.1.01.

1
:"
"

,

Design and construction of low frequency
multi-feedback filters, controlled digitally

1 0089889.0 :
1 0023.3130
 .1______________
:

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.

4 ......................................................................................................
.1 6 ............................................................................................................
7 ........................................................................................................ Abstract .2
.3 8 ................................................................................................
.4 9 ...................................................................................................
.4.1 9 .........................................................................................
.4.1.1 9 .................................................................................
.4.1.1 11 .......................................................................................
.4.1.3 12 ...............................................................................
.4.1 14 .........................................................................
.4.3 17 ................................................................................................
.4.3.1 17 .............................................................
.4.3.1 ( ) 12 .............................
.4.4 23 ..........................................................................................
.4.4 14 .........................................................................
.4.4.1 - 14 .....................................................................
.4.4.1 14 ...........................................................................
.4.6 16 ....................................................................................
.4.6.1 16 ....................................................................................
.4.6.1 16 ...................................................................................
.4.4 14 ..............................................................................
.4.8 18 ....................................................................
.4 19 ................................................................................................
.4.1 29 ................................................................................
.4.1 29 .....................................................................
.4.3 33 ..............................................................................
.4.3.1 33 ............................................................... AD 8423
.4.3.1 34 .................................................................................. SPI
.4.3.3 34 ......................................................................... 432MSP
36 ................................................................................................... UART .4.4
.4.4 36 ............................................................................................

2
 .4.6 41 .............................................................................
.4.441 ...............................................................................................
.4.8 41 .......................................................................................
.4.8.1 43 .....................................................................
.4.8.1 42 .............................................................................
.4.8.3 57 ........................................................
.4.9 66 ..................................................................................................
.4.12 66 ...............................................................
.6 66 ...............................................................................................
.4 64 .....................................................................................................
.4.1 ' - 64 ........................................................................
.4.1 '68 .............................. UA741 Amplifier datasheet (main page) -
.4.3 '69 ...... AD8403 Digital Potentiometers datasheet (main page) -
.4.4 ' - 70 .................................................................

3

:1.4 9 ............................................................................................................ LPF
:1.4 10 ..........................................................................................................
:1.4 40 ........................................................................................................ HPF
:1.1 11 ..........................................................................................................
:1.4 42 ...........................................................................................................................
:1.4 44 .......................................................................................................... LPF
:1.4 44 ......................................................................................................... HPF
:1.4 ( - ) 44 .................................................................
:1.4 ( - ) - 44 ....................................
:1.40- 47 ..................................................................................... p1=0
:1.44 - ( p1=0)48 ...................................................................
:1.44 - 48 ............................................................................. p1=25
:1.44 - 49 ............................................................................. p1=50
:1.41 - 21 ...................................................................................... Pi=0
:1.44 - ( Pi=0) 21 ...........................................................................
:1.44 - 22 .................................................................................... Pi=25
:1.44 - 22 .................................................................................... Pi=50
:1.44 23 .............................................................................................
:1.44 24 .................................................................................................
:1.40 25 ...........................................................................................................
:1.44 - 25 ....................................................................................
26 ................................................................................... Texas-Instruments MSP-EXP430FG4618 :1.44
:1.44 27 .................................................................................AD8403
:1.41 28 ....................................................................................................................
:4.4 29 ...................................................................................................................................
:4.4 cut off ( 500mVpp ) 40 ........................
:4.4 ( 500mVpp ) 40 .......................................
:4.1 cut off ( 500mVpp ) 44 ...........................
:4.4 " 44 ...........................................................................
:4.4 44 ............................................................................................................
:4.4 44 ......................................................................................... AD8403
:4.4 SPI , Slaves - 41 .....................................
:4.4 44 ........................................................................................ AD8403
:4.40 14 ................................................................................................................
:4.44 14 .........................................................................................................................
:4.44 cut off ,500mVpp 14 ................ 0
4
 :4.44 ,500mVpp 11 ............................... 0
:4.41 cut off ,500mVpp 11 .................. 0
:4.44 - 14 ..................................................................................... 0
:4.44 cut off ,500mVpp 45 ............. 44
:4.44 ,500mVpp 46 ............................ 44
:4.44 cut off ,500mVpp 46 ................ 44
:4.44 - 14 .................................................................................... 44
:4.40 cut off ,500mVpp 14 .............. 40
:4.44 ,500mVpp 14 ............................. 40
:4.44 cut off ,500mVpp 14 ................. 40
:4.44 - 14 .................................................................................... 40
:4.41 cut off 0 , 40 ..................................
:4.44 0 , 44 .................................................
:4.44 cut off 0 , 44 .....................................
:4.44 - 0 , 44 ......................................................................
:4.44 cut off 44 , 44 ...............................
:4.44 44 , 44 ..............................................
:4.44 cut off 44 , 44 ..................................
:4.40 - 41 ....................................................................................... 44 ,
:4.44 cut off 40 , 41 ...............................
:4.44 40 , 44 ..............................................
:4.44 cut off 40 , 44 ..................................
:4.41 - 44 ....................................................................................... 40 ,
:4.44 , , 0 44 ................................................................. 40
:4.44 , , 40 44 ................................................................. 0
:4.44 , , 0 44 ................................................................. 40
:4.44 440 44 .................................................................................
:4.44 4k 40 ...................................................................................
:4.10 44 ....................................................................................... 00000000 =4
:4.14 44 ....................................................................................... 00000004 =4
:4.14 44 ....................................................................................... 00000040 =4
:4.14 44 ....................................................................................... 00000044 =4
:4.11 44 ....................................................................................... 00000400 =4
:4.14 44 ....................................................................................... 00000404 =4
:4.14 41 ....................................................................................... 00000440 =4
:4.14 41 ....................................................................................... 00000444 =4
:4.14 44 ......................................................................................................
5
2. Abstarct________________

This project deals with the design of a multi-feedback analog filter- with digital control.
An analog filter is a circuit thats get a certain signal to its input and let it pass to through the
output in a desired frequency. For example- LPF is a Low Pass Filter, meaning, its job is to
amplify the part of the signal with the low frequency and to filter the part of the signal with high
frequency.
Our case deals with a BPF- Band Pass Filter, which designed to amplify biologic frequencies
such as ECG, around 200 Hz.
The filter is assembled from three similar BPF, every one of them have one ZERO and two
POLES.
There are a few advantages of having the three filters (meaning having more POLES), will talk
about them later on.
In every BPF of the three theres a potentiometer, its value is a factor to the filtered frequency
and well expand on the matter.
Due to the importance of the potentiometers value, we decided to use a four channel digital
potentiometer thats controlled via micro-controller and a PC.
Thanks to the digital potentiometer we get a single source, quick and accurate control unit to
the entire system which lets us filter wanted frequency with high resolution.
Prior to the assembly, we calculated the transfer function of a single BPF and performed
several simulations via MATLAB (including understanding its frequency response via BODE
graph). We also showed the impact of the potentiometer value on a single BPF and on the
complete 3-BPF - understands the advantages of having more POLES.
Just before we started the assembly, we analyzed the circuit physically and according to the
Control Theory the analyze conclusions matched the simulations.

The assembly included building the electric circuit, choosing the digital components, choosing
the communication protocols, choosing a controller and writing the code.
Test results were viewed by an oscilloscope, for a sinus signal with a certain voltage we
searched for the maximum output voltage- this maximum pointed on the peek frequency. By
this method we were able to describe the BODE graph for every potentiometer value and to
compare with the simulations.

7
 .3 _____________

.

. -LPF -
.
, ,BPF ,ECG
022.
.
.

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, 4 -
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MATLAB .
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SCOPE .
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8
 .4 ____________
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-
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.4.1.1
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. LPF
:

:4.1 LPF

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9
 :4.4

. HPF
:

:4.4 HPF

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11
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11
 :4.4 .

.4.1.4
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. LPF
. R2/R1
6 dB/dec .20 dB/dec .
, :
[ ]

:4.6 LPF

14
 . HPF
.R2/R1 ,
.
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:4.4 HPF

14
 .4.2

.
:

:8.4 ( - ).

.
:

:8.9 ( - ) - .

14
 -

KVL:
Vin Vx Vx Vx Vx Vout
I1 ; I2 ; I3 Vx SC ; I 4 (Vx Vout ) SC ;
R1 R2 1/ SC 1/ SC
Vout
I5
R3

KCL:
Vout Vout
I3 I 5 Vx SC Vx h
R3 R3 SC

Vout
Vin
R3 SC Vout Vout Vout
I1 I 2 I 3 I 4 ( Vout ) SC
R1 R3 R2 SC R3 R3 SC

Vin 1 1 1 1
Vout ( ) Vout ( SC )
R1 R3 R1SC R3 R2 SC R3 R3

Vin 2 R R S 2C 2 1 1
Vout ( 3 2 ) Vout ( )
R1 R3 R3 R2 SC R3 R1SC

2 R1R2 SC R3 R2 R1S 2C 2 R1 R2
Vin Vout ( )
R3 R2 SC

Vout R3 R2 SC
T 2 2
Vin S C R3 R2 R1 SC 2R1R2 R1 R2

R3 SC
T
R1
S C R3 R1 SC 2 R1 1
2 2

R2

15
 -
BPF .
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16
 .4.3
.
, .MATLAB
R2 4-04.
:
()
.

.8.3..
:
c=0.0000001
p1=0

%left%
r11=34000
r21=154
r31=174000
)]))a=tf([0,r31*c,0],[c*c*r31*r11,c*2*r11,(1+r11/(r21+p1
)bode(a
( p1 R2) .

: 4

:8..4 - p1=0

17
 ( 4):

:8... - ( p1=0)
:50

:8..5 - p1=25

18
 :04

:8..3 - p1=50

:
,
.

.

]Potentiometer[ ]Max Gain [dB ]Frequency(max gain) [Hz ]BandWidth [Hz

0 8.16 308 54
25 8.16 286 52
50 8.16 268 50

,
.

19
 .8.3.5 ( )
: Pi
c=0.0000001

%left%
r11=34000
r21=154
r31=174000
)]))a=tf([0,r31*c,0],[c*c*r31*r11,c*2*r11,(1+r11/(r21+p1

%middle%
r12=30900
r22=140
r32=158000
)]))b=tf([0,r32*c,0],[c*c*r32*r12,c*2*r12,(1+r12/(r22+p2

%right%
r13=51100
r23=150
r33=162000
)]))c=tf([0,r33*c,0],[c*c*r33*r13,c*2*r13,(1+r13/(r23+p3
)bode(c

%total%
h=a*b*c
)bode(h

4,50,04.

20
 : 4

:8..8 - Pi=0

(4):

:8..0 - ( Pi=0)

21
 :50

:8..6 - Pi=25

: 04

:8..7 - Pi=50

22
 :

]Potentiometer[ ]Max Gain [dB ]Frequency(max gain) [Hz ]BandWidth [Hz

0 9.16 353 86
25 .. 299 8.
50 .5.8 544 37

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MSP430Texas Instruments $0- (
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Texas-Instruments MSP-EXP430FG4618 :8.55

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26
 .4.7
AD8403 .Analog Devices

:8.53 AD8403

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27
 .4.8
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UART

SPI

28
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,500mVpp
.

:5.9

5.9 cut off

205.93Hz -

:5.0

03
 5.0 ""
Vin . ,500mVpp ( ,222.1Hz )
.Vout = 1.61Vpp

:5.5

5.5 cut off

244.91Hz -

01
 30

10

50 100 150 201 222 244 300 350

-10
]Magnitude [dB
-30

-50

-70

-90
]Frequency [Hz

:5.5

5.5 ".

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:5.5 .

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.5..
SPI (.)AD3530
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503MSP .

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MOSI .Master Out Slave In

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( -)SPI, UART
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UART.5..
UART - ,\.
UART" .RS-232
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13
) .(SPI , , 13 ,
.SPI

.5.5
,MAIN Interrupt UART
- .SPI

>#include <msp430xG46x.h

)void UARTSetup(void
{
UCA0CTL1 |= UCSWRST;//Set UCSWRST -- needed for re-configuration process
;UCA0CTL0 = 0x00
;UCA0CTL1 = 0x81
;UCA0BR0 = 0x34 // 9600 from 8MHz -> SMCLK
;UCA0BR1 = 0x00
;UCA0MCTL = 0x11
P2SEL |= 0x30;//P2.4,P2.5 = USCI_A0 TXD/RXD
;UCA0CTL1 &= ~UCSWRST **// **Initialize USCI state machine
;IE2 |= UCA0RXIE // Enable USCI_A0 RX interrup
}

05
void CLKInit(void)
{
WDTCTL = WDTPW | WDTHOLD;
SCFQCTL = 121; /* N=121 */
SCFI0 = FLLD_2 | FN_4; /* set D=2, range=1.3-12.1MHz */
FLL_CTL0 = DCOPLUS | XCAP14PF; /* enable divider, set osc capacitance = ~8pF */
}

void WriteChar(char ch)

{
while (!(IFG2 & UCA0TXIFG)); // USART1 TX buffer ready?
UCA0TXBUF = ch; // Output character
}
int i; // i is a counter for 10 bit command word
int flag;
Char command1[14];
Command1={115,101,108,101,99,116,32,99,104,97,110,110,101,108}; //select
channel
Char command2[17];
Command2={115,101,108,101,99,116,32,114,101,115,111,108,117,116,105,111,110
}; //select resolution

voidmain(void)
{
P5DIR |= 0XA2; // RST,SHDN,CHIP SELECT
P5OUT = 0XA2; // sets RST,SHDN,CHIP select on high!

CLKInit();

UARTSetup();

_BIS_SR(GIE);

i=2;
flag=0; // waiting for user to press "enter"

while(1){}// No Return from here

}

#pragma vector = USCIAB0RX_VECTOR

05
__interrupt void USCI_UART_0_RX_RSI(void)

{
char ch;
char nums[10];
ch = UCA0RXBUF;

if ((ch==13)&(flag==0)){
for (unsigned int K= 0; K <13; K++){
WriteChar(command1[k]); //select channel
}
WriteChar('\n'); //new line
WriteChar('\r');
flag=99; //enter is pressed and ready to select potentiometer
}
if ((ch==97)&(flag==99)){ // ch=97 means thats the user chose #1 potentiometer -->
A
WriteChar(ch);
WriteChar('\n'); //new line
WriteChar('\r');
for (unsigned int j= 0; j <16; j++){
WriteChar(command2[k]); //select resolution
}
nums[0]=48;
nums[1]=48;
WriteChar('\n'); //new line
WriteChar('\r');

flag=88;//potentiometer is selected and ready to select resolution

}
if ((ch==98)&(flag==99)){ // ch=98 means thats the user chose #2 potentiometer --
>B
WriteChar(ch);
WriteChar(ch);
WriteChar('\n'); //new line
WriteChar('\r');
for (unsigned int j= 0; j <16; j++){
WriteChar(command2[k]); //select resolution
}

03
nums[0]=48;
nums[1]=49;
WriteChar('\n'); //new line
WriteChar('\r');

flag=88;//potentiometer is selected and ready to select resolution

}
if ((ch==99)&(flag==99)){ // ch=99 means thats the user chose #3 potentiometer -->
C
WriteChar(ch);
WriteChar(ch);
WriteChar('\n'); //new line
WriteChar('\r');
for (unsigned int j= 0; j <16; j++){
WriteChar(command2[k]); //select resolution
}
nums[0]=49;
nums[1]=48;
WriteChar('\n'); //new line
WriteChar('\r');
flag=88;//potentiometer is selected and ready to select resolution
}
if (((ch == 48)|(ch==49))&(flag==88)) // this condition forces user to enter only '0' or
'1'
{
nums[i]=ch;
i++;
WriteChar(ch);
if (i==10){
WriteChar('\n'); //new line
WriteChar('\n');
WriteChar('\n');
WriteChar('\r');
i=2;
flag=99;
blink(nums);
for (unsigned int K= 0; K <13; K++){
WriteChar(command1[k]); //select channel
}
WriteChar('\n'); //new line
WriteChar('\r');}

02
 }
}

,SPI
blink.
CLK ,
SHDN ,RST CS -
( )SIMO ( )
.MOSI
, ""
( ).

>#include <msp430xG46x.h
)]void blink (char nums[10
{
P2DIR |= 0X06; // configuration of outputs for clk and MOSI
P5DIR |= 0XA2;// RST & SHDN must be on high, CS must be on low
;P2OUT = 0X00
;P5OUT = 0XA0

{)for (unsigned int i=0; i<10; i++

)if (nums[i]==48
{
;P2OUT =0X00
{)for (unsigned int K= 500; K > 0; K--
;)for (unsigned int j=2; j > 0; j--
}
;P2OUT =0X02

}else
;{ P2OUT =0X04
{)for (unsigned int K= 500; K > 0; K--
;)for (unsigned int j=2; j > 0; j--
}
};P2OUT =0X06
{)for (unsigned int K= 500; K > 0; K--
;)for (unsigned int j=20; j > 0; j--
}
)if (nums[i]==49
;{P2OUT =0X04
}else

53
 ;P2OUT =0X00
{)for (unsigned int K= 500; K > 0; K--
;)for (unsigned int j=20; j > 0; j--
}
}
;P2OUT = 0X00
;P5OUT = 0XA2
}

- ,
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.

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53 .
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 .5.3.1
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, 33333333 ,3
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33333131 95.
33331313 53
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.

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, = :3

:5.19

5.19 cut off

192.2Hz -

50
 :5.10

5.10 ""
Vin . ,500mVpp ( ,210.9Hz )
.Vout = 1.08Vpp

:5.15

5.15 cut off

237.5Hz -

55
 10

0
150 192 210.9 237.5 300
-5
]Magnitude [dB

-10

-15

-20

-25

-30

-35
]Frequency [Hz

:5.15 - .3 ,

5.15 .
, .3

.
, = :95

:5.15

5.15 cut off

184.55Hz -

55
 :5.15

5.15 ""
,204.73Hz

:5.13

5.13 cut off

231.99Hz -

55
 10
5
0
150 184.5 204.7 232 300
-5
]Magnitude [dB

-10
-15
-20
-25
-30
-35
]Frequency [Hz

:5.12 - .95 ,

5.12 .
, .95

.
, = :53

:5.93

5.93 cut off

177.86Hz -

55
 :5.91

5.91 ""
,198.12Hz

:5.99

5.99 cut off

224.95Hz -

53
 10
5
0
150 177.8 198.1 224.95 300
-5
]Magnitude [dB

-10
-15
-20
-25
-30
-35
]Frequency [Hz

:5.90 - .53 ,

5.90 .
, .50

. ( )
Bit value ]Potentiometer[ Max )Frequency(max gain ]BandWidth [Hz
Gain ][Hz
][dB

00000000 ~0 5.5 913.2 55.0

00000101 ~25 5.5 935.5 47.5

00001010 ~50 5.35 123.9 47.15

]Potentiometer[ Max Gain )Frequency(max gain ]BandWidth [Hz

][dB ][Hz

0 8.16 308 54

25 8.16 286 52

50 8.16 268 50

, 133.
, , -

52
 .
.

.5.3.9
,
( ,500mVpp ).
:
33333333 =3 .
33333131 =95 .
33331313 =53 .

.
, = :3

:5.95

5.95 cut off

205.93Hz -

53
 :5.95

5.95 ""
,222.1Hz

:5.95

5.95 cut off

244.91Hz -

51
 15
10
5
0
]Magnitide [dB

150 205.9 222.1 244.9 300

-5
-10
-15
-20
-25
-30
-35
]Frequency [Hz

:5.95 - .0 ,

5.95 .
, .0

.
, = :95

:5.95

59
 5.95 cut off
198.4Hz -

:5.93

5.93 ""
,214.96Hz

:5.92

50
 5.92 cut off
236.64Hz -

15

10

0
]Magnitude [dB

150 198.4 214.9 236.6 300

-5

-10

-15

-20

-25

-30

-35
]Frequency [Hz

:5.03 - .95 ,

5.03 .
, .25

.
, = :53

:5.01

55
 5.01 cut off
191.07Hz -

:5.09

5.09 ""
,208.00Hz

:5.00

55
 5.00 cut off
229.82Hz -

15
10
5
0
]Magnitude [dB

-5 150 191.7 208 229.8 300

-10
-15
-20
-25
-30
-35
]Frequency [Hz

:5.05 - .53 ,

5.05 .
, .50

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Bit value ]Potentiometer[ Max )Frequency(max gain ]BandWidth [Hz
Gain ][Hz
][dB

00000000 ~0 10.16 999.1 39

00000101 ~25 10.52 214.9 38.2

00001010 ~50 10.78 208 38.1

]Potentiometer[ ]Max Gain [dB )Frequency(max gain ]BandWidth [Hz

][Hz

0 9.16 323 55

25 11 299 51

50 19.5 933 05

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 33333333 =0

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33333331 =0

:5.51 33333331 =0

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 33333313 =0

:5.59 33333313 =0

33333311 =0

:5.50 33333311 =0

59
 33333133 =0

:5.55 33333133 =0

33333131 =0

:5.55 33333131 =0

50
 33333113 =0

:5.55 33333113 =0

33333111 =0

:5.55 33333111 =0

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10.32
10 9.88
9.31
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8.23
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7.68

7 7.08
6.53
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 ..____________

A.S.Sedra,K.C.Smith. Microelectronic Circuits.Oxford University Press, 2004.

D.A.Neamen. Electromic Circuit Analysis and Design. Mc. Graw-Hill, 2001.

W.D.Stanley.Operational Amplifiers with Linear Integrated Ciruits. Macmillan

College Publishing Company, 1994.

. - . -15 .

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Amitfrisch12@gmail.com Noam.sade@gmail.com
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