B.Sc.

Design & construction of a notch filter

and low pass filter using state variable
topology

000202800 040080050

"
1160062011 :

1
2

7 ...............................................................................................................
8 ......................................................................................................................... Abstract
9 ..................................................................................................... : .1
9 ......................................................................................................... :LPF 1.1.
11 ............................................................................................... :HPF .1.1
11 ........................................................................................................... .1
11 ......................................................................... .1.1
11 .............................................................................. .1.1
() 11 ................................................................................... .1.1
( ) 11 ..................................................................................... .1.1
() 19 .................................................................................... .1.1
11 ............................................................................................................... : 3.
11 ..........................................................Butterworth .1.1
11 ........................................................... chebyshev .1.1
11 .................................................................. bessel .1.1
11 .................................................................................................... Q .1
17 ..................................................................................... : .1
17 ..........................................................................Sallen-Key - .1.1
19 ................................................ Low Pass Filter: .1.1.1
11 ........................................................ High Pass Filter: 5.1.2.
11 ....................................................... Band Pass Filter: 5.1.3.
11 ................................................................................ 5.2.
11 ............................................................................ : .1.1.1
11 ......................................................... )MF( Multiple Feedback .1.1
11 .............................. Multiple Feedback LPF: 5.3.1.
11 ............................. Multiple Feedback HPF: 5.3.2.
17 .............................. Multiple Feedback BPF: 5.3.3.
18 ............................................................................... .1
LPF 19 ............................................................................ CHEBYSHEV .7
11 ............................................................................................. : .7.1
LPF 1 11 ............................................ :CHEBYSHEV 7.2.
1 11 ................................. : 8.
11 .............................................................................................. .8.1
11 ...:LPF .8.1.1
(11 ............................................ :)BPF .8.1.1
(11 ....................................... :)HPF .8.1.1

3
 (11 .............................................. :)BSF .8.1.1
NOTCH 18 ................................................. .8.1
19 ............................ .9
19 ............................................................................... :CHEBYSHEV .9.1
,CHEBYSHEV 19 .............................. : .9.1.1
,CHEBYSHEV 11 ................... : .9.1.1
11 ................................................................................................. : .9.1
, 11 .............................................. : .9.1.1
, 11 ..................................... : .9.1.1
11 ............................................................................................................... : .11
11 ........................................................................................................ : 11.
11 ............................................................................................................... : 12.
11 ................................................................................................: .11.1
11 ........................................................................................... 12.2.

4

- 1 9 ............................................................................................................ LPF
- 2 11 .................................................................................. LPF
- 3 11 ......................................................................................................... HPF
- 4 11 ................................................................................ HPF
-5 11 .................................................................................................
-6 11 ................................................................................
-7 11 .....................................................................................
- 8 11 ....................................................................................................
- 9 11 ................................................................................................
- 10 17 ......................................................................
- 11 18 ................................................................................
- 12 19 .......................................................................................................
- 13 11 ........................................................................................
- 14 11 ...................................................................................
- 15 BUTTERWORTH 11 ...............................
- 16 CHEBYSHEV 11 .....................................
- 17 CHEBYSHEV 11 ............................................................................. 1
- 18 CHEBYSHEV 11 ............................................................................. 2
- 19 11 ........................................................
- 20 11 ...................................................... Q
- 21 17 ....................................................SALLEN-KEY
- 22 LPF 19 ...........................................................SALLEN-KEY
- 23 HPF 11 ......................................................... SALLEN-KEY
- 24 BPF 11 ......................................................... SALLEN-KEY
- 25 11 ..........................................................................
- 26 11 .................................................
- 22 LPF 11 .......................................... MULTIPLE FEEDBACK
- 28 HPF 11 ......................................... MULTIPLE FEEDBACK
-29 BPF 17 ........................................... MULTIPLE FEEDBACK
- 30 17 ....................MULTIPLE FEEDBACK
- 31 2 " 2 19 .. 6
KCL - 32 19 .........................................................
- 33 11 ....................................... 6
- 34 LPF CHEBYSHEV 11 ......................................................... 4
- 35 " 0 11 ..................
36 BSF 11 ..........................................................
- 37 NOTCH 18 ...........................................................
38 CHEBYSHEV 19 .......................................
- 39 CHEBISHEV 11 ..........................................
- 40 11 ......................................................
- 41 11 ..........................................................

5
6


" "
(.)STATE VARIABLE TOPOLOGY

' 6
LPF,HPF,NOTCH band pass 6
,
6

' 6
" "
6

+
6

,

6

7
Abstract

In This project we planned and built two filters based on STATE VARIABLE TOPOLOGY

This Topology allows the construction of a number of filters based on one Electronic circuit,
So that we can implement LPF, HPF, NOTCH and BAND-PASS filters in the same circuit.
The disadvantage of this Topology lies in operational amps required to implement the filters, but
This drawback does not compete with advantage in realizing multi shades of filters.

In the project we built the circuits after learning of topologies to realize filters.
We chose Topology of "space variable" since this is a very convenient mathematical analysis
and Its easy to follow the implementation of this method filters.
Because the number of integrators in realizing it's Equal to filter's order so that the number of
operational amplifiers necessary to realize is the order of the filter + operational amplifiers
necessary amplification and the Summary of signals.

In this work we built the filters using operational amplifiers, we made measurements while
examining their response to Sine signals and We showed that the measurement results very
close to our simulations and to the Necessary responses of filter transfer function.

8
 .1 :

,
6
, :

:LPF .1.1
R 1K , C 1F :

1
ZC
jc

- 1 LPF

1
jc
Vout Vin
R 1
jc
1 1
Vout jc jc 1
A( j )
Vin R 1 1 j Rc 1 jRc
jc jc
RC

RC 103 10 6 10 3 sec 1m sec

:
1
A( j )
1 j
H

H 1000rad

9
 H , 6
-0 db 60 db
:
1
(20 log H) = -0 db :
1 j

- 2 LPF

:HPF .1.2

- 3 HPF

C 1F , R 1k :
1
ZC
jc
R
Vout Vin
R 1
jc
V R R jRc
A( j ) out
Vin R 1 1 jRc 1 jRc
jc jc

11
 j
L
= ) A( j HPF :
1 j
L
RC 103 10 6 10 3 sec 1m sec :

- L 6
-0 db

- 4 HPF

11
 .2

,
6
2 2 -
, NPN
6
2 6

I 2 I

I I
- 6 I bias
2

I I ,o I I OFFSET - 6100 nA -

6
:

- 5

:
61 6 rin ,
62 6
60 6 V V ,

12
 .2.1

- 6

R1 Vin 6
:

R1
Vin Vo
R1 R2

V0 R1 R2 R
A 1 2
Vin R1 R1

R1 R2
6

13
 .2.2

6
:

- 7

V V
:

Vin V
0
Rin Rf

V0 R
A f
Vin Rin

Rin R f
6
6

**
6

14
 () .2.2

- 8

I t I1 I 2 I 3 .... I n
VS1 VS 2 VS 3 V
It ... Sn
R1 R2 R3 Rn
:
V0
It
Rf
:
R1 R2 R3 .... Rn
:
V0 VS1 VS 2 VS 3 V
... Sn
Rf R1 R1 R1 R1
Rf
V0 ) (VS1 VS 2 VS 3 ... VSn
R1

, 6

15
 ( ) .2.2

6
,
,
6
:

- 9

:
Vin V
out Vo jc
R Zc
1
ZC
jc

Vout 1 1
W ( j )
Vin jRC j
1

1 1 RC

:
dV dV
Ic C C o
dt dt

Vin dV
C o
R dt

16
 :
1
RC
VO Vin (t )dt

, :

- 10

17
 ,
, ,
6

- 11

18
 () .2.2

,
, ,
6
6

- 12

:
Vin V 1
O ZC
ZC R jc

RCj j
VO
W ( j )
Vin 1

1 1 RC
:

dVin V dV
IC O C in
dt R dt
:
dVin
VO RC
dt
6
6

19
 - :

- 13

6
,
,
6
,
6
6

21
 - 14

21
 .2:
:

Butterworth .2.1

Butterworth - 6
6
14- 6
6

- 15 BUTTERWORTH

22
 chebyshev .2.2
,
6 6Butterworth
, 6
6
6
,0dB 6 0dB-

6

- 16 CHEBYSHEV

23
 Chebyshev 2 1 ,2 1
2 6

- 17 CHEBYSHEV 1

- 18 CHEBYSHEV 2

24
 bessel .2.2

6
6
6
,butterworth 6chebyshev

- 19

25
 .2 Q

Q ,
6 ,0dB -
60dB -
Q , Q -
620

- 20 Q

: n

A
H ( s)
(1 ai s bi s 2
)
i
, A DCbi , ai -
bi
6Q LPF Q ,HPF -:
ai
fm
6 Q Q BPF:
f 2 f1
f m f 2 f1 - 6
, , "" Q 6

26
 .2 :
.

Sallen-Key - .2.1

Sallen-Key - - ,
6)VCVS(, Voltage Controlled Voltage Source :
, ,-
2( 2-), , 6
6
6
Q
6

c2
H (s)
c LPF :
s2 s c2
Q

Sallen-Key :

- 21 SALLEN-KEY

6 v v vout -
:

27
vin vx vx vout vx v

z1 z4 z2
:

vin vx vx vout vx vout

v vout
z1 z4 z2

, 2 0 :

vx vout vout z
vx vout 2 1
z2 z3 z3

" :

z z z
vin vout 2 1 vout 2 1 vout vout 2 1 vout
z3 z3 z3
z1 z4 z2
, :

vout z3 z4

vin z1 z2 z4 z1 z2 z3 z4

LTI 6
Sallen-Key- 6Z
:/ HPF, LPF :6BPF-

28
 5.1.1. Low Pass Filter:

- 22 LPF SALLEN-KEY

' 1 :

1 1
Z1 R1 , Z 2 R2 , Z 3 , Z1
SC2 SC1

29
 :

H ( s)
2f c 2
2f c
s2 s 2f c
2

Q
f c :

1
fc
2 R1 R2C1C2

Q :

R1 R2 C1C 2
Q
C 2 R1 R2

6 f c -
6 Q f c

6Q 1 ,Butterworth
2

5.1.2. High Pass Filter:

- 23 HPF SALLEN-KEY

31
 :

s2
H ( s)
c
s2 c2
Q

R1 R2C1C2 1
Q f
R2 C1 C2
, c : :
2 R1 R2C1C2

5.1.3. Band Pass Filter:

, -
6Sallen-Key -

- 24 BPF SALLEN-KEY

R S
1 b
Ra R1C1
H (S )
1 1 1 1 R1 R f
S2 S
RC
1 1 R2 C1 R2 C 2 Ra R f C1 R1 R f R2 C1C 2

31
 :

c
s2 s c2
Q

R1 R f 0 1 1 1 1
02 ,
R1 R f R2C1C2 Q R1C1 R2C1 R2C2 Ra R f C1

1 R1 R f
f0 f 0 -:
2 R1 R f R2 C1C 2
() :

Rb
G 1
Ra
:

G
A
3G
" , :

R2 2R1 C1 C 2

1
Q Q :
3G

Sallen-Key - G Q
, f 0 Q6 A-

Rb Q A :

2Q 1 2 A 1
Rb Rb
Q A 1

32
 .2.2
' 6
LPF,HPF,NOTCH BPF 6
,
6
6

- 25

)Y1 ( s a0 :
H lp ( s) 2
U ( s) s a1s a0
)Y ( s a1s :
H bp ( s) 2 2
U ( s) s a1s a0
)Y2 ( s s2 :
H hp ( s) 2
U ( s) s a1s a0
)Y1 ( s s 2 a0 :
H bs ( s) 2
U ( s) s a1s a0

33
 6

" :

Y ( s) b2 s 2 b1s b0
H ( s)
U ( s) s 2 a1s a0

:
)X ( s 1
H1 ( s) 2
U ( s ) s a1s a0
)Y ( s
H 2 ( s) b2 s 2 b1s b0
)X ( s
)H ( s) H1 ( s) H 2 ( s

.2.2.1 :

d 2x dx
2
a1 a0 x u
dt dt
2
d x dx
y b2 2 b1 b0 x
dt dt

d 2x dx
2
a1 a0 x u
dt dt

"" X :

- 26

34
 )MF( Multiple Feedback .2.2

MF- ,
BPF,HPF,LPF : NOTCH- BPF- NOTCH-
6
Q 6

5.3.1. Multiple Feedback LPF:

- 22 LPF MULTIPLE FEEDBACK

1
fc :
2 R2 R3C1C2

Vout s 2f c K
2

2 :
Vin s s 2 2f c s 2f c 2
1
Q :Q
2

R3
K
R1

35
 5.3.2. Multiple Feedback HPF:

MULTIPLE FEEDBACK HPF - 28

1
fc :
2 R1R2C2C3

Vout s s2K
2 :
Vin s s 2 2f c s 2f c 2

1
Q :Q
2

C1
K
C3

36
 5.3.3. Multiple Feedback BPF:

MULTIPLE FEEDBACK BPF - 29

1 1 1 1
f0 :
2 R3C1C2 R1 R2

Vout s 2 2f 0 Ks
2 :
Vin s s 2 2f 0 s 2f 0 2

1
Q :Q
2

R3 C2
K
R1 C1 C2

6 K

MULTIPLE FEEDBACK - 30

37
 .6

:
A
H ( s)
) (1 an s bn s 2
i

, ai , bi A DC
6

BUTTERWORTH 61
CHEBYSHEV 62
BESSEL 60

* Butterworth 6

* Chebyshev 6

* Bessel 6

38
 LPF CHEBYSHEV .2
CHEBYSHEV 1 4 0
2 CHEBYSHEV 2 61
1+2 :2

- 31 2 " 2 .

KCL - 32

39
 : .2.1

i1 i f i3 0 )1
(Vin Va ) R11 sC1 (V1 Va ) Va 1
R3 0

v v Va=Vout
:
)Vout ( s 1 )2

)V1 ( s R2C2 s
( )1
()2
:Va=Vout
(Vin Vout ) R11 sC1 ( R2C2 sVout Vout ) Vout R13 0 )0
Vout ( R11 s 2C1C2 R2 sC1 R13 ) Vin 1
R1

:
)Vout ( s 1 1 )5
1
R1 R1C1R2C2

) Vin ( s ) ( R1 s 2 C1C 2 R2 sC1 R13 ) s 2 s C21R2 R1C11R2C2 (1 RR13

1
1 2

) s 2 s 12 11 2 (1 RR13

:
K lp a0 )4
s 2 sa1 a0
:

) a0 11 2 (1 RR13 )0

a1 12 )2

a1 12 )8

1 )1
K lp
) (1 RR13

41
 :1

- 33 .

" :
1
)Vout ( s R a
(1 3 ) 1 1 0
RC

)Vin ( s R2 s R1C s a0
a0 1
R1C

CHEBYSHEV 1 4 ( 141HZ(1000rad/sec
1DB
MATLAB :
)'<<[z,p,k]=cheby1(5,1,1000,'s
)>>sys=zpk(z,p,k
:
122826670522516.9
H ( s) 2
)(s 468.4s + 429300)(s 2 178.9s + 988300)( s 289.5
429300 988300 289.5
2
)(s 468.4s + 429300) (s 178.9s + 988300) ( s 289.5
2

2 ( ) K lp 0.5
( 6) K lp 4

0652 6

a 468.4
b 429300
1 1
R2 4,542
aC2 468.4 0.47 10 6
2a 2 468.4
R1 R3 4,642
bc1 429,300 0.47 10 6

41
 :
a 178.9
b = 988,300
1 1
R2 11,893
ac2 178.9 0.47 10 6
2a 2 178.9
R1 R3 770
bc1 988,300 0.47 10 6
:

k 4
wc 289.5
1 1
R1 7,349
wc C 289.5 0.47 10 6
R2 1,500
R3 ( K 1) R2 3 1,500 4,500

42
 LPF 2 :CHEBYSHEV .2.2

- 34 LPF CHEBYSHEV 2

43
 .8 2 :

- 35 " 2

.8.1
A1 A2 :

H1 ( s) ( R11C1 ) S1
H 2 ( s) ( R21C2 ) S1
:
1 R1C1
2 R2C2
:
1)V1 (t ) 2 dv2
dt

2)V3 (t ) 1 2 d 2 v2
dt 2

A3
6
:
Vin v v1 v
0
R5 R6
v3 v v2 v
0
R4 R3

44
 :"
v v

:
Vin V1 1 1 R R6
v ( ) v ( 5 )
R5 R6 R5 R6 R5 R6
R6 R5
Vin v1 v
R5 R6 R5 R6
v3 v 1 1 R R3
2 v ( ) v ( 4 )
R4 R3 R4 R3 R4 R3
R3 R4
v3 v2 v
R3 R4 R3 R4
v v
R3 R4 R5 R6
v3 v2 v1 vin
R3 R4 R3 R4 R5 R6 R5 R6

R3 R4 R5 R6
3)v3 v2 v1 vin
R3 R4 R3 R4 R5 R6 R5 R6
:2 1 0

d 2 v2 R3 dv2 R5 R4 R6

2 1 2
2 v2 vin
dt R3 R4 dt R5 R6 R3 R4 R5 R6
d 2 v2 dv2 1 R43 1 RR43
v2 1 R4 vin

R

dt 2
dt 1 1 RR65

R
1 2 3
1 2 1 RR5
6

45
 .8.1.1 :LPF
1 R4
1 RR43
X S 1 R3
R4

Y s S 2 S


1 1 RR6
5

1 2 R3

1 2 1 R
R5

6

1 RR43

Y s
1 2 1 R5
R6 K lp a0
H S
X S 1 RR43 1 R4 S a1S a0 2

S 2 S

1 1 RR6 1 2 R3
5

1 R4
a0
1 2 R3
1 R4

a1
R3

1 1 R6
R5
1 R3

K lp
R4

1 R5
R6

.8.1.2 (:)BPF
,V1 ,A1 :
K bpa1s
H bp ( s) 1sHlp ( s) S 2 a1s a0

Kbp R6
R5

.8.1.2 (:)HPF
K h ps 2
H hp ( s ) 1 2 s 2 H lp ( s ) S a1s a0
2

R
1 R4
K hp R
1 R5
3

.8.1.2 (:)BSF
,02 "
A5 :

36 BSF

46
 :
R9 R R R
Vout ( s) V2 ( s) 2 9 V3 ( s) ( 9 9 1 2 s 2 )V2 ( s)
R8 R7 R8 R7

: R3 R4 R7 R8
Kbp ( a0 s 2 )
H bs ( s) VVino (( sS)) VVino (( sS))VV22((ss)) S 2 a1s a0

:
K bs ( s) 2 R9
R
(1 R5 ) R8
6

20HZ ( 377rad/sec (00HZ

: MATLAB
<< [num,den]=lp2bs(1,[1 1J ,2*pi*60,2*pi*20)
>>sys=tf(num,den)

:
s 2 142100
H ( s)
s 2 125.7 s 142100
:
1
a0
1 2
2 1
a1 ( )
1 R5 1
R6

2 R9
K bs
(1 R5
R6 ) R8
:
R3 R4
R7 R8
:
1 1
1 2 0.0027
a0 142100
c1 c 2 0.47 F
0.0027
R1 R2 5644
0.47 10 6

47
 :
2 1
) a1 ( R6
1 R5 1
R6 2 2
1 1 5.0
R5 a1 125.7 0.0027

:
R5 10000
R6 50000
R3 R4 R7 R6 10000
K bs 1
R9 0.5 K bs (1 R5
R6 ) R8 6000

NOTCH .8.2

- 37 NOTCH

48
 .9

-
6-
Vin Vout
-
V
Gain(dB) 20 log out 6
Vin

:CHEBYSHEV .9.1
.9.1.1 ,CHEBYSHEV :
MATLAB :41
429300 988300 289.5
H ( s) 2
)(s 468.4s + 429300) (s 178.9s + 988300) ( s 289.5
2

38 CHEBYSHEV

49
 : ,CHEBYSHEV .9.1.2

gain=f(freq)
5
0
-5 1 10 100 1000 10000
-10
-15
GAIN [db]

-20
-25 gain=f(hz)
-30
-35
-40
-45
-50
[rad/sec]

deg=f(hz)
250
200
150
100
phase [deg]

50
0
deg=f(hz)
-50 1 10 100 1000 10000
-100
-150
-200
-250
[rad/sec]

CHEBISHEV - 39

51
 : .9.2
.9.2.1 , :
MATLAB :52
s 2 142100
H ( s)
s 2 125.7 s 142100

- 40

51
 .9.2.2 , :

)gain=f(freq
5

0
1 10 100 1000 10000
-5
]GAIN [db

-10
)gain=f(freq
-15

-20

-25
] [rad/sec

)deg=f(freq
200
150
100
50
]phase [deg

0
-50 1 10 100 1000 10000 )deg=f(freq
-100
-150
-200
-250
] [rad/sec

- 41

: .11


, , '6

52
 : .11
1) MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, Op-Amp Implementation of Analog Filters
using the State-Variable Approach
2) Robert F. Coughlin, Frederick F. Driscoll, Operational Amplifiers and Linear Integrated Circuits
3) William D. Stanley, Operational Amplifiers with Linear Integrated Circuits
4) Thomas L. Floyd, Basic Operational Amplifiers and Linear Integrated Circuits

: .12
: .12.1

53
 .12.2

54
55