direction
of power flow.
Negative phase sequence
protection:
Unbalance may cause due to single phase fault or
unbalanced loading and it gives rise to negative
sequence current .
This current in rotor causes rotor overheating and
damage to the rotor.
This can be protected by negative sequence current
filter with over current relay.
Negative phase sequence protection:
Automatic field suppression and
use of neutral circuit breaker:
In case of a fault in the generator and though the
circuit breaker is tripped ,the fault continues to fed as
long as excitation will exist because emf is induced in
the generator itself.
Hence all protection system not only trip the generator
circuit breaker but also trip the automatic field
discharge switch .
Automatic field suppression and use of neutral
circuit breaker
External fault back up protection:
Over-current and earth-fault protection is
provided for back-up protection of large
sized generators protected by differential
protection.
Induction type IDMT relay is used for this
purpose.
External fault back-up protection
Conclusion:
Protective relays are used to detect electrical faults and
to alarm, disconnects or shutdown the faulted
apparatus to provide personnel safety and equipment
protection.
A protective relay does not prevent the appearance of
faults rather takes action only after a fault has occurred
in the system.
References:
Electrical power system
by C.L.Wadhwa
Electrical power
by J.B.Gupta
www.wikipedia.com
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