Chapter

1
Tools of History
 Looking at Earth
Geography is the study of Earths features such
as landforms and bodies of water.

Geography has shaped where and how people

lived throughout history.

Landforms includes mountains, plateaus, hills,

valleys, and plains.
7 Continents (North America, South America,
Europe, Africa, Asia, Australia, and Antarctica)

Bodies of water include oceans, lakes, and rivers.

Nearly 75 percent of Earth is covered by water.

5 Oceans (Arctic Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Indian
Ocean, Pacific Ocean, and Southern Ocean)
Con3nents and Oceans of the World
 Climate, Weather, and Vegeta5on
The atmosphere at a particular place and time is
weather.

The weather conditions at a particular place over a

period of time is climate.

The types of vegetation, or plant life, in a place

depend on temperature, rainfall, and type of soil.

DISCUSS How did the climate, weather, and

vegetation effect the construction of the 2 buildings
(on next slide)?

WATCH Climate Change 101 with Bill Nye

 Five Themes of Geography
1) Location answers where is it?

2) Place deals with what is it like in a

certain location?

3) Region is an area of Earths surface

with distinctive characteristics.

4) Movement is the ways people,

goods, and ideas move from place
to place.

5) Human-Environment is how people

change or adapt to the physical
world.
 History of Mapmaking
The skills and methods people use to make
maps are called cartography
(kahr.tog.ruh.fee).

The oldest surviving map was drawn on a

clay tablet in Babylon more than 4,000 years
ago.

At around 100, Ptolemy (tahl.uh.mee) an

Ancient Greek who wrote about making
accurate maps.

In the 800s, Muslim scholars translated the

works of Ptolemy into Arabic, and made
maps showing the holy city of Mecca at the
center.

At around 1155, the Chinese began to print

maps. This was important because printing
allowed for more maps to be made.
 Features of Maps
Hemisphere is an imaginary line used
to divide Earth halves.

The line used to divide Earth into

North and South Hemispheres is
called equator.

The line used to divide Earth into

Eastern and Western Hemisphere is
called the prime meridian.

Latitude measures distance north and

south of the equator.

Longitude measures distance east and

west of the prime meridian.
 1) DRAW a map of Earth
2) LABEL Equator, Prime Meridian, Latitude and Longitude

 Map Projec3ons
Homolosine Projec5on shows the
Mercator Projec5on is an shapes and sizes of landmasses,
excellent reference for but the distance on the maps are
direc5on. not correct.
 Map Projec3ons
Robinson Projec5on shows
the en5re Earth. The sizes of
the con5nents and oceans are
almost accurate.
 Discovering the Past
Archaeology is the recovery
and study of physical evidence
from the past.

Artifact is an object made by a

human.

Excavation is when
archaeologists dig to find
evidence.

Culture is a way of life shared

by a group of people (arts,
beliefs, customs, language, and
technology).
 Interpre5ng the Past
Historians explain the importance of the past.

Questions historians ask

1) When
2) Where
3) Who
4) What
5) Why

Primary sources is a document or artifact

created during a historical event.

Oral history are stories told verbally from

generation to generation.

Secondary source is about a historical event

created by someone who was not actually there
(newspapers, books, and paintings).

WATCH Clayton Kershaw No-Hitter Last Pitch

Answers to La5tude
and Longitude Map

A.60*N, 90*W
B.O*N, 150*W
C.30*S, 60*W
D.60*S, 60*E
E.30*N, 150*E
F.50*N, 70*E
 Reading A Map
1) Compass Rose shows direction
on the map.
2) Locator on a map shows which
part of the world.
3) Scale shows distance on Earth.
4) Lines can indicate rivers, political
boundaries, roads, or other
things.
5) Legend or Key explains the
symbols, lines, and colors on the
map.
6) Lines of Latitude and Longitude
shows where places are located
on Earth.
7) Labels are for key cities, bodies
of water, and landforms.