2101.02.

12
"

MFB

EMG

Design and construction of MFB filters with different

specifications for EMG measurement in medical
instrumentation

: 092.444023 0
0.2240241. 0


1 ...........................................................
2 .......................................................
4 .1 ......................................................
5 .2 .........................................................
5 .2.1 ........................................................................
7 .2.2 ..................................................................
7 .2.2.2 ................................. LPF
8 .2.2.2 ................................ HPF
21 .2.2.2 .................................... BPF
22 .2.2.4 ..................................... BSF
22 .2.2 ................................
26 .2.2 ..........................................................
26 .2.4.2 .................................................................
27 .2.4.2 .........................................
27 .2.4.2 .......................................................................
28 .2.4.4 .......................................................................
29 .2.4.5 ..........................................................................
21 .2.4.6 ................................................................
22 .2.4.7 / ........................
22 .2.4.8 ............................................
24 .2.2 ..........................................................
24 .2.5.2 ................................................. Sallen key
26 .2.5.2.2 ............................. Sallen key
28 .2.5.2.2 ............................. Sallen key
21 .2.5.2 ....................................... Multi Feedback
22 .2.5.2.2 ................... Multi Feedback
24 .2.5.2.2 ................... Multi Feedback
26 .2.5.2.2 ............ Multi Feedback
28 .2.5.2 ................ Multi Feedback
28 .2.5.2.2 .............................................
46 .2.5.2.2 ......................................
56 .2 ........................................................
56 .2.1 ..............................................................
58 .2.2 ..................................................
58 .2.2.2 ........................................... LPF
62 .2.2.2.2 ..................................................
62 .2.2.2 .................................... BPF
66 .2.2.2.2 ...................................................
67 .2 .....................................................................

6 :2
7 :2 "" LPF
7 :2 LPF
8 :4 "" HPF
9 :5 HPF
21 :6 "" BPF
21 :7 BPF
22 :8 "" BSF
22 :9 BSF
22 Roll-off :21
24 :22 Q
25 :22 Q
26 :22
26 :24
27 :25
28 :26
29 :27
21 :28
22 :29
22 :21
22 :22 Sallen Key Filter
26 :22 Sallen Key LPF
28 :22 Sallen Key- HPF
21 :24 Multi Feedback
22 :25 MFB- LPF
24 :26 MFB- HPF
26 :27 MFB- BPF
28 :28 LPF-
41 :29 -LPF Matlab-
42 :21 -LPF Matlab-
42 :22 MULTISIM- LPF
42 :22 ( MULTISIM- 21%)
44 :22 ( MULTISIM- 21%)
45 :24 ( MULTISIM- 21% , 21%)

2
46 :25 BPF
48 :26 -BPF Matlab -
49 :27 -BPF Matlab -
51 :28 MULTISIM- BPF
52 :29 MULTISIM- BPF
52 :41 MULTISIM - ( BPF 21%)
52 :42 MULTISIM - (BPF 21%)
54 :42 MULTISIM - (BPF 21%,
21%)
55 :42 MULTISIM - (BPF 21%,
21%)
57 :44 ,
57 :45 ,
58 :46
61 :47
61 :48 ]10100 [Hz
62 :49
62 :51 ]1100 [Hz
64 :52 ]918 [Hz
65 :52 ]2411[Hz

3
 .1

,
.
,Multi Feedback
, .
Matlab Simulink - .
.

.

4
 .2
2.1

( Pass -
)Band ( .)Stop Band

.
).(Equalizer
.
.
.
.

- , RC, RL . RLC-
, - .
,
. ,
.
- - (
) . ,
. .

, .
" .
, s :

N ( s) a0 a1s a2 s2 ... an s n
H (s)
D( s) b0 b1s b2 s2 ... bn s n

"" "".

5

.
( )2 .

:2

, " " ( .)Cut-off Frequency

. ,
.

) Pout ( f c Vout ( f c ) 1
H ( f cut off ) 0.5 H ( f cut off )
) Pin ( f c ) Vin ( f c 2
P (f ) V ( f )
H ( f cut off ) dB 10log out c 20log out c 3.01dB
Pin ( f c ) Vin ( f c )

6
 .2.2

.2.2.1 ):(Low Pass Filter or L.P.F

.

:2 "" LPF

RC :

:2 LPF

7
 :

1
sC Vout 1
Vout Vin H S
1 Vin 1 sRC
R
sC

1 c 1
c H s
RC s c 1 s
c

Rad
. c
sec

.2.2.2 ):(High Pass Filter or H.P.F

.

:4 "" HPF

8
 RC :

:5 HPF

R Vout sRC
Vout Vin H s
1 Vin 1 sRC
R
sC

1 s 1
c H s
RC s c 1 c
s

Rad
. c
sec

9
 .2.2.2 ):(Band Pass Filter or B.P.F
.

:6 "" BPF

RLC :

:7 BPF

10
 R
R V sRC s
Vout Vin H s out L
1 Vin 1 sRC s LC
2
1 R
R sL s s2
sC LC L

,
. . ,
.
( ) " ".

1
o -:
. 2 LC

.2.2.2 ):(Band Stop Filter or B.S.F

.

:8 "" BSF

11
 RLC :

:9 BSF

1 1
R sL R s2
sC
Vout R s LC 12


LC
Vout Vin H s
1 Vin 1 sRC s 2 LC 1 R
R sL s s2
sC LC L

,
.

1
. o -:
2 LC

.
-
. .

" "
. Roll-Off
dB

. dec

12
 Roll-off :21

.2.2

-:

a0 K c2
H LP ( s ) 2
s b1s b0 s 2 s c 2
c
Q

c .

" - Q " .

, .

13
 :22 Q

-:

a2 s 2 Ks 2
H HP ( s )
s 2 b1s b0 s 2 s c 2
c
Q

- c .

- Q .

-:

a1s Ks
H BP ( s )
s 2 b1s b0 s 2 s c 2
c
Q

- c .

14
 - Q . .

Q - .

( .)6

:22 Q

-:

a2 s 2 a0 K s 2 c2
H BS ( s) 2
s b1s b0 s 2 s c 2
c
Q

- c - Q . .

15
 .2.2

.2.2.1 )(Operational Amplifier

( 215) . , ,
MFB .

V
Vout
V

:22

:24

vout GOL v v :

Rin GOL
. Rout 0 ,
.

16
 vout vout
v v 0 v v
GOL

.2.2.2 )(Inverting Configuration

() ,
.

.2.2.2 )(Inverting amplifier

Rf

Vin R
Vout

:25

V V 0
V R
Vin V V Vout H G out f
Vin R
R R f

( G )
. -
, .

17
 .2.2.2 )(Summing Configuration

.
V1 ,V2 ,V3 ...Vn R1 , R2 , R3 ...Rn.

Vn Rn

V3 R3

V2 R2 Rf

V1 R1
Vout

:26

V V V V
Vout R f 1 2 3 ... n
R1 R2 R3 Rn

. V1 ,V2 ,V3 ...Vn

.

R1 R2 R3 ... Rn R
Rf Rf n
Vout
R
V1 V2 V3 ... Vn
R
V
k 1
k

18
 .2.2.2 )(Differentiator

Rf

C
Vin
Vout

:27

1
Z
SC )V (s
H ( s ) out SCR f
Rf V ( s )
Vout ( s ) Vin ( s ) Vin ( s ) SCR f in

Vout ( s ) Vin ( s ) SCR f

dV (t )
Vout (t ) CR f in
dt

,
. CR f

19
 .2.2.. )(Integrator

Vin R
Vout

:28

1
Z
SC ) Vout ( s 1
H ( s)
Z )V (s ) Vin ( s SCR
Vout ( s ) Vin ( s ) in
R SCR

) Vin ( s
Vout ( s )
SCR
't
1
CR 0
Vout (t ) Vin (t )dt

,
. CR f

20
 .2.2.. /- )(Non-Inverting Configuration

/ ( )28

Rf

R
Vout
Vin

:29

V V Vin
V 1 1
0 Vin Vin Vout out Vin
R R
R R f f f R

/-:

Vout R f
H 1
Vin R

21
 .2.2.. )(Differential Configuration

Rf

V1 R1
Vout
V2 R2

Rg

:21

- . ,
. V1 . /-.

Rg
V V V2
R R
g 2

R Rg R f
Vout ,1 V 1 f V2 1
R R R
R1
1 g 2

V2 . .

V V V1
R
Vout ,2 V1 f
R1

Vout Vout ,1 Vout ,2

Rg R f Rf
Vout V2 1 V
R R 1
R1
g 2 R1

22
 :

R1 R2 Rg R f R
R R R
Vout V2 1 V1 V2 V1
R R R R

23
 .2.2

. Sallen Key Multi

.FeedBack

.2.2.1 Sallen-Key
. Sallen-Key
. , .

:22 Sallen Key Filter

:Sallen Key

Vin Vx Vx Vout Vx V
)(1
Z1 Z4 Z2
V Vout
Vin Vx Vx Vout Vx Vout

Z1 Z4 Z2

24
 V(-) node:

Vx V V

Z2 Z3
Vx V V

Z 2 Z 2 Z3
Z
Vx V 2 1
Z3
Z
Vx Vout 2 1 (2)
Z3
:) 2( ) 2(

Z Z Z
Vin Vout 2 1 Vout 2 1 Vout Vout 2 1 Vout
Z3 Z3 Z3
Z1 Z4 Z2
Z Z Z
Vout 2 1 Vout 2 1 Vout Vout 2 1 Vout
Vin
Z3 Z3 Z3
Z1 Z1 Z4 Z2
Z Z Z Z Z
Vin Vout 2 1 1 Vout 2 1 Vout 1 2 1 Vout
Z3 Z4 Z3 Z 2 Z3
Z ZZ Z
Vin Vout 2 1 Vout 1 2 Vout 1
Z3 Z 4 Z3 Z3
Z ZZ Z Z ( Z Z1 ) Z1Z 2 Z 3 Z 4
Vin Vout 2 1 1 2 1 Vin Vout 4 2
Z3 Z 4Z3 Z3 Z3Z 4
Z Z Z 2 Z 4 Z1Z 4 Z 3 Z 4
Vin Vout 1 2
Z3Z 4
:Sallen Key

Vout Z3Z 4
H ( s)
Vin Z1Z 2 Z 2 Z 4 Z1Z 4 Z 3Z 4

25
 Sallen Key - .2.2.1.1
.Sallen key LPF Sallen key filter

Sallen Key LPF :22

:
1 1
Z1 R1 Z 2 R2 Z3 Z4
sC2 sC1

: "

1 1

sC2 sC1
H s
1 1 1 1
R1R2 R2 R2
sC2 sC1 sC2 sC1
1
2
s C1C2
H s
1 1 1 1
R1R2 R2 2
C2 C1 s s C1C2
1
2
s C1C2 1
H s 2
sR1R2C1C2 sR2C1 sR2C2 1 s R1R2C1C2 sR2C1 sR2C2 1

s 2C1C2 S 2

26
 :LPF Sallen Key

1

H s R1R2C1C2
1
s 2 sR1 (C1 C2 )
R1R2C1C2

:
Kc2
H LP ( s )
c
s2 s c2
Q

:
1
c
R1R2C1C2
1
Q
R1 (C1 C2 ) R1R2C1C2

27
 Sallen Key - .2.2.1.2
.Sallen key HPF Sallen key filter

Sallen Key- HPF :22

:
1 1
Z1 Z2 Z 3 R2 Z 4 R1
sC1 sC2

: "

R2 R1
H s
1 1 1 1
R1 R1 R2 R1
sC2 sC1 sC2 sC1
R2 R1
H s
1 1 1 1
2 R1 R2 R1
s C1C2 C2 C1 s
R2 R1 s 2 R2 R1C1C2
H s
1 sR1C1 sR1C2 s 2 R2 R1C1C2 1 sR1C1 sR1C2 s 2 R2 R1C1C2

s 2C1C2
:HPF Sallen Key ,

s2
H s
1
s 2 R2 (C1 C2 ) s
R1R2C1C2

28
 :
Ks 2
H LP ( s )
c
s2 s c2
Q
:

1
c
R1R2C1C2
1
Q
R2 (C1 C2 ) R1R2C1C2

29
 .2.2.2 Multi Feedback
. RC
. DC - .

:24 Multi Feedback

:Multi Feedback
1
. Yn
Zn
:

V1 node:
(1) Y1Vin Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 V1 Y3V2 Y2Vout 0

(2) V2 0

V2 node:
Y3V1 Y5Vout 0
)(3 Y5
V1 Vout
Y3

30
 :) 2( ) 2( ) 2(

Y5
Y1Vin Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Vout Y2Vout 0
Y3
Y Y Y2Y5 Y3Y5 Y4Y5 Y2Y3
Y1Vin 1 5 Vout 0
Y3

: MFB

Vout YY
H ( s) 1 3

Vi Y4Y5 Y5 Y1 Y2 Y3 Y2Y3

31
 .2.2.2.1 MFB -
Multi Feedback filter LPF .Multi Feedback

:25 MFB- LPF

:
1 1
R1 Z1 R2 Z 2 R3 Z 3 Z4 Z5
SC1 SC2

" :MFB-
YY
H s 1 3

s C1C2 sC2 Y1 Y2 Y3 Y2Y3

2

YY
1 3

C1C2
H s
Y Y Y Y Y
s2 s 1 2 3 2 3
C1 C1C2

:MFB
1
R1R3C1C2
H ( s)
11 1 1 1
s2 s
C1 R1 R2 R3 R1R3C1C2

32
 :
Kc2
H LP ( s )
c
s2 s c2
Q

1 C1C2 R2 R3
c Q
R1R3C1C2 RR
C1 R2 R3 2 3
R1

33
 .2.2.2.2 MFB -

Multi Feedback filter HPF .Multi Feedback

:26 MFB- HPF

:
1 1 1
Z1 Z2 Z3 R1 Z 4 R2 Z 5
sC1 sC2 sC3

" :MFB-

s 2C1C3
H ( s)
1 C C2 C3 s s 2C C
1 2 3
R1R2 R2

:MFB

C1 2
s
C2
H (s)
C C2 C3 s 1
s2 1
R2C2C3 R1R2C2C3

34
 :

Ks 2
H HP ( s )
c
s2 s c2
Q

R2C2C3
1 R1
c Q
R1R2C3C2 C1 C2 C3

35
 MFB .2.2.2.2
.Multi Feedback HPF Multi Feedback filter

MFB- BPF :27

:
1 1
R1 Z1 Z2 Z3 R3 Z 4 R2 Z 5
sC2 sC1

:MFB- "
C1
s
R1
H ( s)
1 1 1
sC2 sC1 s 2C1C2
R2 R3 R2 R1
1
s
C2 R1
H ( s)
1 1 1 1 1
s s2
C1C2 R2 R3 R2 C1C2 R1 C1 C2

36
 MFB:

1
s
C2 R1
H (s)
1 1 1 1 1 1
s2 s
R2 C1 C2 C1C2 R2 R1 R3

Ks
H BP ( s )
c
s2 s c2
Q
:

1 1 1 R2 R1 R3
c Q
C1C2 R2 R1 R3 2 R1R3 R2

37
 .2.2.2 MFB

.2.2.2.1

R2

2.4k
C1

680pF

R1
R3 U1 Vout

Vin 2.4k 15.4k

1 Vrms
C2
500 Hz 10nF
0

:28 LPF-

K
H ( s)
c
s2 s c2
Q

1

C1C2 R1R3
H (s)
1 1 1 1 1
s2 s
C2 R1 R2 R3 C1C2 R2 R3

38
 1 1
c 2 f c fc
C1C2 R2 R3 2 C1C2 R2 R3

C1C2 R2 R3
Q
RR
C1 R2 R3 2 3
R1

3.98 109
H (s)
s 2 s 89.8 103 3.98 109

f c 10.04 103 Hz

Q 0.702

MATLAB -

.LPF - MATLAB - ,

num=[0 0 -3.98e09];
den=[1 89.8e03 3.98e09];
H=tf(num,den)
r=roots(den)
bode(H);

h = gcr;
h.AxesGrid.Xunits = 'Hz';
h.AxesGrid.Yunits = {'dB','deg'};
grid on;

plot(real(r),imag(r),'r+');
xlabel('real ');
ylabel('Image');
grid;

39
 :
-44900 + j 44317
-44900 - j 44317

:29 -LPF Matlab-

40
 :21 -LPF Matlab-

- , ,
( )y- .10log(0.5) 3.01dB (

)x- .
, 10 KHz ( ).

41
 MULTISIM -

:22 MULTISIM- LPF

( )y- . 3.01 dB -

y1 , ( )x- x1

. 10 KHz
.MATLAB -

,MULTISIM -
. -
.
5% . .21%-

42
 ( 21%- 21% ) .

:22 ( MULTISIM- 21%)

, ( )y- . 3.01 dB -

y1 , ( )x- x1

. 11 KHz

21% 21%
.

43
 ( 21%- 21% ) .

:22 ( MULTISIM- 21%)

, ( )y- . 3.01 dB -

y1 , ( )x- x1

. 11 KHz

21% 21%
. , .

44
 ( ) ( 21%- 21%
21% ) .

:24 ( MULTISIM- 21% , 21%)

, ( )y- . 3.01 dB -

y1 , ( )x- x1

. 9.45 KHz
21% 5%-
.

. ,
. .

45
 .2.2.2.2
C2

0.022F
R2

28.9k

R1
C1 U1 Vout
Vin

2 Vrms 14.5k 0.022F

500 Hz R3
0 2.07k

:25 BPF-

K s
H ( s)
o
s2 s o2
Q

s

C2 R1
H ( s)
1 1 1 1 1 1
s2 s
R2 C1 C2 C1C2 R2 R1 R3

1 1 1 1 1 1 1
o 2 f o fo
C1C2 R2 R1 R3 2 C1C2 R2 R1 R3

R2 R1 R3 1
Q BW
2 R1R3 R2 C2 R2

46
 :

3.14 103 s
H ( s)
s 2 3.15 103 s 39.47 106

f o 999.86 Hz

Q2 BW 500.6 Hz

MATLAB -

.LPF - MATLAB - ,

num=[0 -3.14e03 0 ];
den=[1 3.15e03 39.47e06];
H=tf(num,den);
roots(den)
bode(H);

h = gcr;
h.AxesGrid.Xunits = 'Hz';
h.AxesGrid.Yunits = {'dB','deg'};
grid on;

plot(real(r),imag(r),'r+');
xlabel('real ');
ylabel('Image');
grid;

47
 :

-1575 + j 6081.9
-1575 - j 6081.9

:26 -BPF Matlab -

48
 :27 -BPF Matlab -

, ( )y- .
x .

, 10 KHz (
).

49
 MULTISIM -

:28 MULTISIM- BPF

( )y- .

y1 , ( )x- x1 . 1 KHz
.MATLAB -

MULTISIM-
, .

50
 :29 MULTISIM- BPF

, ( )y- -

. 3.01 dB y1 , ( )x-

x1 . 782 Hz y2 ,

x2 .1280 Hz .

. BW 1280 782 498 Hz

500.6Hz
,MULTISIM -
, .
- .

51
 ( 21%- 21% ) .

:41 MULTISIM - ( BPF 21%)

( )y- .
y1 , ( )x- x1

. 1.12 KHz

21% 22%
.

52
 ( 21%- 21% ) .

:42 MULTISIM - (BPF 21%)

( )y- .
y1 , ( )x- x1

. 1.12 KHz

21% 22%
. , .

53
 ( ) ( 21%- 21%
21% ) .

:42 MULTISIM - (BPF 21% , 21%)

( )y- .

y1 , ( )x- x1 . 1 KHz

21%
.

54
 :42 MULTISIM - (BPF 21% , 21%)

, ( )y-

. 3.01 dB - y1 , ( )x-

x1 . 789 Hz y2 ,

x2 .1300 Hz .

. BW 1300 789 501 Hz

21% ( )1.6%
.

,
.
.

55
 .2

() ()
,MFB .

: .2.1
PN
5% 2K 2
5% 25K 2
5% 30K 2
5% 680p 2

5% 10n 2

5% 22n 2

2 LM741
2 row Socket for 4
amp
2
DC

RF 2 BNC Connector

on\off\on
2
4

5

2 +

Wireup
15cmX10cm Wireup Board

56
 , ,
.

:44 ,

:45 ,

57
 .2.2
.2.2.1 LPF

. .
, DC .

1 Vp-p - .

Vin

Vout

Vin

Vout

:46

.
. ( ,
).
Vout Vp-p
.G
Vin Vp-p

58
[Hz].Freq Gain ]Gain [dB
10 1 0 :
100 1 0
300 1 0
500 1 0
1000 1 0
1500 1 0
2000 1 0
2500 1 0
3000 1 0
4000 0.98 -0.17548
5000 0.96 -0.35458
6000 0.94 -0.53744
7000 0.9 -0.91515
8000 0.86 -1.31003
9000 0.8 -1.9382
9200 0.76 -2.38373
9500 0.74 -2.61537
9600 0.73 -2.73354
9800 0.72 -2.85335
10100 0.7 -3.09804
10400 0.68 -3.34982
11000 0.65 -3.74173
11500 0.62 -4.15217
12000 0.59 -4.58296
12500 0.56 -5.03624
13000 0.55 -5.19275
14000 0.49 -6.19608
15000 0.45 -6.93575
17000 0.366 -8.73038
20000 0.281 -11.0259
25000 0.189 -14.4708
30000 0.135 -17.3933
40000 0.082 -21.7237

59
 0
10 100 1000 10000 100000

-5

-10
]Gain [dB

-15

-20

-25
]Frequency [Hz

:47

MULTISIM -.MATLAB-

- , -

. 3.01 dB ] 10100 [Hz ].-3.098 [dB

:48 ]10100 [Hz

60
 .10 fc 10.1 KHz

.2.2.1.1
( MFB)

fc 10.04KHz

(
)5%

.10 fc 10.1 KHz .

61
 .2.2.2 BPF

. 1 Vp-p -
.

:
[Hz].Freq Gain ]Gain [dB
200 0.1 -20
300 0.145 -16.7726
400 0.197 -14.1107
500 0.261 -11.6672
600 0.33 -9.62972
700 0.43 -7.33063
800 0.54 -5.35212
900 0.68 -3.34982
1000 0.86 -1.31003
1100 0.94 -0.53744
1200 0.92 -0.72424
1300 0.84 -1.51441
1400 0.74 -2.61537
1500 0.61 -4.2934
1600 0.55 -5.19275
1700 0.49 -6.19608
1800 0.45 -6.93575
1900 0.41 -7.74432
2000 0.366 -8.73038
2300 0.302 -10.3999
2500 0.269 -11.405
3000 0.217 -13.2708
3500 0.177 -15.0405
4000 0.157 -16.082
5000 0.123 -18.2019
6000 0.1 -20

62
 :

0
100 1000 10000

-5

-10
]Gain [dB

-15

-20

-25
]Frequency [Hz

:49

MULTISIM -.MATLAB-
. .
] 1100[Hz ].-0.54[dB

:51 ]1100 [Hz

63
 . ,
:

Vin
Vout 0.707 Vin
2
1
20log 3.01dB
2

:52 ]918 [Hz

].918[Hz

64
 :52 ]2411[Hz

].1400[Hz

. BW 1400 918 482 Hz

65
 .2.2.2.1
( MFB).

. 500.6 fo 1KHz Hz

(
)5% ,

f o 1.1 KHz . 482 Hz
.

MFB .

66
 .2

. ", :- ,- . , .2
.0991

Denton J. Daily. Electronic Device and Circuits, Prentice Hall, 2001 .2

Wai-Kai Chen. Passive, active and digital filters, CRC Press 2009 .3

Denton J. Daily. Operational amplifiers and linear integrated circuits :theory and .4
applications, McGraw-Hill. 1989

S.A. Pactitis. Active Filters: Theory and Design, CSC Press 2008 .5

67