MSA

Michael Down()Frederick Czubak()

Gregory Gruska()Steve Stahley() David Benham.

2010.

2010 6

1
 MSA

MSA
ANOVA

ANOVA

ANOVA


---
http://www.aiag.org

GRR

A



B


C

D

E
F
G

A
B /
C
D

A
B -

-
-




ANOVA
C

signal detection


A
B
C
D

3
 E
F
G
H GRR

A
B
GRR Cp



C
D R
E PV
F PISMOEA

4


--- A

statistical control limits

Eisenhart1963

1
standard

uncertainty
,true value
referencr value

(basic equipment)

(discrimination)(readability)
resolution

101

effective resolution

reference value

true value

6
 location variation

(accuracy)

ASTM

bias

stability

drift

linearity

(width variation)

2(precision)

E-equipment variation

2
ASTM

5





A- appraiser variation

ASTM E456-96

GRR gage R

(measurement system performance)

GRR

sensitivity

OEM

consistency

6
 system variation

capability

(performance)

total variation

(uncertainty)

14 2

National Institute of Standards and

technology ,NIST
National measurements institute,NMI,
U.S.department of commerce,
NIST NBS
NIST

NIST

NIST

NMI
NMI
NIST NMI

NMI mutual
recognition arrangements , MRAs,
NMI



Traceability

7
 ISO ISO
International Vocabulary of Basic and General Terms in
Metrology,VIM

NMI

NMI

NMI





NIST
NIST.

/
/
NIST

8















MAPs



SPC

ANSI/NCSL Z540.3 ISO10012


ISO/IEC 17025

NIST

9
---- B
3

4PFMEA
PFMEA

3
- , G.F.ruska M.S.Heaphy ,,1987,1988
4
FMEA- 3

10


CMM
CMM

CMM

5

WEdwards Deming,1982,1986,P279-281.

11


1
10 1 10

2 6

4
6 / MSA

1)
2)

S S....7
W () S....
I
P / 8
E

7
Ms.Mary Honeywell,Eli Whitney Metrology Laband the
Bendixcorporationg
8
F,P.I.S.M.O.E.A

12


13
 () ()












-
-

-
-



2

14


GRR

product control
philosophy

15


II

I III I
II II

16


I
II
III

1 II
2 II III

2 = 2 + 2

2
=
2
=
2
=

9Cp

Cp =
6

9
Cp Pp

17

Cp2 =Cp2 + Cp2

Cp Cp
10

Cp 2 Cp 1.79 1.33
Cp 1.33
1.33

GRR 10%
Cp 2.0 Cp 1.9611

Cp GRR 30% Cp 2.0,
Cp 1.71.
GRR 60%
Cp 1.28. Cp 1.96 1.28

10
B-
11
1.96
*

18
/

tampering

5.00
0.20
1
4.90 5.10

4.95 4.85
0.15 5.10
5.08
over-adjustment,
funnel experiment 12

1
2
3
4

3 23 4
1

3
2
A B B C
4

1

12
WEdwards Deming,1982

19
 C

OEM
APQP

CMM

APQP

measurement life cycle

5 / 1
/ CMM

20


FMEA
FMEA

13

14 2

13

14
Daoru Ishikawa1986

21


15

15

22

APQP

/
Request For Quote,RFQ

APQP

Geometric Dimensioning
Tolerancing,GDT,
GD APQP
datum
schemes

APQP

GDT

P , APQP .
APQP ,
,,
,()
S D

23
 /
APQP

APQP

predictive
preventive

24
 specification

CAD OEM,SAE,ASTM
OEM

CAD CATLA
UnigraphicsIGES

---

25


CAD

CAD


/





NIST

OEM

26
 MSA

GR16GRR

27


CAD

28


D.O.E

S.W.I.P.E P.I.S.M.O.E.A

FMEA?

CMM

EMI


CMM

GDT

29


#1

#2
/CMM

NDT/

OEM

30


31


///

32


1

101
10

33
 GPC17 GPC

1.

2.

3. 18

standard

ensembleANSI/ASQC
M1-199619

reference standard

M&TE

17

18
W.E.,(1982,1986),P277
19
M&TE

34
calibratiion standard

(transfer standard)

master

working standard

check standard

35
reference value

NIST NMI

true value

21

21
ASTME177-90a

36


1




24

5ndc

6
ab
b

SPC

45 6b
0.00 0.01

37


6

X R =0.001

0.145 UCL=0.1444

0.140 Mean=0.1397

0.135 LCL=0.1350
0 5 10 15 20 25

0.02 UCL=0.01717

0.01 R=0.00812

0.00 LCL=0

X R =0.01
0.145 UCL=0.1438

0.140 Mean=0.1398

0.135 LCL=0.1359
0 5 10 15 20 25

0.02

UCL=0.01438
0.01 R=0.0068

0.00 LCL=0
22
6

22
6 Evaluating The Measurement Process, Wheeler Lyday

38


MSA

Accuracy

ISO ASTM

ASTM

23

39


stability

40


linearity

()

1 N

41
 --

precision

42
ASTM

repeatability

reproducibility

.
ASTM

43


A C B

ABC

ABC
/

ABC

123

ASTM
ASTM

ASTM

R&R GRR

R&R GRR

44


2GRR=2 +2

A C B

GRR

OEM

45


GRR

2 2 2
= +
GRR

25mm 0.1mm

GRR

25mm

CMM

46


2 =2 +2 +2

GRR

1
2

VIM
24 F

24
VIM

47


8

25

25
B

48
 F

QS-9000 ISO/TS16949

26

=U

U

Uc

K
ISO/IEC
95% K=2

U = KUc

Uc

U2c = +
2 2

MSA GRR

26
QS-9000 3 4.11.1

49
 MSA

MSAMSA
MSA

ISO

GUM

50


PDSA27

27
W..,
MIT 19942000

51


52
 A

12

1

1
1

1
2
2

2
/

53
 B
/

28

NIST

29

28
Elmer L.Struening Marcia Guttentag.
29
1924 11 1932 8 ,(the Hawthone Works of Western
Electric).,,

Richard Gillespie

1991

54
 C

2

a /

(b)

(c)
3

4 MSA

100%

%GRR

SPC


%GRR

MSA
PVTV TV TV
%GRR
TV TV

55
 0.001 0.0001

30

1 31

A 1
B 4

0.0001
0.00005

1 2

---

1 2 2

30

31

56
 D

------

GRR

10%
10% 30%

30%

ndc32 5

32

57


58
 B

----

E
E

1

33

2 3~5

3 X&R X&S

34

33


34
SPC

59


6.01.
5 4 20
X&R
9

6.3 UCL=6.297
6.2

6.1
6.0 6.021
5.9
5.8
5.7 LCL=5.746
0 10 20

1.0 UCL=1.010

0.5 0.4779

0.0 LCL=0

35

1

n10 n

35

60


2 10

---

3
n<30

4 n

n
xi
X= i=1
n

maxxi- minxi
= d*2

*
d 2 C ,g=1,m=n

GRR (),.

6) t 36

= 37

b = r/ N

t=
b
36

20 t
RMS
37
b

61
7 0 1-a a

[ d2b
tv1-a/2]0 +
d*2
[ dd t
2
*
2
b
v1-a/2 ]

,v C t1-a/2 t .

a /,/
a 0.0595%

,
,;
, 15

=6.0
1 5.8 -0.2
2 5.7 -0.3
3 5.9 -0.1
4 5.9 -0.1
5 6.0 0.0
6 6.1 0.1
7 6.0 0.0
8 6.1 0.1
9 6.4 0.4
10 6.3 0.3
11 6.0 0.0
12 6.1 0.1
13 6.2 0.2
14 5.6 -0.4
15 6.0 0.0

2:

,( 10 3)

62

10-

0 -0.1215,0.1349

,.

nm X r b
15 6.0067 .22514 .05813

= 6.00, a = .05 g = 1, d2* = 3.35

t df t 95%
(2 )
.1153 10 2.206 .0067 -1.1185 .1319
.8
3-

-
.

1
,
n10 n

-

2

-

3 X

4 X ,

= X

63
 R
= d2
*

,d2*(m)(g)( C)

6 t 38

b=r/mg

t= b

7 0 1-a a

d2b
[dd tv1-a/2]0 + [ d
2
*
2
b
*
2
tv1-a/2]

*
d2d 2 v C tv1-a/2 t

a /,
/ a 0.05(95%
),

-
9, 6.01 ,(20 )
6.021 0.011

, 4

0 -0.0299,0.0519,
,

nm X r b
100 6.021 .2048 .02048

= 6.01, a= .05 m=5 g = 20, d2* = 2.334d2 = 2.326

t df t 95%
(2 )
.5371 72.7 1.996 .011 -.0299 .0519
4-

b
38

64


.,
0 0:

39

1 g 5 .

2,,

3 m 10

39
E ,

65
-

4,

Ij = xIjI
m
Ij
j=1
I =
m

5 11

yi = ax i + b

x i =

yi =
x i yi

1
xy {gm xy}
a =
1
x2 gm x2

b= y ax =
x0a 40

yi2 byi axi yi

s= gm 2

2 1/

b + ax0 [ t gm 21a/2 { 1
gm +
x0x
} s]
xix2
2

2 1/
x0x
b + ax0 [ t gm 21a/2
1
{
gm + x x2
i
} s]
2

40
B , a .

66
7=0,,.
11

=0,

H0a=0 =0

a
t= t gm
21a/2

]
s
[ xi x2

,.,
0

H0b=0 =0

b
t=

[ 1
gm
+
x2
xix2 ]
-
PPAP41
,
.
12 ,

41
2000

67
 1 2 3 4 5
2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00
1 2.70 5.10 5.80 7.60 9.10
2 2.50 3.90 5.70 7.70 9.30
3 2.40 4.20 5.90 7.80 9.50
4 2.50 5.00 5.90 7.70 9.30
5 2.70 3.80 6.00 7.80 9.40
6 2.30 3.90 6.10 7.80 9.50
7 2.50 3.90 6.00 7.80 9.50
8 2.50 3.90 6.10 7.70 9.50
9 2.40 3.90 6.40 7.80 9.60
10 2.40 4.00 6.30 7.50 9.20
11 2.60 4.10 6.00 7.60 9.30
12 2.40 3.80 6.10 7.70 9.40

11
1 2 3 4 5
2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00
1 0.70 1.1 -0.2 -0.4 -0.9
2 0.50 -0.1 -0.3 -0.3 -0.7
3 0.40 0.2 -0.1 -0.2 -0.5
4 0.50 1 -0.1 -0.3 -0.7
5 0.70 -0.2 0.0 -0.2 -0.6
6 0.30 -0.1 0.1 -0.2 -0.5
7 0.50 -0.1 0.0 -0.2 -0.5
8 0.50 -0.1 0.1 -0.3 -0.5
9 0.40 -0.1 0.4 -0.2 -0.4
10 0.40 0.0 0.3 -0.5 -0.8
11 0.60 0.1 0.0 -0.4 -0.7
12 0.40 -0.2 0.1 -0.3 -0.6
0.491667 0.125 0.025 -0.29167 -0.61667
6-

Y=0.736667 0.131667X
R-Sq = 71.4%

68


11-

4
4 R2
42=0
,

, t .

t a =-12.043
tb =-10.158

a = 0.05 t ,gm 2=58 , 0.975,

:
t58,..975 =2.00172

t a > t58,..975 ,----

tb t58,..975
E

42

69
 43

GRR

44 5
80% 10 90%

A B
1/d2d2*
C m=2g=

43

44
%GRR>30%

70
 A B AB
1 0.85 0.80 0.05
2 0.75 0.70 0.05
3 1.00 0.95 0.05
4 0.45 0.55 0.10
5 0.50 0.60 0.10

R1 0.35
(R) = = = 0.07
5 5

GRR= ( Rd ) = (R1.19 ) = (0.07

2
*
1.19
) =0.07
(:=0.0777)

GRR
%GRR=100* ( )=75.7%

GRR 100
7 0.0777

%GRR=100*GRR/= 75.7%

%GRR 7 %GRR 75.7%,

X&R
-----
45

12 GRR

45

71
1 n>5 46
2 ABC 1 n
2 C
3 A
n 47
4 B C n
6 11
5 27 12
7 7
3,8 13

6 3 5

A 1 B
6 C 11

A 2 B
7 C 12
3 3813

7 A 10
1 A
23 BC

46
15 10

47

72


/
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
A 1 0.29 -0.56 1.34 0.47 -0.8 0.02 0.59 -0.31 2.26 -1.36
2 0.41 -0.68 1.17 0.5 -0.92 -0.11 0.75 -0.20 1.99 -1.25
3 0.64 -0.58 1.27 0.64 -0.84 -0.21 0.66 -0.17 2.01 -1.31
X a=
R a=
B 1 0.08 -0.47 1.19 0.01 -0.56 -0.2 0.47 -0.63 1.80 -1.68
2 0.25 -1.22 0.94 1.03 -1.20 0.22 0.55 0.08 2.12 -1.62
3 0.07 -0.68 1.34 0.2 -1.28 0.06 0.83 -0.34 2.19 -1.50
X b=
R b=
C 1 0.04 -1.38 0.88 0.14 -1.46 -0.29 0.02 -0.46 1.77 -1.49
2 -0.11 -1.13 1.09 0.20 -1.07 -0.67 0.01 -0.56 1.45 -1.77
3 -0.15 -0.96 0.67 0.11 -1.45 -1.49 0.21 -0.49 1.87 -2.16
X c=
R c=
X=
R p=

R= ([R a= ] + [R b= ] + [ R c= ]) / [ = ] = R=

X DIFE = [MaxX = ] [MinX = ]=

*UCLR =[R= ][D4 = ]=

*2 D4=3.27,3 D4=2.58UCLR R

12

- 48

Western Electric AT&T

73


13-49

14

48

48
ANOVA

74


15-

1.2
1
0.8

0.6
A
0.4
B
0.2
0 C

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

15-

75
 16-

17

18 C

76
 18

19,

19

19 B

20

=-

=-

77
 A B C

20

A
B
C

21

=-

=-

21 B
A C

78
 21 50

XY

22

22 X-Y

50
0.0

79
X-Y

23
45

23X-Y

24 25 24
25

24
1 123 5 567
111213 10 15

2 51015

3 5
R a 10 15 Rb Rc

4 51015R a Rb R c 17
R

5 R 19 20 D451
2 D4 3.27UCL R 19
7 LCL R 0

51
1995

80
 6 UCL R
R UCL R

7 1236781112 13

8 123 4 X a
678 111213 914 X b X c

9 4914 XaXbXc 18
18 XDIFF

10
16

11 16
R P R P
25

12 RXDIFFR P

13

14 %

15

81
/#
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
A 1 0.29 -0.56 1.34 0.47 -0.8 0.02 0.59 -0.31 2.26 -1.36 0.1
2 0.41 -0.68 1.17 0.5 -0.92 -0.11 0.75 -0.20 1.99 -1.25 0.1
3 0.64 -0.58 1.27 0.64 -0.84 -0.21 0.66 -0.17 2.01 -1.31 0.2
0.447 -0.607 1.260 0.537 -0.853 -0.100 0.667 -0.227 2.087 -1.307 X a= 0.19
0.35 0.12 0.17 0.17 0.12 0.23 0.16 0.14 0.27 0.11 R a= 0.1
B 1 0.08 -0.47 1.19 0.01 -0.56 -0.2 0.47 -0.63 1.80 -1.68 0.0
2 0.25 -1.22 0.94 1.03 -1.20 0.22 0.55 0.08 2.12 -1.62 0.1
3 0.07 -0.68 1.34 0.2 -1.28 0.06 0.83 -0.34 2.19 -1.50 0.0
0.133 -0.790 1.157 0.413 -1.013 0.027 0.617 -0.297 2.037 -1.600 X b= 0.06
0.18 0.75 0.40 1.02 0.72 0.42 0.36 0.71 0.39 0.18 R b= 0.5
C 1 0.04 -1.38 0.88 0.14 -1.46 -0.29 0.02 -0.46 1.77 -1.49 -0.2
2 -0.11 -1.13 1.09 0.20 -1.07 -0.67 0.01 -0.56 1.45 -1.77 -0.2
3 -0.15 -0.96 0.67 0.11 -1.45 -1.49 0.21 -0.49 1.87 -2.16 -0.2
0.073 -1.157 0.880 0.150 -1.327 -0.483 0.080 -0.503 1.697 -1.807 X c= -0.25
0.19 0.42 0.42 0.09 0.39 0.38 0.20 0.10 0.42 0.67 R c= 0.3
0.169 -0.851 1.099 0.367 -1.064 -0.186 0.454 -0.342 1.940 -1.571 X=
R p= .00
3.5
([R a= 0.184] + [R b=0.513] + [ R c=0.328 ]) / [#= 3] = R= 0.34
[MaxX =0.1903] - [MinX= -0.2543] = XDIFF = 0.446

[R=0.3417]*[D4 =2.5 8 ]= UCLR = 0.8816

2 D4=3.27, 3 D4=2.58UCLR R
R

24 GR&R

82




R = 0.3417 X DIFF =0.4446 R P = 3.511
% (TV)
EV
EV = R K1 K1 %EV = 100[EV/TV]
0.3417 0.5908 0.20188 1.14610
= 2 0.8862 = 100[ / ]
0.20188 17.62
= 3 0.5908 = %
AV
%AV = 100[AV/TV]
AV = (XDIFFK2) 2 -EV2/nr 0.22963 1.14610
= 100[ / ]
20.04
= %
= (0.44460.523) 2-0.201882/103

0.22963
= 2 3
K2 0.7071 0.5231
n = r =
(GRR)
%GRR = 100[GRR/TV]
GRR = EV 2 + AV 2 0.30575 1.14610
= 100[ / ]
26.68
=(0.20188 2+0.229632) = %
K3

0.30575
= 2 0.7071

(PV) 3 0.5231

PV = RP K3 4 0.4467 %PV = 100[PV/TV]

1.10456 1.1045 1.14610
= = 100[ / ]
1.10456 5 0.4030 96.38
= = %
(TV) 6 0.3742
PV
ndc = 1.41( /GRR)
TV = GRR 2 + PV 2 7 0.3534
1.10456 0.30575
= 1.41( / )
8 0.3375 5.094---5
=(0.30575 2+1.104562) =
9 0.3249
1.14610
= 10 0.3146

MSA

25 GR&R

83
----

24 25 , 52

25

EV E R K1K1
C d2* d2*(m)
g K1 g 15

AV AXDIFF K2
K2 C d2*d2*
m g=1
AV

XDIFFK22 EV
2
AV =
nr

n=r=

AV 0

GRR M

GR & R = EV2 +AV2

52
,
/

84
PV P RPK3K3
C d2* d2*
g1,TV T
mg
PV

TV = GRR2 +PV2
6
TV

TV =
6.00
PV = TV2 GRR2
(TV PV)

,TV
25%

%EVTV 100[EV/TV]

%AV = 100[AV/TV]

%GRR= 100[GRR/TV]

%PV= 100[PV/TV]

100%

GRR 25
%EV%AV%GRR %PV 6
TV

the number of distinct categories,

97% 53

Ndc = 1.41(PV/GRR)

53
ndc Wheeler
wheeler LydAy1984
1989

85
 D
%GRR

ndc 5

ANOVA

ANOVA

ANOVA

ANOVA

ANOVA
nkr
A1
An n
K B1C1
1 nk
A1B2
nk
r

54

12 10 3
3

54

wheeler LydAy1989P27

86


ANOVA

interaction plot F
26 12

k k

26

26

27

87


ANOVA
A

ANOVA 5 8

DF
SS
MS
F-

ANOVA 4

8 24 ANOVA 10
ANOVA 11 ANOVA GRR

DF SS MS F
2 3.1673 0.58363 34.44
9 88.3619 9.81799 213.52
18 0.3590 0.01994 0.434
60 2.7589 0.04598
89 94.6471
* a=0.05

8ANOVA

% %
2
= 0.039973 () EV=0.199933 18.4 3.4
2
= 0.051455 () AV=0.226838 20.9 4.4
2
= 0 () INT=0 0 0
2 2 2
=0.09143( + + ) GRR=0.302373 27.9 7.8
2
= 1.086446 () PV=1.042327 96.0 92.2
TV=1.085 100.0
9ANOVA %

88
 1.04233
ndc = 1.41( /.30237) = 4.861 4

(TV)=100 GRR2 +PV 2

% = 100

% = 100
22

%
90% 55 90% 55

GRR* 0.175 0.202 0.240 17.6

EV 0.133 0.230 1.016 21.1
AV ---- na ---- aa
0.266 0.306 0.363 26.7
GRR 1.104 96.4
PV 0.177 0.200 0.231 18.4
ANOVA 0.129 0.227 1.001 20.9
EV ---- 0 ---- 0
AV 0.237 0.302 1.033 27.9
1.042 96.0
GRR
PV
*,

10ANOVA

EV 0.200 18.4 3.4

(AV) 0.227 20.9 4.4
(INT) 0 0 0
GRR 0.302 27.9 7.9
(PV) 1.042 96.0 92.2

TV=1.085
(ndc) =4

11 ANOVA GRR

55
CL=

89
GRR
ANOVA

90
 C

/



LSL USL

56 57

Pp=PpK=0.5

56

57

91
 LSL USL

0.40 0.50 0.60

28

29

%GRR 58 25%
50

58

92
 A-1 A-2 A-3 B-1 B-2 B-3 C-1 C-2 C-3
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0.476901 +
2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0.509015 +
3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.576459
4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.566152
5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.57036
6 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0.544951 x
7 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0.465454 x
8 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0.502295 +
9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.437817
10 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0.515573 +
11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0.488905 +
12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.559918 x
13 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0.542704 +
14 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0.454518 x
15 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0.517377 +
16 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0.531939 +
17 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0.519694 +
18 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0.484167 +
19 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0.520496 +
20 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0.477236 +
21 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0.452310 x
22 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0.545604 x
23 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0.529065 +
24 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0.514192 +
25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.599581
26 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0.547204 x
27 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0.502436 +
28 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0.521642 +
29 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0.523754 +
30 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0.561457 x
31 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0.503091 +
32 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0.505850 +
33 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0.487613 +
34 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0.449696 x
35 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0.498698 +
36 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0.543077 x
37 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.409238
38 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0.488184 +
39 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.427687
40 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0.501132
41 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0.513779
42 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.566575
43 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0.462410 x
44
3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0.470832 +
45 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.412453
46 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0.493441 +
47 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0.486379 +
48 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.587893
49 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0.483803 +
50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.446697

12

93
 1 0 12
12 X
1 II III

A B
B
.00 1.00
A .00 44 6 50
15.7 34.3 50.0
1.00 3 97 100
31.3 68.7 100.0
47 103 150
47.0 103.0 150.0

B C
C
.00 1.00
B .00 42 5 47
16.0 31.0 47.0
1.00 9 94 103
35.0 68.0 103.0
51 99 150
51.0 99.0 150.0

AC
C
.00 1.00
A .00 43 7 50
17.0 33.0 50.0
1.00 8 92 100
34.0 66.0 100.0
51 99 150
51.0 99.0 150.0

kappa
Kappa 1
0 Kappa

Kappa

94
 Po =
Pe=
Kappa =Po - Pe/1 - Pe

Kappa 59 t
kappa 0.75 Kappa 1

kappa 0.4

Kappa 60

Kappa

Kappa A B C
A .86 .78
B .86 .79
C .78 .79

95
 A

.00 1.00
A .00 45 5 50
16.0 34.0 50.0
1.00 3 97 100
32.0 68.0 100.0
48 102 150
48.0 102.0 150.0

.00 1.00
B .00 45 2 47
15.0 32.0 47.0
1.00 3 100 103
33.0 70.0 103.0
48 102 150
48.0 102.0 150.0

.00 1.00
A .00 42 9 51
16.3 34.7 51.0
1.00 6 93 99
31.7 67.3 99.0
48 102 150
48.0 102.0 150.0

Kappa

A B C
Kappa .88 .92 .77

= /

59

59
kappa
kappa

96
 % 1 2
A B C A B C
50 50 50 50 50 50
42 45 40 42 45 40
0 0 0
0 0 0
8 5 10
95%UCI 93% 97% 90% 93% 97% 90%
84% 90% 80% 84% 90% 80%
95%LCI 71% 78% 66% 71% 78% 66%

3 4

50 50

39 39

95%UCI 6 64%

4%

95%LCI 78% 78%

89% 89%

1
2
3
4
5UCI LCI

Ho

KAPPA

97


90% 2% 5%
- 80% 5% 10%

- <80% >5% >10%

A 84% 6.3% 4.9%
B 90% 6.3% 2.0%
C 80% 12.5% 8.8%

B B A
C

1

----

2 Pp=Ppk=1.00,
II

30 Pp=Ppk=1.00

98
3 B

.00 1.00
B .00 45 2 47
% 93.8% 20% 31.3%
1.00 3 100 103
% 6.3% 98% 68.7%
48 102 150
% 100% 100.0% 100.0%

Pr

Pp=Ppk=1.00,

Pr

Pr\ * Pr
Pr\ =
Pr\ + Pr\ * Pr
.938 * (.0027)
Pr\ =
.938 * (.0027)+.020 * (.9973)

Pr\ = .11

II GRR

di =

99
 di =
II 61 GRR 5.15*GRR

dLSL = 0.470832 - 0.446697 = 0.024135
dUSL = 0.566152 0.542704 = 0.023448
d = 0.0237915

%GRR %GRR = 29%

%GRR=25%

0.599581 - 0.503091 +
0.587893 - 0.502436 +
0.576459 - 0.502295 +
0.570360 - 0.501132 +
0.566575 - 0.498698 +
0.566152 - 0.493441 +
0.561457 0.488905 +
0.559918 0.488184 +
0.547204 0.487613 +
0.545604 0.486379 +
0.544951 0.484167 +
0.543077 0.483803 +
0.542704 + 0.477236 +
0.531939 + 0.476901 +
0.529065 + 0.470832 +
0.523754 + 0.465454
0.521642 + 0.462410
0.520496 + 0.454518
0.519694 + 0.452310
0.517377 + 0.449696
0.515573 + 0.446697 -
0.514192 + 0.437817 -
0.513779 + 0.427687 -
0.509015 + 0.412453 -
0.505850 + 0.409238 -

61

100
 62

,
63

62

J.McCaslin G.GrusRa,ASQC,1976
63
np>4

101
,
m,a

8
8 m=20
a

a=0 a=20 6 1a19

X
a0 a=0 a
20 a=20 6 1a19
a=0
a=0 a=20 a=20
a=0 a=20

0.5, a0
A+0.5 a
m m
Pa = 0.5, a20
a=0.5 a
m m
0.5 a =0.5
m

1a19 a=0 Pa=0 a=0

Pa=0.025 a=20 Pa=1 a=20 Pa=0.975

XT Pa GPC
GPC

32
31

Pa=0.5

= - XTPa=0.5

102
 64
Pa=0.995 Pa=0.005 1.08

XTPa=0.995 - XTPa=0.005
=
1.08

,:

t= 31.3

2.093(t 0. 25, 19),

a0.05

0.010 100%
8
20 8 -0.016 -0.002 0.002

XT a
-0.016 0
-0.014 3
-0.012 8
-0.010 20
-0.008 20
-0.006 20
-0.004 20
-0.002 20

2 1a19, 4 ,
,:
-0.015 1
-0.013 5
-0.011 16
5 1a19 1a19

-0.0105 18

64
1.08 20 ,

103


XT a Pa
-0.016 0 0.025
-0.015 1 0.075
-0.014 3 0.175
-0.013 5 0.275
-0.012 8 0.425
-0.011 16 0.775
-0.0105 18 0.875
-0.010 20 0.975
-0.008 20 1.000

, 31 ,

Pa=0.5

31

= -0.010-(-0.0123)=0.0023

Pa=0.995 Pa=0.005 1.08 31

-0.0163--0.0084
R=
1.08
0.0079
= =0.0073
1.08

31.3
t = R
31.30.0023
= 0.0073 = 9.86

C GPC
32

XT

104
 Pa=0.5 XT

XT=0.010-0.0023=0.0077 GPC 31

105
 = 0.0079

= 0.010 - (-0.0123) = 0.0023

31

106

=0.0023 GRR=0.0079

32

107


108
- A

/




13

109


S1 S2 S3 S4 S5

----

V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 V6 V7 V8 V9

P2


,

P3

14

110
- B

S1 65

X&mR

R
e= / d2* E

=X

65

111
S2n3 66

[zR] zi= xi= i

i

R
e= / d2* E 67

=X

n3

68
F Bartlett Levene

66

68
dataplot,national institute of standards and technology, statistical engineering divison www.itl.nist.gov

112
S3:

independent identically distributed ,iid(
)

n30

2 =2 +2

X&R
X&mR

S4

113
 m m=2

e= / d2* E
R

2e=2 +2

S4 S4a

S4

2e=2 + 2 +2

S5

S5a
P

p&mR , p

S5b
ANOVA 69

X&s

X&s

X&s

F Bartlett Levene

69
James R&R ASQC ,ASQC,1991

114

ANOVA Tukey T

- C

V1 GRR

V1aR&R
V1bR&R
V1cANOVA R&R
V1d ANOVA/

V2:p2

115


Grubb70 Thompson71

V3m=2

m m=2

=2 e
45

V3aV3

V3

e+

V4

70
NO.15
71
NO.38

116

/

m m 2 3 m2 m=3469

GRR

ANOVA ANOVA

V4aV4

V4

e + +

V5 V1

V6

= e
n2

117
V7





/

= e
n2

V7aV7

e+

V8

V6 V7

V9V2 P3
V2[ Lipson Sheth13.2 ]

118
D

72

D.O.E.ANOVA

FMEA

72
GD&TGD&T

CMM
MSA

119
-

Wheeler Lyday

1 C
2
33

3

4XR
5R R
n=2 D4

6X 33

XX
X

n=2 A2 R

120


--- 34

34

1
2 R
3 r

4 34 r d2 E

5 n A

6 n
7
ABC
8 ABC
RA

9 n A d2*A

10 A
1 + B 1 + 1
34b 123910

11123910
RP

12 n n= d2*P

13SN

SN=P/GRR

14 SN 1.41
34b

121


34b

3
4

33aX&R-1

122
 33bX&R-2

123
 R.W.L MM-DD-YY

= R =7.6 r d2

= = r = 2
2 1.126

3 1.693
R
= e = 6.738 4 2.059
d2 5 2.326
6 2.534
7 2.704
8 2.847
9 2.970
10 3.078

:
:

nA d 2*

2 1.410 = n A = 3 A 103.1
B- 102.8
3 1.906
C- 108.1
4 2.237
= n = 5
5 2.477
108.1-102..8= R A D
6 2.669
7 2.827 = R A = 5.3 E
8 2.961 F
5.3 R
9 3.076 = 0 = 0 = 2.781
10 3.178
1.906 d2*

34a 1 2

124


m = e2 +02+

34b 2 2

125
F
73

GPC
GPC 35

2 XT

=NXT +b2

UL
Pa = N X T +b2dx
LL

UL
P a = N X T +b2dx
LL

73
J.McCaslin G.Grusks ,ASQC,1976

126


0.5Nm0.7Nm0.9Nm

=UL=1.0Nm

=LL=0.6Nm

=b=0.05Nm

GRR=0.05Nm

Pa =

Pa =

Pa =
P a =1.00.84
=0.16

0. 5Nm 84%

XT =0. 7Nm

Pa =

Pa =
P a =0.999

0. 7Nm 0.1%

XT =0. 9Nm

Pa =

Pa =
P a =0.84

127
 0. 9Nm 16%

X T 36

37. GPC

GPC 74

5.15GRR P a =0.995 X T Pa0.005 XT

GRR X T 37

P a =0.5 X T

B= X TLL BB=X TUL

X T 75

74
C
75

128
 =0.00, GRR =0.00

35----

=0.05 GRR =0.24

36:----

129
 37:

130
G

( 30%),

XTZ RR 25.5% 6 0.24

15%, 6 0.1476

15%,
,,

62
6-x2 = n

6s
6s-x = n

0.24
0.14 =
n

n = 1.714

n = 3()

3 0.14,%GRR 15%

76
IV

131
H
GRR77

G /

DOE GRR
ASTM E691

E691

E691

77
Neil Ullman

ASTM

132
 C 6
m2 r3


XS
S
r
D4
38
10) X 38

11) X X

12) r A2 (S),

13) ()
14)

m
S2xI
S= = i=1
xg m

m
S2SI
g = SAg = i=1
m

S2Eg
g = SAg =S2Eg
m

GRR g = SGRRg =S2Eg+ S2Ag

E691 MSA MSA GRR

2 S2r
S = S x 3

SR =S2r + S2

Sr = SE =Sr =GRR=ASTM

133
15

g
S2Si
= SE = i=1
g

g
S Ai
2

= SA =i=1
g

g
S2GRRi
GRR = SGRR =i=1
g

X/S

38a

134
 15

135


ASTM ISO 78 h kh

X X
h=
SX
A 1 X 0.447 X

0.169 SX 0.262

0.4470.167 0.278
h= = = 1.06
0.262 0.262

k ( A
1),

k= ( A, 1) = 0.178 = 1.35
0.132

E691 h k
h k

h
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 h z
A 1.06 0.87 0.82 0..86 0.88 0.32 0.65 0.80 0.69 1.05 0.80 2.53
B -0.14 0.22 0.29 0.24 0.21 0.80 0.50 0.32 0.46 -0.11 0.28 0.88
C -0.93 -1.09 -1.11 -1.10 -1.09 -1.12 -1.15 -1.12 -1.15 -0.94 -1.08 -3.41
k
k z
A 1.35 0.25 0.49 0.28 0.23 0.65 0.59 0.35 0.77 0.27 0.42 -3.20
B 0.77 1.50 1.15 1.70 1.50 1.20 1.40 1.68 1.07 0.45 1.30 3.14
C 0.76 0.82 1.20 0.14 0.84 1.07 0.83 0.24 1.13 1.65 0.84 -0.17

z
h A C GRR

78
ISO5725

136
 k k z
0.861 0.439 A k
-3.2 B

h 38b k 38c C
k A

38bh

38cK

137


18 GRR ANOVA
ANOVA

DF
SS
MS
EMS MS ANOVA
/

F MSA ANOVA

16 79

EV
80
INT 2 = MSe

MSAPMSe
2 =
r
MSAMSAP
AV 2 =
nr
MSPMSAP
PV 2 =
kr

16

0,
0.

79

80
ANOVA ANOVA MSA MSE

138

5.15 81. 17 EV
AV 5.15

17 GRR

EV =5.15MSe =

MSA - MSAP
AV=5.15 nr =

MSAP- MSe
IAP=5.15 r

GRR=(EV)2+(AV)2+( IAP)2 R&R

MSP- MSAP
PV=5.15 kr

175.15

18 SSe 18 SS
nkr-n-k+182 SS SS nkr-n-k+1

MS 5.15

EV = 5.15MS

AV=5.15 MSA - MS
nr

GRR= (EV)2+(AV)2

MSP- MS
PV=5.15 kr

81
99%
82
n=k=r=

139
 F 18 F
ANOVE 18F

GRR%GRR

n
SS = X2i X2i
i=1 kr nkr

n X2j X2i
SS = nr nkr
j=1

n k r X2i
TSS = X2j
i=1j=1m=1 nkr

n n n X2 n
Xi2j i X2j X2
SS = nr kr nr nkr
i=1j=1 i=1 i=1

SSe =TSS -SSA+ SSP + SSAP

DF SS MS F EMS

k 1 SSA
SSA
MSA= 2+r2+nr2
k 1
n 1 SSP
SSP
MSP= 2+r2+kr2
n1
n1
k 1 SSA P MSA P
SSA P 2
MSA P= MSe +r2
n1 k 1
nrn 1 SSE
SSe
MSe= 2
nkr- 1
nkr- 1 TSS
2
~N0
2
~N0
2

X ~N0
~N02

18 ANOVA

140
 19a 19b ANOVA 24

DF SS MS F EMS

2 3.1673 1.58363 34.44* 2+32+302

9 88. 3619 9.81799 213.52* 2+32+92

18 0.3590 0.01994 0.434 2+32

60 2.7589 0.04598 2

89 94.6471

* a=0.05
19aANOVA

5.15()
() % %

2 = 0.039973 0.199933 EV =1.029656 18.4 3.4

()
2= 0.051455 0.226838 AV =1.168213 20.9 4.4
()
2 = 0 INT =0 0 0
()
GRR=0.09143 0.302373 GRR =1.557213 27.9 7.8
2 2 2
+ +
2 = 1.086447 1.042327 PV =5.367987 96.0 92.2
()
1.085 TV =5.589293 100.0

19bANOVA

ndc = 1.41(PV/GRR)=1.41(5.37/1.56)=4.854

(TV)= GRR2 +PV2

2
% = 100
5.15
5.152
2
%() = 100
5.15
5.152

141
 B

GRR CP

2O =2A =2M 1

O---
A---
M---

U L
CP x = 2
6x

UL
x=O A1

GRRP %= GRRP *100% 3

kM
GRRP = 6 4
o

GRRP 112O 2M

kM
GRRP = 5
U L

45k 5.15 k
6

CPO = CPA *
A
o

= CPA *
2A2A 1
o
GRR

CPO = CPA *
o1GRR2 4
o
= CPA *1GRR2 6

142
 CPA = CPO 6
1GRR2
GRR

GRR=
1
*
M 25
CPO O

CPO = CPO*1CPO *G RR2 7

CPO
CPA =
1CPO *G RR2

6 CPA CPO

Cp

39 Cp

143
 GRR
10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 90%

Cp Cp

1.3 1.29 1.27 1.24 1.19 1.13 1.04 0.93 0.57

Cp Cp

1.3 1.29 1.26 1.20 1.11 0.99 0.81 0.54 never

20 Cp

Cp

39 Cp Cp

144
 C---d2*

Size(m)
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
d2
cd

V d2*d2 d2* V cd
Acheson Duncan 5 McGraw-Hill1986
VR/ d2*2/2 X2 V R m g

145
 D
R

MSA

I/MR/

I/MR

83

S MR/ d2* 6
100%

83
10

146
 E PV

PV TV2GRR2 EV
EV PV
AV EV

PV = RPK32
EV2
kr

RP=,k=r=

PV 1997 84
PV EV PV 1% 2%

84

Donald S.Ermer Robin Yang E-Hok ,
ASQ The Standard,97-1 ,1997

F
P.I.S.M.O.E.A
,

P.I.S.M.O.E.A85

P UUT


I M&TE
S
SRM

M

O
E
EMI
A

*

147


85
P.I.S.M.O.E.A Rock Valley ASQ
Gordon Skattum

R&R -

%GRR

MSA

1 ANOVA

2

3 PISMOEA

148
 MSA

P UUT

I DCC CMM
S
101
M S.O.P
S.O.PDCC

O 2-3
ISO17025
E

A

SPC 100%

149


SPC

5.15 6 VI

DOEANOVA

29.07529.08029.095 5
0.005 0.001

AV

//

150


ndc

ndc
ndc 97% 1.41[PV/GRR]

Wheeler1989

R&RGRR 5 GRR

iid

151


ndc 1.41(PV/GRR)

ndc

PV

0 1

152


EV

153


X-Y

VIM

154


GRR

155


/
# 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
A 1
2
3
X a=
R a=
B 1
2
3
X b=
R b=
C 1
2
3
X c=
R c=
X=
R p=

([R a= ] + [R b= ] + [ R c= ]) / [ ]= R=

X DIFE = [MaxX = ] [MinX = ]= X DIFE

*UCLR =[R= ][D4 = ]=

2 D4=3.27, 3 D4=2.58UCLR

156




R= X DIFF = RP =
% (TV)
EV
EV = R K1 K1 %EV = 100[EV/TV]
= 3 0.8862 = 100[ / ]
= 3 0.5908 = %
AV
%AV = 100[AV/TV]
AV = (XDIFFK2) 2 -EV2/nr
= 100[ / ]
= %
= ( ) 2- 2
/

=
2 3
K2 0.7071 0.5231
n = r =
(GRR)
%GRR = 100[GRR/TV]
GRR = EV 2 + AV 2
= 100[ / ]

=( 2
+
2
) = %
K3
=
2 0.7071

(PV) 3 0.5231
PV = RP K3 %PV = 100[PV/TV]
4 0.4467
1.1045 1.14610
= = 100[ / ]
1.10456 5 0.4030 96.38
= = %
(TV) 6 0.3742
PV
ndc = 1.41( /GRR)
TV = GRR 2 + PV 2 7 0.3534
= 1.41( / )
8 0.3375
=( 2
+
2
) =
9 0.3249
=
10 0.3146

MSA ,

157
158