C.

Pollutants (PULP MAKING)

PROCESS WASTE/POLLUTANTS

Debarking Barks (to be recycled as

fertilizer/fuel)

Chipping Wood residues (chipped woods)

Digesting Hydrogen sulfide (acidic), methyl mercaptan

(acidic), dimethyl sulfide (basic), dimethyl
disulfide (basic)
Undigested chips

Waste water containing VOCs (terpenes, phenols,

Washing methanol, acetone, chloroform, methyl ethyl ketone
[MEK]), reduced sulfur compounds (TRS)

Screening

Waste water containing dioxin (toxic), chlorine

Bleaching (acidic). Chlorine dioxide (acidic), AOX
(Adsorbable Organohalogens)

Dioxin (toxic), chlorine (acidic). Chlorine dioxide,

Washing AOX

To Paper
Making

Hydrogen sulfide is the chemical compound with the formula H 2S. It is a colorless gas with the
characteristic foul odor of rotten eggs; it is heavier than air, very poisonous, corrosive, flammable,
and explosive.
Molar mass: 34.0809 g/mol
Boiling point: -60 C
Melting point: -82 C
Density: 1.36 kg/m
Soluble in: Water
Classification: Sulfide, Sulfur compounds

Methanethiol/Methyl mercaptan is an organosulfur compound with the chemical formula CH

3SH. It is a colorless gas with a distinctive putrid smell.
Formula: CH4S
Molar mass: 48.11 g/mol
Density: 960 kg/m

Dimethyl sulfide or methylthiomethane is an organosulfur compound with the formula (CH)S.

Dimethyl sulfide is a water-insoluble flammable liquid that boils at 37 C and has a characteristic
disagreeable odor.
Density: 840 kg/m
Boiling point: 37.34 C
Dimethyl disulfide is an organic chemical compound with the molecular formula CHSSCH which
is the simplest disulfide. It is a flammable liquid with an unpleasant, garlic-like odor.
Boiling point: 110 C
Melting point: -85 C
Density: 1.06 g/cm

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are organic chemicals that have a high vapor pressure at
ordinary room temperature. Their high vapor pressure results from a low boiling point, which causes
large numbers of molecules to evaporate or sublimate from the liquid or solid form of the compound
and enter the surrounding air, a trait known as volatility.
Terpenes (/trpin/) are a large and diverse class of organic compounds, produced by a
variety of plants, particularly conifers, though also by some insects such as termites or
swallowtail butterflies, which emit terpenes from their osmeteria. They are often strong-
smelling.
Phenol, also known as carbolic acid, is an aromatic organic compound with the molecular
formula CHOH. It is a white crystalline solid that is volatile. The molecule consists of a
phenyl group bonded to a hydroxyl group.
Formula: C6H6O
IUPAC ID: Phenol
Molar mass: 94.11124 g/mol
Boiling point: 181.7 C
Density: 1.07 g/cm
Melting point: 40.5 C
Soluble in: Water
Methanol, also known as methyl alcohol, wood alcohol, wood naphtha, methyl hydrate,
or wood spirits, is a chemical with the formula CHOH.
Formula: CH3OH
Molar mass: 32.04 g/mol
Boiling point: 64.7 C
Density: 792 kg/m
Vapor pressure: 13.02 kPa
Melting point: -97.6 C
Classification: Alcohol
Acetone (systematically named propanone) is the organic compound with the formula
(CH)CO. It is a colorless, volatile, flammable liquid, and is the simplest ketone.
Formula: C3H6O
Boiling point: 56 C
Molar mass: 58.08 g/mol
Density: 791 kg/m
Melting point: -95 C
Classification: Ketone
Chloroform is an organic compound with formula CHCl. It is a colorless, sweet-
smelling, dense liquid that is produced on a large scale as a precursor to PTFE and
refrigerants, but the latter application is declining.
Formula: CHCl3
Molar mass: 119.38 g/mol
Boiling point: 61.2 C
Density: 1.49 g/cm
IUPAC ID: Trichloromethane
Melting point: -63.5 C
Butanone, also known as methyl ethyl ketone, is an organic compound with the formula
CHCCHCH. This colorless liquid ketone has a sharp, sweet odor reminiscent of
butterscotch and acetone.
Formula: C4H8O
Boiling point: 79.64 C
Molar mass: 72.11 g/mol
IUPAC ID: Butan-2-one
Melting point: -86 C
Density: 805 kg/m
Soluble in: Water
Dioxin is the common name for the chemical 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, or TCDD. The term
dioxins refers to a group of dioxin-like chemical compounds that share similar chemical structures.
They all contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and chlorine. In pure form, dioxins are crystals or
colorless solids. Dioxins include some polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Dioxins and PCBs are all
persistent organic pollutants and endocrine disruptors.

Chlorine is a chemical element with symbol Cl and atomic number 17. It has a relative atomic mass of
about 35.5. Chlorine is in the halogen group and is the second lightest halogen, following fluorine.
Symbol: Cl
Atomic mass: 35.453 u 0.002 u
Electron configuration: [Ne] 3s23p5
Atomic number: 17
Electronegativity: 3.16
Discovered: 1774
Discoverer: Carl Wilhelm Scheele

Chlorine dioxide is a chemical compound with the formula ClO2. This yellowish-green gas
crystallizes as bright orange crystals at 59 C. As one of several oxides of chlorine, it is a potent and
useful oxidizing agent used in water treatment and in bleaching.
Molar mass: 67.45 gmol1
Appearance: Yellow to reddish gas
Odor: Acrid
Density: 2.757 g dm3[1]
Melting point: 59 C (74 F; 214 K)
Boiling point: 11 C (52 F; 284 K)
Solubility in water: 8 g dm3 (at 20 C)
Solubility: soluble in alkaline and sulfuric acid solutions

Halogenated organic compounds (HOC) have increasingly been used within various industries over
the years. Some man-made halogenated compounds are toxic, mutagenic, or carcinogenic and they
may have harmful effects on human health and the environment. Adsorbable Organic Halogen (AOX)
Compounds (X = Cl, Br, I)) is a sum parameter for describing the organic halogen compound load in
water, sewage sludge and soils. The parameter covers a large group of substances from simple volatile
substances such as trichloromethane (chloroform), or complex organic molecules such as
dioxins/furans with a large variety of toxic properties. Most AOXs are chlorine-containing molecules,
but bromo- and iodo-AOXs do also occur. Almost all chemicals known as persistent organic pollutants
(POPs), e.g., polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), DDT, and dioxins, are halogenated compounds.
However, numerous halogenated organic compounds remain to be assessed to find out whether they
harm human health or the environment and are therefore captured in the analysis of AOX. AOX
compounds pose a potential concern because they resist breaking down in the environment therefore
they have long half-life periods. Some of these molecules are toxic at high concentrations. They may
also pose a threat to aquatic organisms living in estuaries because they can bioaccumulate in the food
chain. Hence, AOX can be important in effluent quality monitoring from landfill leachates or industry
in order to meet discharge limits