AN INTERACTIVE BUS ALERT & CONVENIENT COMMUNICATION

SYSTEM FOR BLIND PEOPLE USING RF

A PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by

GAYATHRI M R (923013106008)

HARSHA R (923013106011)

HEMA S (923010106012)

PORKODI P (923013106028)

in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

IN

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

ARULMURUGAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KARUR

ANNA UNIVERSITY::CHENNAI-600 025

APRIL /MAY 2017

1
 ANNA UNIVERSITY::CHENNAI 600 025

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this Thesis titled AN INTERACTIVE BUS

ALERT & CONVENIENT COMMUNICATION SYSTEM FOR BLIND
PEOPLE USING RFis the bonafide work of GAYATHRI M R (923013106008),
HARSHA R (923013106011),HEMA S (923010106012),PORKODI P
(923013106028) who carried out the work under my supervision. Certified further that
to the best of my knowledge the work reported herein does not form part of any other
thesis or dissertation on the basis of which a degree or award was conferred on an
earlier occasion on this or any other candidate.

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE
Mr.S.SOMASUNDARAM M.E.,(Ph.D) Mr.P.NIRMALKUMAR,M.E.,
HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT, SUPERVISOR,
Department of Electronics and Assistant Professor,
Communication Engineering, Department of Electronics and
Arulmurugan College of Engineering, Communication Engineering,
Karur-639206. Arulmurugan College of Engineering,
Karur-639206

Submitted for Viva-Voce Examination held on _____________

Internal Examiner External Examiner

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost, we wish to express our deep unfathomable feeling,

gratitude and ineptness to our institution and our department for providing us a
chance to fulfill our long cherished dream of becoming Electronics and
Communication Engineers.
We wish to acknowledge with thanks to Thiru.V.CHANDRASEKARAN,
C h a i r m a n , Dr.P.V.KANDASAAMY M.Tech., MBA., MIE., Correspondent, for the
excellent encouragement given by the management of our college.
We wish to express our hearty thanks to Dr.P.SHANMUGAM
M.E.,Ph.D., Principal of our college, for his constant motivation and continual
regarding of our project work.
We are grateful to Mr.P.SOMASUNDARAM M.E., Head of the
Department, Electronics and Communication Engineering for his direction
delivered at all times required.
We express our hearty thanks to our project guide Mr. P.NIRUMAL
KUMAR. ME Assistant Professor, Department of Electronics and
Communication Engineering, for his guidance and constant supervision as well
as for providing necessary information regarding the project and also for the
support in completion of the project.
We express our thanks to our project coordinator Mr. P.NIRUMAL
KUMAR. ME Assistant Professor, Department of Electronics and
Communication Engineering for his constant support and encouragement to the
project.

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 ABSTRACT

The major challenge to any visually impaired person is to identify and

avoid obstacles and to adapt themselves to the surrounding environment. Some
of the conventional methods used by the visually impaired/challenged people to
reach their destination are talking sign, guide cans, echolocations etc. In this
paper, we have discussed some of the existing systems in this domain and we
have proposed a novel idea that can be implemented with the help of wireless
sensor networks (WSN) for easy navigation of visually impaired through public
transport. According to the proposed idea, an RF unit is placed at the bus stop
where the visually impaired are waiting and this unit is recognized by another
unit in the bus. By using an RFID tag the visually impaired will give the input
about his/her presence at the bus stop. The signals are generated by ARM-7 and
these signals are sent by the ARM controller to the bus via RF module. A voice
synthesizer APR9600 is used to convert the bus routes into an audio output. The
visually impaired are alerted using a buzzer which will be turned ON as soon as
the bus enter the bus stop. According to the wish of the visually impaired
individual to aboard a specific route bus, this is notified to him/her with the help
of voice synthesizer system. The bus routes from the bus are sent through the
RF transceiver to the transceiver with the visually impaired and the
announcement about the bus routes are made through the speaker to the visually
impaired individual. The secondary aim of the project is to help senior citizen &
illiterate people for independent navigation through public transport.

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 CHAPTER 1

1.INTRODUCTION

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) has been an emerging technology

in recent years. The applications of RFID technology have been numerous and
the usage of this technology has led to many application specific designs and
models that are today being used in many control system. As of India, around 8
million people in India are blind. India is now home to the world's largest
number of blind people with 20% of the whole world. Hence, we need to make
their lives more comfortable by introducing a system that helps them enjoy
transportation services independently and freely like ordinary people, without
relying on others. Helping visually impaired people use public transport can
increase their chances of education and employment and reduce the financial
burden on their families.
WHAT RFID IS? It is a non contact system that uses radio frequency
electromagnetic fields to transfer information to another for the purpose of
automatic identification. RFID is feasible and cost effective but it is more
suitable for indoor communication only. Also it provides only one way
communication and a very short range of identification.

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 CHAPTER 2

2.LITERATURE REVIEW

A literature review has showed there are many studies made use of Radio
Frequency identification (RFID) as a system that transmits the identity of an
object using radio waves by Kumar [1]. This identity is transmitted in a form of
serial number that distinguishes each object from others. The RFID system
consists of an RFID reader and an RFID tag. The tag consists of the microchip
that is connected to an antenna; microchip can store a maximum of 2 KB of
data, which may include data and information about the product, manufacturing
date, and destination.
Further, the author also observed that the ability of the reader field decreases
quickly with increasing distance, which defines the area of reading to 4-5 meter
distance using VHF 860-930 MHz . Another research Ben & Abdullah
Introduced a system that monitors children inside the bus in a safe manner. It
uses a combination of RFID, GPS (Global Positioning System), and GPRS
(General Packet Radio Service) technologies. Each student carries a unique
RFID card. The card is embedded in each of the students school bags.
Whenever a student enters or exits from the bus, the reader records the time,
date, and location and then transfer the data into a secure database and this does
not require any action from the drivers and students.

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 CHAPTER 3

3.EXISTING METHOD

3.1 EXISTING SYSTEM

Consider the case of blind how he confronts the accompanying issues,

when utilizing open transport.Trip arranging - finding a stop/station - finding
passageway to the station - exploring inside the station- finding the right stage
and holding up spot - knowing when the right vehicle arrives - finding a
vehicle passageway - installment - finding a seat - withdraw on right stop -
exploring inside the station - finding the way out of the station - finding the
destination.The vast majority of these assignments are paltry for the located,
yet exceptionally troublesome for the outwardly debilitated. There are
situations when a visually impaired individual has spent a few hours on the
transport stop, since he couldn't perceive entry of the right vehicle. What's
more, present framework has taking after disadvantages.

Manual operation
Monitoring relies upon driver
Alertness of the system is less
System is unsafe

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 CHAPTER 4

4.PROPOSED METHOD

4.1 PROPOSED SYSTEM

The main aim of the project is providing bus information to the blind
person. The person find out the bus by using this system The
position and number of seats available inside the bus find out
through some special sensors and wireless communication modules
for information sensor network. This module is used for high
level communication in personal area networks which has low
This displays the location and thus helps the User to get down to
the desired location power and low voltage wireless applications..
Its transmission distances are between 10-100 meters line of sight.
The bus receives the signal from User persons unit and the bus
stops at bus station for enabling the person to enter the bus.
Microcontroller PIC16F887: The PIC controller in bus unit is used
for the interfac ing of the LCD display. The bus receives bus
number which is required by the blind in RF communication
area. It will compare number with itself.

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 CHAPTER 5

5. BLOCK DIAGRAM & WORKING

5.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM

fig 5.1.1.block diagram for blind system

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 5.1.2.block diagram for bus unit

5.2 WORKING PRINCIPLE

The blind with PDA (Integrated RFID tag) go to

Electro magnetic fie ld of BS. The blind can search
destination and register the bus number
which they want to take to BS.
One of features of BS is
RFID Reader, when the blind in the bind area, BS will
announce exiting of blind people to them. Other feature BS
is transfer to buses number that the blind want to take.
The bus receives bus number which is required by the blind in
RF co mmunication area .

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 It will co mpare nu mber with itself.
The blind can hear number of the bus which they want to
take when this bus stop in front of the blind. The blind can
easy to take the bus.
The working of the system includes
two units: The bus unit and the Blind unit. Its transmission distances
are
between 10-100 meters line of sight. in bus receives the
signal from User persons unit and the bus stops at bus
station for enabling the person to enter the bus.
Microcontroller PIC16F887: The PIC controller in bus unit
is used for the interfacing of the LED display. The is displays
the location and thus helps the User to get down to the
desired location.

5.3 COMPONENTS USED

AT328PU
RF TRANSMITTER
RF RECEIVER
CONTROL PANEL
NOTIFICATIONS RF TRANSECIVER
INPUT PANEL
VOICE RECOGANISATION

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 CHAPTER 6

6. AT328 PU
6.1 AT328 PU DOMAIN

ATmega328P in a 28-pin dual inline package (DIP).The ATmega328 is a

single-chip microcontroller created by Atmel in the mega AVR family.

6.2 SPECIFICATIONS

The Atmel 8-bit AVR RISC-based microcontroller combines 32 kB ISP flash

memory with read-while-write capabilities, 1 kB EEPROM, 2 kB SRAM, 23
general purpose I/O lines, 32 general purpose working registers, three flexible
timer/counters with compare modes, internal and external interrupts, serial
programmable USART, a byte-oriented 2-wire serial interface, SPI serial port,
6-channel 10-bit A/D converter (8-channels in TQFP and QFN/MLF packages),
programmable watchdog timer with internal oscillator, and five software
selectable power saving modes The device operates between 1.8-5.5 volts. The
device achieves throughput approaching 1 MIPS per MHz.[1]

Fig 6.2.1 Atmega328P microchip

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6.3 KEY PARAMETERS

Parameter Value

CPU type 8-bit AVR

Performance 20 MIPS at 20 MHz[2]

Flash memory 32 kB

SRAM 2 kB

EEPROM 1 kB

Pin count 28-pin PDIP, MLF, 32-pin TQFP, MLF[2]

Maximum operating frequency 20 MHz

Maximum I/O pins 26

External interrupts 24

USB Interface No

USB Speed No

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6.4 SERIES ALTERNATIVES

A common alternative to the ATmega328 is the "Pico Power" ATmega328P. A

comprehensive list of all other member of the mega AVR series can be found on
the Atmel.

Fig 6.4.1 Atmega328 pin

6.5 APPLICATIONS

As of 2013 the ATmega328 is commonly used in many projects and

autonomous systems where a simple, low-powered, low-cost micro-controller is
needed[citation needed]. Perhaps the most common implementation of this chip
is on the popular Arduino development platform, namely the Arduino
Uno and Arduino Nano models.October 1, 2016 Ismail Arduino, Article,
Atmel AVR In last years the use of Arduino increases exponentially due to its
readability and easiness. But the point to think is whether the use of Arduino is
in favor of engineers or not. First of all, we will look upon the advantages of
Arduino and later we will discuss the disadvantages. Yes there might be some
disadvantages of Mighty Arduino as well. Let's starts with advantages.

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6.6 ADVANTAGES

1. Ready to Use:

The biggest advantage of Arduino is its ready to use structure. As Arduino

comes in a complete package form which includes the 5V regulator, a burner, an
oscillator, a micro-controller, serial communication interface, LED and headers
for the connections. You don't have to think about programmer connections for
programming or any other interface. Just plug it into USB port of your computer
and that's it. Your revolutionary idea is going to change the world after just few
words of coding.

2. Examples of codes:

Another big advantage of Arduino is its library of examples present inside the
software of Arduino. I'll explain this advantage using an example ofvoltage
measurement. For example if you want to measure voltage using ATmega8
micro-controller and want to display the output on computer screen then you
have to go through the whole process.

The process will start from learning the ADC's of micro-controller for
measurement, went through the learning of serial communication for display
and will end at USB - Serial converters. If you want to check this whole
process click on the link below.DC voltage measurement using Atmel AVR
micro-controller.

3. Effortless functions:

During coding of Arduino, you will notice some functions which make the life
so easy. Another advantage of Arduino is its automatic unit conversion
capability. You can say that during debugging you don't have to worry about the
units conversions. Just use your all force on the main parts of your projects. You
don't have to worry about side problems.

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4. Large community:

There are many forums present on the internet in which people are talking about
the Arduino. Engineers, hobbyists and professionals are making their projects
through Arduino.

You can easily find help about everything. Moreover the Arduino website itself
explains each and every functions of Arduino.

So, We should conclude the advantage of Arduino by saying that during

working on different projects you just have to worry about your innovative idea.
The remaining will handle by Arduino itself.

6.7 DISADVANTAGES

1. Structure:

Yes, the structure of Arduino is its disadvantage as well. During building a

project you have to make its size as small as possible. But with the big
structures ofArduino we have to stick with big sized PCBs. If you are working
on a small micro-controller like ATmega8 you can easily make your PCB as
small as possible.

2. Cost:

The most important factor which you cannot deny is cost. This is the problem
which every hobbyist, Engineer or Professional has to face. Now, we must
consider that the Arduino is cost effective or not.

Now, for three smart energy meters present at some distance connected with
different loads must have their own processor.

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 CHAPTER 7

7. RF TRANSMITTER

7.1 INTRODUCTION

An RF module (radio frequency module) is a (usually) small electronic device

used to transmit and/or receive radio signals between two devices. In
an embedded system it is often desirable to communicate with another
device wirelessly. This wireless communication may be accomplished
through optical communication or through radio frequency (RF)
communication. For many applications the medium of choice is RF since it does
not require line of sight. RF communications incorporate
a transmitter or receiver.

Fig 7.1.1.RF transmitter

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 RF modules are widely used in electronic design owing to the difficulty
of designing radio circuitry. Good electronic radio design is notoriously
complex because of the sensitivity of radio circuits and the accuracy of
components and layouts required to achieve operation on a specific frequency.
In addition, reliable RF communication circuit requires careful monitoring of
the manufacturing process to ensure that the RF performance is not adversely
affected. Finally, radio circuits are usually subject to limits on radiated
emissions, and require Conformance testing and certification by
a standardizationorganization such as ETSI or the U.S. Federal
Communications Commission (FCC). For these reasons, design engineers will
often design a circuit for an application which requires radio communication
and then "drop in" a pre-made radio module rather than attempt
a discrete design, saving time and money on development.

RF modules are most often used in medium and low volume products for
consumer applications such as garage door openers, wireless alarm
systems, industrial remote controls, smart sensor applications, and wireless
home automation systems. They are sometimes used to replace older infra red
communication designs as they have the advantage of not requiring line-of-sight
operation.

Several carrier frequencies are commonly used in commercially available RF

modules, including those in the industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) radio
bands such as 433.92 MHz, 915 MHz, and 2400 MHz. These frequencies are
used because of national and international regulations governing the used of
radio for communication. Short Range Devices may also use frequencies
available for unlicensed such as 315 MHz and 868 MHz.

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RF modules may comply with a defined protocol for RF communications such
as Zigbee, Bluetooth low energy, or Wi-Fi, or they may implement a proprietary
protocol. An RF transmitter module is a small PCB sub-assembly capable of
transmitting a radio wave and modulating that wave to carry data. Transmitter
modules are usually implemented alongside a micro controller which will
provide data to the module which can be transmitted.

RF transmitters are usually subject to regulatory requirements which dictate the

maximum allowable transmitter power output, harmonics, and band edge
requirements. RF stands for Radio Frequency.

EM (Electro-magnetic) waves in the frequency range from 30KHz to 300GHz is

known as Radio Frequency waves. Different parts of RF spectrum are used for
specific applications and technologies. RF spectrum is usually approved and
regulated by government. It is sold to private cellular network service provider
under agreement. Figure-1 mentions various radio frequency bands till 300
GHz.

7.2 ADVANTAGES

1. It has different penetration through the walls of the buildings or houses based
on the frequency. Hence used for radio and television transmission and for
cellular mobile phone service.

2. Used in various medical applications. It is used in Diathermy instrument for

surgery. It is used in MRI for taking images of human body. It is also used for
skin tightening.

3. It is used in radar for object detection.

4. It is used for satellite communication.

5. It is used in microwave line of sight communication system.

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7.3 DISADVANTAGES

1.Uncontrolled radiation of RF affects pre-adolescent childrens, pregnant

women, elderly humans, patients with pace makers, small birds, flora and fauna,
small insects etc.

2.The areas near RF cellular towers have been observed with more lightening
compare to other areas.

3.It also affects some of the fruits grown near the RF tower areas.

7.3 APPLICATION:

Vehicle monitoring Remote control Telemetry Small-range wireless network.

Wireless meter reading Access control systems Wireless home security systems
Area paging Industrial data acquisition system.

Radio tags reading RF contactless smart cards Wireless data terminalsWireless

fire protection systemsBiological signal acquisition Hydrological and
meteorological monitoring Robot remote control Wireless data transmissions
Digital video/audio transmission Digital home automation, such as remote
light/switch Industrial remote control, telemetry and remote sensing Alarm
systems and wireless transmission for various types of low-rate digital signal
Remote control for various types of household appliances and electronics
projects.

Many other applications field related to RF wireless controlling Mobile web

server for elderly people monitoring.

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 CHAPTER 8

8.RF RECEIVER

8.1 INTRODUCTION

Radio device for receiving radio waves and converting them to a useful signal

Early broadcast radio receiver. Truetone model from about 1940

In radio communications, a radio receiver (commonly also called a radio) is an

electronic device that receives radio waves and converts the information carried
by them to a usable form. It is used with an antenna. The antenna intercepts
radio waves (electromagnetic waves) and converts them to tiny alternating
currents which are applied to the receiver, and the receiver extracts the desired
information. The receiver uses electronic filters to separate the desired radio
frequency signal from all the other signals picked up by the antenna, an
electronic amplifier to increase the power of the signal for further processing,
and finally recovers the desired information through demodulation.

Fig 8.1.1 RF Receiver

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The information produced by the receiver may be in the form of sound (an
audio signal), images (a video signal) or digital data.[1] A radio receiver may be
a separate piece of electronic equipment, or an electronic circuit within another
device.

Devices that contain radio receivers include television sets, radar equipment,
two-way radios, cell phones, wireless computer networks, GPS navigation
devices, satellite dishes, radio telescopes, bluetooth enabled devices, garage
door openers, and baby monitors.

In consumer electronics, the terms radio and radio receiver are often used
specifically for receivers designed to reproduce the audio (sound) signals
transmitted by radio broadcasting stations, historically the first mass-market
commercial radio application.

8.2 TYPES

ALMA's Band 5 receivers detect electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths

between about 1.4 and 1.8 mm (211 and 163 GHz).[2] The picture shows only
peripheric components of the receiver such as the Local Oscillator multiplier
chain. The main receiver components of the ALMA band 5 receiver, such as
horn antennae, superconductive SIS mixers, and cryogenic low-noise
amplifiers, reside on a cartridge that is inserted into a cryostat and cooled to 4K,
12K, and 90K, respectively.

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8.3 HISTORY

Radio waves were first identified in German physicist Heinrich Hertz's 1887
series of experiments to prove James Clerk Maxwell's electromagnetic theory.
Hertz used spark-excited dipole antennas to generate the waves and micrometer
spark gaps attached to dipole and loop antennas to detect them.[14][15][16]
These primitive devices are more accurately described as radio wave sensors,
not "receivers", as they could only detect radio waves within about 100 feet of
the transmitter, and were not used for communication but instead as laboratory
instruments in Hertz's scientific experiments.

8.4 WORKING

Although they may have additional functions, almost all radio receivers perform
three basic functions; filtering, amplification, and demodulation:

Bandpass filtering: The receiver uses a circuit called a bandpass filter to select
the radio signal of the desired radio transmitter from the multiple radio signals
picked up by the antenna.

In radio communication, radio waves from many transmitters pass through the
air simultaneously without interfering with each other because they have
different frequencies, that is, the carrier wave of each transmitter oscillates at a
different rate, measured in megahertz (MHz) or gigahertz (GHz). See graphs
below. Vin shows the voltage from the antenna. The antenna typically receives
a broad range of frequencies, so the oscillating voltage from the antenna is a
composite that contains signals from other transmitters at other frequencies (S2,
S3, and S4) and radio noise (RFI or static) from the atmosphere (N), in addition
to the desired radio station's signal (S1). To separate out the desired radio

23
transmission, the bandpass filter allows the frequency of the radio station to
pass though, and blocks signals at all other frequencies.

How the bandpass filter selects a single radio signal S1 from all the radio
signals received by the antenna. From top, the graphs show the voltage from the
antenna applied to the filter Vin, the transfer function of the filter T, and the
voltage at the output of the filter Vout as a function of frequency f. The transfer
function T is the amount of signal that gets through the filter at each frequency:

The bandpass filter consists of one or more resonant circuits (tuned circuits). A
simple resonant circuit is composed of an inductor (coil of wire) and a capacitor
connected together. It has a natural resonant frequency similar to a tuning fork,
which is set equal to the frequency of the desired radio station. The resonant
circuit is connected between the signal line and ground. When the incoming
radio signal is at the resonant frequency, it sets up sympathetic oscillations
(resonance) in the resonant circuit, giving it a high impedance, so the radio
signal from the desired station is passed on to the following stages of the
receiver.

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8.5 ADVANTAGES

At the high frequencies used for radio transmission, signal processing circuitry
often performs poorly. Amplifying devices have little gain, and are prone to
instability and parasitic oscillation. At the microwave frequencies used in
modern wireless devices, ordinary circuits using capacitors and inductors must
be replaced with cumbersome high frequency techniques such as striplines and
waveguides. works better.

The different frequencies of different stations are all converted to the same
frequency, the IF, for filtering, so the bandwidth and gain of the receiver is
constant over its frequency range. To tune the receiver to a different frequency,
only the frequency of the local oscillator LO needs to be changed. The rest of
the receiver after the mixer operates at a fixed frequency, the IF. The TRF
receiver (as well as other types of receiver described in the History section
below) require that the bandpass filter (tuned circuit) be adjustable to different
frequencies. The bandwidth of a filter of a given Q factor is proportional to its
center frequency, so the bandwidth of these receivers increases as they are tuned
to higher frequencies.It is also easier to build tunable oscillators than tunable
electronic filters.

The total amplification of the receiver is divided between three amplifiers at

different frequencies; the RF, IF, and audio amplifier. This reduces problems
with feedback and parasitic oscillations that are encountered in receivers where
most of the amplifier stages operate at the same frequency, as in the TRF
receiver.

The most important advantage is that better selectivity can be achieved by doing
the filtering at the lower intermediate frequency.

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 CHAPTER 9

SPEECH SYNTHESIS

9.1 INTRODUCTION

Speech synthesis is the artificial production of human speech. A computer

system used for this purpose is called a speech computeror speech synthesizer,
and can be implemented in software or hardware products.

A text-to-speech (TTS) system converts normal language text into speech; other
systems render symbolic linguistic representations like phonetic
transcriptionsinto speech.

Synthesized speech can be created by concatenating pieces of recorded speech

that are stored in a database. Systems differ in the size of the stored speech
units; a system that stores phones or diphones provides the largest output range,
but may lack clarity.

For specific usage domains, the storage of entire words or sentences allows for
high-quality output. Alternatively, a synthesizer can incorporate a model of
the vocal tract and other human voice characteristics to create a completely
"synthetic" voice output.

The quality of a speech synthesizer is judged by its similarity to the human

voice and by its ability to be understood clearly. An intelligible text-to-speech
program allows people with visual impairments or reading disabilities to listen
to written works on a home computer. Many computer operating systems have
included speech synthesizers since the early 1999s.

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Fig 9.1.1 speech recognation module

27
9.2 AUTOMATIC ANNOUNCEMENT

A synthetic voice announcing an arriving train in Sweden.

Speech synthesizer voice saying "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy
dog 1,234,567,890 times [unintelligible noise]"

A text-to-speech system (or "engine") is composed of two parts:[3] a front-

end and a back-end. The front-end has two major tasks. First, it converts raw
text containing symbols like numbers and abbreviations into the equivalent of
written-out words. This process is often called text normalization, pre-
processing, or tokenization. The front-end then assigns phonetic
transcriptions to each word, and divides and marks the text into prosodic units,
like phrases, clauses, and sentences.

The process of assigning phonetic transcriptions to words is called text-to-

phoneme or grapheme-to-phonemeconversion. Phonetic transcriptions and
prosody information together make up the symbolic linguistic representation
that is output by the front-end. The back-endoften referred to as
the synthesizerthen converts the symbolic linguistic representation into
sound. In certain systems, this part includes the computation of the target
prosody (pitch contour, phoneme durations),[4] which is then imposed on the
output speech.

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9.3 HISTORY

Long before the invention of electronic signal processing, some people tried to
build machines to emulate human speech. Some early legends of the existence
of "Brazen Heads" involved Pope Silvester II (d. 1003 AD), Albertus
Magnus (11981280), and Roger Bacon (12141294).

In 1779 the Danish scientist Christian Gottlieb Kratzenstein, working at the

Russian Imperial Academy of Sciences and Arts, built models of the
human vocal tract that could produce the five long vowel sounds
(in International Phonetic
Alphabet notation: [a], [e], [i], [o]and [u]).[5] There followed the bellows-
operated "acoustic-mechanical speech machine" of Wolfgang von
Kempelen of Pressburg, Hungary, described in a 1791 paper.[6] This machine
added models of the tongue and lips, enabling it to produce consonants as well
as vowels. In 1837, Charles Wheatstone produced a "speaking machine" based
on von Kempelen's design, and in 1846, Joseph Faber exhibited the "Euphonia".
In 1923 Paget resurrected Wheatstone's design.[7]

In the 1930s Bell Labs developed the vocoder, which automatically analyzed
speech into its fundamental tones and resonances. From his work on the
vocoder, Homer Dudley developed a keyboard-operated voice-synthesizer
called The Voder (Voice Demonstrator), which he exhibited at the 1939 New
York World's Fair.

29
 Dr. Franklin S. Cooper and his colleagues at Haskins Laboratories built
the Pattern playback in the late 1940s and completed it in 1950. There were
several different versions of this hardware device; only one currently survives.
The machine converts pictures of the acoustic patterns of speech in the form of
a spectrogram back into sound. Using this device, Alvin Liberman andolleagues
discovered acoustic cues for the perception of phonetic segments (consonants
and vowels)

.Dominant systems in the 1980s and 1990s were the MITalk system, based
largely on the work of Dennis Klatt at MIT, and the Bell Labs system;[8] the
latter was one of the first multilingual language-independent systems, making
extensive use of natural language processing methods.Early electronic speech-
synthesizers sounded robotic and were often barely intelligible.

The quality of synthesized speech has steadily improved, but as of 2016 output
from contemporary speech synthesis systems remains clearly distinguishable
from actual human speech.

Kurzweil predicted in 2005 that as the cost-performance ratio caused speech

synthesizers to become cheaper and more accessible, more people would benefit
from the use of text-to-speech programs.[9]

30
9.4 ADVANTAGES

Speech Synthesis systems can be adapted easily to say whatever users want
them to say. For example, for a medication reminder system that uses a
synthetic voice, changes in medication or in the medication regime are no
problem. In contrast, a system that uses a human voice might need new data
might to be recorded.

Typical Speech Synthesis systems offer a range of different accents and voices,
whereas systems that use pre-recorded human voices may offer only one or two.

9.5 DISADVANTAGES

Despite large improvements, Speech Synthesis can still sound a little unnatural.

The approaches to Speech Synthesis that yield the most natural speech need
considerable resources in terms of data storage and processing power.

9.6 APPLICATIONS

Synthetic speech may be used in several applications. Communication aids

have developed from low quality talking calculators to modern 3D applications,
such as talking heads. The implementation method depends mostly on used
application. In some cases, such as announcement or warning systems,
unrestricted vocabulary is not necessary and the best result is usually achieved
with some simple messaging system. With suitable implementation some funds
may also be saved. On the other hand, some applications, such as reading
machines for the blind or electronic-mail readers, require unlimited vocabulary
and a TTS system is needed.

31
The application field of synthetic speech is expanding fast whilst the quality of
TTS systems is also increasing steadily. Speech synthesis systems are also
becoming more affordable for common customers, which makes these systems
more suitable for everyday use. For example, better availability of TTS systems
may increase employing possibilities for people with communication
difficulties.

9.6.1 APPLICATIONS FOR THE BLIND

Probably the most important and useful application field in speech synthesis is
the reading and communication aids for the blind. Before synthesized speech,
specific audio books were used where the content of the book was read into
audio tape. It is clear that making such spoken copy of any large book takes
several months and is very expensive. It is also easier to get information from
computer with speech instead of using special bliss symbol keyboard, which is
an interface for reading the Braille characters.

The first commercial TTS application was probably the Kurzweil reading
machine for the blind introduced by Raymond Kurzweil in the late 1970's. It
consisted of an optical scanner and text recognition software and was capable to
produce quite intelligible speech from written multifont text (Klatt 1987). The
prices of the first reading machines were far too high for average user and these
machines were used mostly in libraries or related places. Today, the quality of
reading machines has reached acceptable level and prices have become
affordable for single individual, so a speech synthesizer will be very helpful and
common device among visually impaired people in the future. Current systems
are mostly software based, so with scanner and OCR system, it is easy to
construct a reading machine for any computer environment with tolerable
expenses. Regardless of how fast the development of reading and
communication aids is, there is always some improvements to do.

32
The most crucial factor with reading machines is speech intelligibility which
should be maintained with speaking rates ranging from less than half to at least
three times normal rate (Portele et al. 1996). Naturalness is also an important
feature and makes the synthetic speech more acceptable. Although the
naturalness is one of the most important features, it may sometimes be desirable
that the listener is able to identify that speech is coming from machine (Hess
1992), so the synthetic speech should sound natural but somehow "neutral".

When the output from a speech synthesizer is listened for the first time, it may
sound intelligible and pleasant. However, during longer listening period, single
clicks or other weak points in the system may arise very annoying. This is
called an annoying effect and it is difficult to perceive with any short-term
evaluation method, so for these kind of cases, the feedback from long-term
users is sometimes very essential.

Speech synthesis is currently used to read www-pages or other forms of media

with normal personal computer. Information services may also be implemented
through a normal telephone interface with keypad-control similar to text-tv.
With modern computers it is also possible to add new features into reading aids.
It is possible to implement software to read standard check forms or find the
information how the newspaper article is constructed. However, sometimes it
may be impossible to find correct construction of the newspaper article if it is
for example divided in several pages or has an anomalous structure.

A blind person can not also see the length of an input text when starting to listen
it with a speech synthesizer, so an important feature is to give in advance some
information of the text to be read. For example, the synthesizer may check the
document and calculate the estimated duration of reading and speak it to the
listener. Also the information of bold or underlined text may be given by for
example with slight change of intonation or loudness.

33
9. 6.2 APPLICATIONS FOR THE DEAFENED

AND VOCALLY HANDICAPPED

People who are born-deaf can not learn to speak properly and people with
hearing difficulties have usually speaking difficulties. Synthesized speech gives
the deafened and vocally handicapped an opportunity to communicate with
people who do not understand the sign language. With a talking head it is
possible to improve the quality of the communication situation even more
because the visual information is the most important with the deaf and dumb. A
speech synthesis system may also be used with communication over the
telephone line (Klatt 1987).

Adjustable voice characteristics are very important in order to achieve

individual sounding voice. Users of talking aids may also be very frustrated by
an inability to convey emotions, such as happiness, sadness, urgency, or
friendliness by voice. Some tools, such as HAMLET (Helpful Automatic
Machine for Language and Emotional Talk) have been developed to help users
to express their feelings (Murray et al. 1991, Abedjieva et al. 1993). The
HAMLET system is designed to operate on a PC with high quality speech
synthesizer, such as DECtalk.

With keyboard it is usually much slower to communicate than with normal

speech. One way to speed up this is to use the predictive input system that
always displays the most frequent word for any typed word fragment, and the
user can then hit a special key to accept the prediction. Even individual pre-
composed phrases, such as greetings or salutes, may be used.

34
9. 6.3 EDUCATIONAL APPLICATIONS

Synthesized speech can be used also in many educational situations. A

computer with speech synthesizer can teach 24 hours a day and 365 days a year.
It can be programmed for special tasks like spelling and pronunciation teaching
for different languages. It can also be used with interactive educational
applications.

Especially with people who are impaired to read (dyslexics), speech synthesis
may be very helpful because especially some children may feel themselves very
embarrassing when they have to be helped by a teacher (Klatt 1987). It is also
almost impossible to learn write and read without spoken help. With proper
computer software, unsupervised training for these problems is easy and
inexpensive to arrange.

A speech synthesizer connected with word processor is also a helpful aid to

proof reading. Many users find it easier to detect grammatical and stylistic
problems when listening than reading. Normal misspellings are also easier to
detect.

9.6.4 APPLICATIONS FOR TELECOMMUNICATIONS

AND MULTIMEDIA

The newest applications in speech synthesis are in the area of multimedia.

Synthesized speech has been used for decades in all kind of telephone enquiry
systems, but the quality has been far from good for common customers. Today,
the quality has reached the level that normal customers are adopting it for
everyday use.

35
Electronic mail has become very usual in last few years. However, it is
sometimes impossible to read those E-mail messages when being for example
abroad. There may be no proper computer available or some security problems
exists. With synthetic speech e-mail messages may be listened to via normal
telephone line. Synthesized speech may also be used to speak out short text
messages (sms) in mobile phones.

For totally interactive multimedia applications an automatic speech recognition

system is also needed. The automatic recognition of fluent speech is still far
away, but the quality of current systems is at least so good that it can be used to
give some control commands, such as yes/no, on/off, or ok/cancel.

9. 6.5 OTHER APPLICATIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS

In principle, speech synthesis may be used in all kind of human-machine

interactions. For example, in warning and alarm systems synthesized speech
may be used to give more accurate information of the current situation. Using
speech instead of warning lights or buzzers gives an opportunity to reach the
warning signal for example from a different room. Speech synthesizer may also
be used to receive some desktop messages from a computer, such as printer
activity or received e-mail.

36
In the future, if speech recognition techniques reach adequate level, synthesized
speech may also be used in language interpreters or several other
communication systems, such as videophones, videoconferencing, or talking
mobile phones.

If it is possible to recognize speech, transcribe it into ASCII string, and then

resynthesize it back to speech, a large amount of transmission capacity may be
saved. With talking mobile phones it is possible to increase the usability
considerably for example with visually impaired users or in situations where it
is difficult or even dangerous to try to reach the visual information. It is obvious
that it is less dangerous to listen than to read the output from mobile phone for
example when driving a car.

During last few decades the communication aids have been developed from
talking calculators to modern three-dimensional audiovisual applications. The
application field for speech synthesis is becoming wider all the time which
brings also more funds into research and development areas. Speech synthesis
has also several application frameworks which are described in the following
chapter.

37
 CHAPTER 10

10 INPUT PANEL

10.1INTRODUCTION

Computers in the 1950s and 1960s typically dealt with data that were organized
into records either by the nature of the media, e.g., lines of print, or by
application requirements. IOCS was intended to allow Assembler language
programmers to read and write records without having to worry about the
details of the various devices or the blocking of logical records into physical
records. IOCS provided the I/O support for several compilers.

Although some technical details and nomenclature are different among the
various IOCS packages, the fundamental concepts are the same. For
concreteness, the discussion and examples in this article will mostly be in terms
of 7070 IOCS.[6][7] Also, multiple continuation lines will be shown as ellipses
when they don't serve to illustrate the narrative.

An IOCS program must do three things, each discussed in a subsection below.

Identify required IOCS services

Create control blocks for individual files

Process files

38
10.2 SERVICES

Input supported several classes of I/O equipment

Disk drives

Tape drives

In telecommunication, a communications system is a collection of individual

communications networks, transmission systems, relay stations, tributary
stations, and data terminal equipment (DTE) usually capable of interconnection
and interoperation to form an integrated whole. The components of a
communications system serve a common purpose, are technically compatible,
use common procedures, respond to controls, and operate in union.
Telecommunications is a method of communication (e.g., for sports
broadcasting, mass media, journalism, etc.). A communications subsystem is a
functional unit or operational assembly that is smaller than the larger assembly
under consideration...

An optical communication system is any form of telecommunication that uses

light as the transmission medium. Equipment consists of a transmitter, which
encodes a message into an optical signal, a channel, which carries the signal to
its destination, and a receiver, which reproduces the message from the received
optical signal. Fiber-optic communication systems transmit information from
one place to another by sending light through an optical fiber. The light forms a
carrier signal that is modulated to carry information.

39
A radio communication system is composed of several communications
subsystems that give exterior communications capabilities. A radio
communication system comprises a transmitting conductor[4] in which
electrical oscillations[5][6][7] or currents are produced and which is arranged to
cause such currents or oscillations to be propagated through the free space
medium from one point to another remote therefrom and a receiving
conductor[4] at such distant point adapted to be excited by the oscillations or
currents propagated from the transmitter.

Power line communication systems operate by impressing a modulated carrier

signal on power wires. Different types of powerline communications use
different frequency bands, depending on the signal transmission characteristics
of the power wiring used. Since the power wiring system was originally
intended for transmission of AC power, the power wire circuits have only a
limited ability to carry higher frequencies.

10.3 TECHNOLOGY

A duplex communication system is a system composed of two connected parties

or devices which can communicate with one another in both directions. The
term duplex is used when describing communication between two parties or
devices. Duplex systems are employed in nearly all communications networks,
either to allow for a communication "two-way street" between two connected
parties or to provide a "reverse path" for the monitoring and remote adjustment
of equipment in the field. An Antenna is basically a small length of a qwert
conductor that is used to radiate or receive electromagnetic waves. It acts as a
conversion device.At the transmitting end it converts high frequency current
into electromagnetic waves.At the receiving end it transforms electromagnetic
waves into electrical signals that is fed into the input of the receiver. several
types of antenna are used in communication.

40
10.4 INPUT TRANSDUCER(SENSOR)
Sensors, like microphones and cameras, capture non-electric sources, like sound
and light (respectively), and convert them into electrical signals. These types of
sensors are called input transducers in modern analog and digital ommunication
systems. Without input transducers there would not be an effective way to
transport non-electric sources or signals over great distances, i.e. humans would
have to rely solely on our eyes and ears to see and hear things despite the
distances. Not good! Other examples of input transducers include:

Microphones
Cameras
Keyboards
Mouse (See Computer Peripherals)
Force Sensors
Accelerometers

10.5 KEY COMPONENTS

Sources can be classified as electric or non-electric; they are the origins of a

message or input signal. Examples of sources include but are not limited to
theAudio Files (MP3, MKV, MP4, etc...)

Graphic Image Files (GIFs)

Email Messages
Human Voice
Television Picture
Electromagnetic Radiation

41
10.6 APPLICATIONS

A tactical communications system is a communications system that (a) is used

within, or in direct support of tactical forces (b) is designed to meet the
requirements of changing tactical situations and varying environmental
conditions, provides securable communications, such as voice, data, and video,
among mobile users to facilitate command and control within, and in support of,
tactical forces, and usually requires extremely short installation times, usually
on the order of hours, in order to meet the requirements of frequent relocation.

An Emergency communication system is any system (typically computer based)

that is organized for the primary purpose of supporting the two way
communication of emergency messages between both individuals and groups of
individuals. These systems are commonly designed to integrate the cross-
communication of messages between are variety of communication
technologies.

An Automatic call distributor (ACD) is a communication system that

automatically queues, assigns and connects callers to handlers.

A Voice Communication Control System (VCCS) is essentially an ACD with

characteristics that make it more adapted to use in critical situations (no waiting
for dialtone, or lengthy recorded announcements, radio and telephone lines
equally easily connected to, individual lines immediately accessible etc..)

42
 CHAPTER 11

11 PANEL CONTROL

11.1 INTRODUCTION

Engineering discipline that deals with architectures, mechanisms and algorithms

for maintaining the output of a specific process within a desired range

This article does not cite anysources. Please help improve this article by adding
citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged
and removed. (November 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template
message).

Process control is an engineering discipline that deals

with architectures, mechanismsand algorithms for maintaining the output of a
specific process within a desired range. For instance, the temperature of a
chemical reactor may be controlled to maintain a consistent product output.

Process control is extensively used in industry and enables mass production of

consistent products from continuously operated processes such as oil refining,
paper manufacturing, chemicals, power plants and many others. Process control
enables automation, by which a small staff of operating personnel can operate a
complex process from a central control room.

11.2 CONTENTS

Example of a continuous flow control loop. Signalling is by industry standard 4-

20 mA current loops, and a "smart" valve positionerensures the control
valveoperates correctly.

43
Process control may either use feedback or it may be open loop. Control may
also be continuous (automobile cruise control) or cause a sequence of discrete
events, such as a timer on a lawn sprinkler (on/off) or controls on an elevator
(logical sequence).

A thermostat on a heater is an example of control that is on or off. A

temperature sensor turns the heat source on if the temperature falls below the set
point and turns the heat source off when the set point is reached. There is no
measurement of the difference between the set point and the measured
temperature (e.g. no error measurement) and no adjustment to the rate at which
heat is added other than all or none.

A familiar example of feedback control is cruise control on an automobile. Here

speed is the measured variable. The operator (driver) adjusts the desired
speed set point(e.g. 100 km/hr) and the controller monitors the speed sensor and
compares the measured speed to the set point.

Any deviations, such as changes in grade, drag, wind speed or even using a
different grade of fuel (for example an ethanol blend) are corrected by the
controller making a compensating adjustment to the fuel valve open position,
which is the manipulated variable. The controller makes adjustments having
information only about the error (magnitude, rate of change or cumulative error)
although settings known as tuning are used to achieve stable control. The
operation of such controllers is the subject of control theory.

44
A commonly used control device called aprogrammable logic controller, or a
PLC, is used to read a set of digital and analog inputs, apply a set of logic
statements, and generate a set of analog and digital outputs.

For example, if an adjustable valve were used to hold level in a tank the logical
statements would compare the equivalent pressure at depth setpoint to the
pressure reading of a sensor below the normal low liquid level and determine
whether more or less valve opening was necessary to keep the level constant. A
PLC output would then calculate an incremental amount of change in the valve
position. Larger more complex systems can be controlled by process control
systems like Distributed Control System(DCS)

11.3 HIERARCHY OF PANEL CONTROL

Functional levels of a manufacturing control operation.

The accompanying diagram is a general model which shows functional

manufacturing levels in a large process using computerised control.

Processes can be characterized as one or more of the following forms:

Discrete Found in many manufacturing, motion and packaging applications.

Robotic assembly, such as that found in automotive production, can be
characterized as discrete process control.

45
Most discrete manufacturing involves the production of discrete pieces of
product, such as metal stamping.Batch Some applications require that specific
quantities of raw materials be combined in specific ways for particular durations
to produce an intermediate or end result. One example is the production of
adhesives and glues, which normally require the mixing of raw materials in a
heated vessel for a period of time to form a quantity of end product. Other
important examples are the production of food, beverages and medicine.

Batch processes are generally used to produce a relatively low to intermediate

quantity of product per year (a few pounds to millions of pounds).Continuous
Often, a physical system is represented through variables that are smooth and
uninterrupted in time. The control of the water temperature in a heating jacket,
for example, is an example of continuous process control. Some important
continuous processes are the production of fuels, chemicals and plastics.
Continuous processes in manufacturing are used to produce very large
quantities of product per year (millions to billions of pounds).

Applications having elements of discrete, batch and continuous process control

are often called hybrid applications.

46
 CHAPTER 12

12 NOTIFICATIONS

12.1NOTIFICATION:

All notifications are disabled by default. You must enable the publishing of
notifications. See"Enabling External Notifications in Electronics" for
information.

You use the JMX interface, such as JConsole, to enable specific types of
notifications. See"Configuring Notifications for Online Charging"for
information.

The allowed values for configuring notification types are follows:

NONE: No notification is sent.

ASYNCHRONOUS: An asynchronous notification is sent.

PIGGYBACK: Events are included as an in-session notification on the usage

response message (send as a block on the usage response).

ASYNC_PIGGYBACK: Both asynchronous and in-session notifications are

sent.

Only Advice of Charge (AoC) service events and threshold breach service
events can be configured for in-session notifications (PIGGYBACK). All other
service events must be configured for ASYNCHRONOUS notifications when
notifications are enabled for them.

For ECE to publish external notifications, configure the JMS credentials for the
JMS server on which the notification queue (JMS topic) resides.
See "Configuring JMS Credentials for Publishing External Notifications".
A notification is a message you can display to the user outside of your

47
application's normal UI. When you tell the system to issue a notification, it first
appears as an icon in the notification area. To see the details of the notification,
the user opens the notification drawer. Notifications, as an important part of the
Android user interface, have their own design guidelines. The material design
changes introduced in Android 5.0 (API level 21) are of particular importance,
and you should review the Material Design training for more information. To
learn how to design notifications and their interactions, read
the Notifications design guide.

Fig 12.1.1 Light Emitting Diode

48
Fig 12.1.2 Blind Module

Fig 12.1.3 Bus Mdule

49
Fig 12.1.4 Notifications

50
 CHAPTER 13

13 RF TRANSRECEIVER

13.1 INTRODUCTION

Generally, an RF module is a small size electronic device, that is used to

transmit or receive radio signals between two devices. The main application of
RF module is an embedded system to communicate with another device
wirelessly. This communication may be accomplished through radio frequency
communication. For various applications the medium of choice is radio
frequency since it does not need line of sight.The applications of RF modules
mainly involve in low volume and medium volume products for consumer
applications like wireless alarm systems, garage door openers, smart sensor
applications, wireless home automation systems and industrial remote controls.
This article discusses about block diagram of RF transceiver module and its
applications.

What is a RF Transceiver?

A transceiver is a blend of a transmitter and a receiver in a single package. The

name applies to wireless communication devices like cellular telephones,
handheld two-way radios, cordless telephone sets, and mobile two-way radios.
Sometimes the term is used in reference to the transmitter or receiver devices in
optical fiber systems or cables.

In a radio transceiver, the receiver is silenced while transmitting. An electronic

switch permits the transmitter and receiver to be allied to the same antenna and
stops the o/p of the transmitter from injuring the receiver. With this kind of a
transceiver, it is difficult to get signals while transmitting and this mode is
named as half duplex.

51
Some kind of transceivers is designed to let reception of signals through
transmission periods. This mode is called as full duplex, and needs that the
transmitter (TX) and receiver (RX) work on considerably different frequencies
so the signal which is transmitted doesnt interfere with reception.
Communication devices sets use this mode. Satellite communication networks
frequently employ full-duplex transceivers at the surface based subscriber
points. The transceiver-to-satellite (transmitted) signal is called the uplink, and

13.1.1 RF trancereceiver

In general, the designer of wireless systems has two overriding limitations: it

must work over a convinced distance and transfer a convinced amount of
information within a data rate. The size of the RF modules is very small and
have an extensive range of a operating voltage that is 3V to 12V.

52
Basically, these modules are 433 MHz RF TX and RX modules. The transmitter
(TX) draws no power when transferring logic zero while fully destroying the
carrier frequency, thus consume considerable low power in battery operation.
When logic1 is sent carrier is fully on to about 4.5mA with a 3V power supply.
The information is sent serially from the transmitter (TX) which is received by
the receiver. Transmitter (TX) and the receiver (RX) are duly interfaced to two
Microcontrollers for transferring the data.

RF modules can be applied for various types, sizes and shapes of electronic
circuit boards. It can also be useful for modules across a vast variety of capacity
and functionality. These modules typically include a PCB, TX circuit or RX
circuit, antenna and serial interface for communication to the main processor.
The types of RF modules mainly include RF transmitter module, RF receiver
module RF transceiver module and SOC module.There are 3-types of signal
modulation techniques commonly used in RF transmitter and RF receiver
modules such as ASK-amplitude shift keying, OOK-On-Off Keying and FSK-
frequency shift keying

An RF transceiver module includes both a transmitter and receiver. The circuit

of RF transceiver module is typically designed for half-duplex operation and
although full-duplex modules are available, typically at a higher cost due to the
added complexity.

13.2 RF Transmitter

An RF transmitter module is a small size PCB capable of transferring a radio

wave and modulating radio wave to carry data. RF transmitter modules are
usually applied along with a micro controller, which will offer data to the
module which can be transmitted. These transmitters are usually subject to
controlling requirements which command the maximum acceptable transmitter
power o/p, band edge and harmonics requirements.

53
13.3 RF Receiver

An RF receiver module takes the modulated RF signal to demodulate it. There

are two kinds of RF receiver modules, namely the super-regenerative receivers
and super-heterodyne receivers. Usually, super-regenerative modules are low
power designs and low cost using a series of amplifiers to remove modulated
data from a carrier wave. These modules vary, generally inaccurate as their
operation of frequency significantly with power supply voltage and temperature.
The main advantage of Superheterodyne receiver modules is a high
performance over super-regenerative. They offer increased stability and
accuracy over a large temperature and voltage range. This stability comes from
a stable crystal design which in turn leads to a relatively more expensive
product.

RF transceiver module is used in a particular device where both the transmitter

and receiver houses in a single module. Such devices transmit and receives RF
signal, so that is named as RF Transceiver. Mostly the position of RF
Transceiver module is in between Power amplifier/Low Noise Amplifier and
Baseband MODEM in any wireless communication system. Baseband Modem
houses, chip sets of several analog or digital modulation techniques and analog
to digital conversion or digital to analog conversion chips.

RF Transceiver module design is made up of amplifiers, RF Mixers, pads &

other RF components using micro strip technology. The transmitter and
Receiver parts in the RF transceivers called as RF Up converter and RF Down
converter.

54
13.4 Technical Specifications of RF Transceiver

There are so many parameters related to RF Transceiver

The parameters in the RF transmitter part include gain flatness, i/p and o/p
frequency range, gain adjustment, conversion gain, compression point, 1dBm
frequency stability, spurious & harmonic o/p.

The parameters on the receiver part include input & an output frequency range,
gain flatness,gain adjustment, spurious output, noise figure, Image rejection,
adjacent channel,non adjacent channel and rejection frequency stability.

Technical Specifications of RF Transceiver

Technical Specifications of RF Transceiver

13.5 Applications of RF Transceiver

RF transceiver module is used in wireless communication. The main application

of this transceiver is to make information in the form of data/ voice / video apt
to be transmitted over the wireless medium.

The main intention of this device is to alter IF frequency to RF frequency and

vice versa.

RF transceiver module is used in for radio transmission, satellite

communication, for television signal transmission, reception and in Wimax or
WLAN, Zigbee or ITE networks.

For better understanding of this concept, here we are explaining some projects
as an application purpose

55
13.5.1 RF based Home Automation System

The main goal of this project is to design a home automation system controlled
by RF remote. Now-a-days, technology is improving day by day. By using
wireless technology, we can avoid difficulty for the user.

If the user is physically handicapped, or even more elder, then they will face lot
of difficulties. Because they need to go near to conventional wall switches to
operate and these switches are located in different parts of the house. With the
use of RF controlled switches, modern houses are shifting from conventional
switches to a centralized control system.

By using wireless technology, the loads can be turned ON/OFF remotely with
the specified remote operation. In order to achieve this, an RF remote is
interfaced to the microcontroller at the end of transmitter section which sends
ON/OFF commands to the receiver end, where loads are connected.

56
 CHAPTER 14

14 CONCLUSION

Through this paper we hope to study the subject of applications to support

disable people, especially blind people increasingly spend a lot more
attention. This idea was again demonstrate the broad licability of the WSN
technology. Although we realize the limitations of the system that is still
exiting as blind people identification at the bus station, or need to add some
features such as equipment necessary to search destination informat ion for
b lind people, RFID technology is used at the bus station to recognize the
blind people automatically etc, but this system has reduced the
inconvenience of the blind people when they participate bus transportation.
We take experiment two parts for check about performance of this system.
First part particularizes distance according to RSSI. We can expect
excellence more easily to ta ke bus by experiment result. Understand some
features are limited of this version. And the complete bus system, we will
research more carefully about the
design systems and technology used to design. So that we will design ne xt
version of this system early with more complete, as well as optimization
function for the blind when they participate bus system. Fina lly, we
hope principle bus system can apply to other systems such as Automatic
shop to support disable people in near future.

57
 CHAPTER 15

15 REFERENCES

[1] Dong-Hyeon Chae, Gyu-Ho Han, Gyeong-Su Lim, Sun-

Sin Ahn, Sensor Network Outline and Technology trend,
Journal of information science Vol. 22, 12th edition, 2004

[2] Bo livar Torres, Qing Pang, (2010), 'Integration of an

RFID reader to a Wireless sensor network and its use to
identify an individual carrying RFID tag', International
Journal of ad hoc. Sensor& ubiquitous computing, voU,

[3] Kang Lee, IEEE 1451: A Standard in Support of Smart

Transducer Networking, IEEE Instru mentation and Measurement
Technology Conference, May 1-4, 2000,
no.4,
[4] Brendan D Perry, Sean Morris and Stephanie Carc ieri,
(2009), 'RFID Technology to Aid in Navigation and
Organization fo r the Blind and Partia lly Sighted', pp. 1- 52.

[5] Rav i Mishra and Sornnath Koley, (2012),'Voice Operated

Outdoor Navigation System For Visually Impaired Persons',
International Journal of Engineering and Technology,Vol 3, Issue
2,pp.l53-157.

[6] G Lavanya M.E., Assistant Professor, Preethy. W,

Shamee m. Sushmitha. RIVyea r, Bio med ical Engineering,
Passenger BUS Ale rt System for Easy Nav igation of Blind ,
2013 International Conference on Circuits, Power and
Co mputing Technologies [ICCPCT - 2013].

58
59