001 Lecture1

PowerPoint Lecture Slide Presentation
by Patty Bostwick-Taylor,
Florence-Darlington Technical College
The Human Body:

An Orientation
1 PART A
Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

The Human BodyAn Orientation
Anatomy
Study of the structure and shape of the body
and its parts
Physiology
Study of how the body and its parts work or
function

AnatomyLevels of Study
Gross anatomy
Large structures
Easily observable
Anatomy (Greek word)

Cut (tomy) apart (ana)
Figure 14.1

AnatomyLevels of Study
Microscopic Anatomy
Very small
structures
Can only be
viewed with
a microscope
Figure 14.4cd

Levels of Structural Organization
Smooth muscle cell

Molecules
Cellular level Atoms

Cells are made up of
molecules
Chemical level
Atoms combine to
form molecules
Smooth
muscle
Tissue level tissue
Tissues consist of
similar types of cells
Epithelial
tissue
Smooth
muscle Blood
tissue vessel
(organ) Cardio- Organismal level
Connective vascular Human organisms
tissue system are made up of many
organ systems
Organ level
Organs are made up
of different types Organ system level
of tissues Organ systems consist of different
organs that work together closely
Figure 1.1

Molecules
Atoms
Chemical level
Atoms combine to
form molecules
Figure 1.1, step 1

Smooth muscle cell

Molecules

molecules
Chemical level
Atoms combine to
form molecules
Figure 1.1, step 2

Smooth muscle cell

Molecules

molecules
Chemical level
Atoms combine to
form molecules
Smooth
muscle
Tissue level tissue
Tissues consist of
Figure 1.1, step 3

Smooth muscle cell

Molecules

molecules
Chemical level
Atoms combine to
form molecules
Smooth
muscle
Tissue level tissue
Tissues consist of
Epithelial
tissue
Smooth
muscle Blood
tissue vessel
(organ)
Connective
tissue
Organ level
Organs are made up
of different types
of tissues
Figure 1.1, step 4

Smooth muscle cell

Molecules

molecules
Chemical level
Atoms combine to
form molecules
Smooth
muscle
Tissue level tissue
Tissues consist of
Epithelial
tissue
Smooth
muscle Blood
tissue vessel
(organ) Cardio-
Connective vascular
tissue system
Organ level
Organs are made up
Figure 1.1, step 5

Smooth muscle cell

Molecules

molecules
Chemical level
Atoms combine to
form molecules
Smooth
muscle
Tissue level tissue
Tissues consist of
Epithelial
tissue
Smooth
muscle Blood
tissue vessel
(organ) Cardio- Organismal level
Connective vascular Human organisms
tissue system are made up of many
organ systems
Organ level
Organs are made up
Figure 1.1, step 6

Organ System Overview
Integumentary (, )
Forms the external body
covering
Protects deeper tissue from
injury
Helps regulate body
temperature
Location of cutaneous
nerve receptors
Figure 1.2a

Skeletal
Protects and supports
body organs
Provides muscle
attachment for movement
Site of blood cell
formation
Stores minerals
Figure 1.2b

Muscular
Produces movement
Maintains posture
Produces heat
Figure 1.2c

Nervous
Fast-acting control
system
Responds to internal and
external change
Activates muscles and
glands
Figure 1.2d

Endocrine
Secretes regulatory
hormones
Growth
Reproduction
Metabolism
Figure 1.2e

Cardiovascular
Transports materials in body
via blood pumped by heart
Oxygen
Carbon dioxide
Nutrients
Wastes
Figure 1.2f

Lymphatic
Returns fluids to blood
vessels
Cleanses the blood
Involved in immunity
Figure 1.2g

Respiratory
Keeps blood supplied with ['frks]
[lrks]

oxygen [treki]
[br:ks]
Removes carbon dioxide
Figure 1.2h

Digestive
Breaks down food
[asfs]
Allows for nutrient

absorption into blood
Eliminates indigestible
material
[ens]
Figure 1.2i

Urinary
Eliminates nitrogenous
wastes
Maintains acid-base [j'ri:t]
balance
Regulates water and
electrolytes
[j'ri:r]
Figure 1.2j

Reproductive
Produces
offspring
[smnl vskl]

[vsdfrnz
[vdan]
[skrotm]

Figure 1.2kl

The Language of Anatomy
Special terminology is used to prevent

misunderstanding
Exact terms are used for
Position
Direction
Regions
Structures
Anatomical position:
Body is erect, feet together, arms hanging at
the sides with the palms facing forward.

Directional Terms
Table 1.1 (1 of 3)

Directional Terms
[mi:dil],
[pr:ksml]

Table 1.1 (2 of 3)

Directional Terms
Table 1.1 (3 of 3)

Body Planes and Sections
A sagittal section divides the body (or organ) into

left and right parts
A median, or midsagittal, section divides the body
(or organ) into equal left and right parts
A frontal section divides the body (or organ) into
anterior and posterior parts
A transverse, or cross, section divides the body
(or organ) into superior and inferior parts

Body Planes and Sections
Figure 1.6

Regional Terms
Anterior body landmarks

[sflk]

[:rbtl]
['bkl]
[lm]
['krmrl] ,
, [rsk] ['deltd],
['brekrl],

[nt'kjbtl] ,
[bd:mnl]
[nteb'rkjl],
, [m'blkl]
[k:rpl],
, ['gwnl]
['kksl] ,
['femrl] ,
,[pjubk]
[p'tel],
['krrl],
['fbjlr],
[rks ]
[t:rsl] ([kl] ),
[bdmn]
['d:sm]
[ntri(r)] / [vntrl] /
Figure 1.5a

Regional Terms
Posterior body landmarks

[k'sptl],
['skpjl],
[vtbrl],

[lmb, -br],
['sekrl],
[glu:'ti:l],
, [pp'ltrl]
, ['sjrl]
, [kl'kenrl]
, [plnt]
[d:rsl] ,
Figure 1.5b

Body Cavities
Dorsal body cavity,

Cranial cavity houses the brain
Spinal cavity houses the spinal cord
Ventral body cavity,
Thoracic cavity houses heart, lungs and
others
Abdominopelvic cavity houses digestive
system and most urinary system organs

Body Cavities
Figure 1.7

Abdominopelvic Quadrants ['kwdrnts]
Figure 1.8a

Abdominopelvic Regions
[epi'gstrk] ,
[hapk:ndrik],
['lk],
Figure 1.8b

Abdominopelvic Major Organs
[dafrm],
Figure 1.8c

PowerPoint Lecture Slide Presentation
by Patty Bostwick-Taylor,
Florence-Darlington Technical College
Cells and
Tissues
1 PART A

Cells and Tissues
Carry out all chemical activities needed to sustain
life
Cells are the building blocks of all living things
Tissues are groups of cells that are similar in
structure and function

Anatomy of the Cell
Cells are not all the same
All cells share general structures
All cells have three main regions
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Plasma membrane
Figure 3.1a

The Nucleus
Control center of the cell
Contains genetic material (DNA)
Three regions
Nuclear envelope (membrane)
Nucleolus
Chromatin

The Nucleus
Figure 3.1b

The Nucleus
Nuclear envelope (membrane)
Barrier of the nucleus
Consists of a double membrane
Contains nuclear pores that allow for
exchange of material with the rest of the cell

The Nucleus
Nucleoli
Nucleus contains one or more nucleoli
Sites of ribosome assembly
Ribosomes migrate into the cytoplasm
through nuclear pores

The Nucleus
Chromatin
Composed of DNA and protein
Present when the cell is not dividing
Scattered throughout the nucleus
Condenses to form chromosomes when the
cell divides

Plasma Membrane
Barrier for cell contents
Double phospholipid layer
Hydrophilic heads
Hydrophobic tails
Also contains proteins, cholesterol, and
glycoproteins

Plasma Membrane
Figure 3.2

Plasma Membrane Specializations
Microvilli
Finger-like projections that increase surface
area for absorption

Membrane junctions
Tight junctions
Impermeable junctions
Bind cells together into leakproof sheets
Desmosomes
Anchoring junctions that prevent cells
from being pulled apart
Gap junctions
Allow communication between cells

Figure 3.3

Cytoplasm
Cytoplasm is the material outside the nucleus and
inside the plasma membrane

Cytoplasm
Contains three major elements
Cytosol
Fluid that suspends other elements
Organelles
Metabolic machinery of the cell
Little organs that perform functions for
the cell
Inclusions
Chemical substances such as stored
nutrients or cell products

Cytoplasmic Organelles
Figure 3.4

Mitochondria
Powerhouses of the cell
Change shape continuously
Carry out reactions where oxygen is used to
break down food
Provides ATP for cellular energy

Ribosomes
Made of protein and RNA
Sites of protein synthesis
Found at two locations
Free in the cytoplasm
As part of the rough endoplasmic
reticulum

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Fluid-filled tubules for carrying substances
Two types of ER
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Studded with ribosomes
Synthesizes proteins
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Functions in lipid metabolism and
detoxification of drugs and pesticides

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
As the protein is synthesized
Ribosome on the ribosome, it migrates
into the rough ER cistern.
mRNA
Rough ER
In the cistern, the protein folds
into its functional shape. Short
sugar chains may be attached
to the protein (forming a
glycoprotein).
Protein
The protein is packaged in a

Transport tiny membranous sac called a
vesicle buds off transport vesicle.
The transport vesicle buds from

the rough ER and travels to the
Golgi apparatus for further
processing or goes directly to
the plasma membrane where its
contents are secreted.
Protein inside
transport vesicle
Figure 3.5

mRNA
Rough ER
Protein
Figure 3.5, step 1

mRNA
Rough ER
glycoprotein).
Protein
Figure 3.5, step 2

mRNA
Rough ER
glycoprotein).
Protein

Figure 3.5, step 3

mRNA
Rough ER
glycoprotein).
Protein

The transport vesicle buds from

the rough ER and travels to the
Golgi apparatus for further
processing or goes directly to
the plasma membrane where its
contents are secreted.
Protein inside
transport vesicle
Figure 3.5, step 4

Golgi apparatus
Modifies and packages proteins
Produces different types of packages
Secretory vesicles
Cell membrane components
Lysosomes

Rough ER Proteins in cisterna
Cisterna Membrane Lysosome fuses with

ingested substances
Transport
vesicle
Golgi vesicle containing
digestive enzymes
becomes a lysosome
Pathway 3
Golgi Pathway 2
apparatus
Secretory vesicles
Pathway 1 Golgi vesicle containing
Proteins membrane components
Golgi vesicle containing fuses with the plasma
proteins to be secreted membrane
becomes a secretory Secretion by
vesicle exocytosis Plasma membrane
Extracellular fluid
Figure 3.6

Cisterna Membrane
Golgi
apparatus
Plasma membrane
Extracellular fluid
Figure 3.6, step 1

Cisterna Membrane
Transport
vesicle
Golgi
apparatus
Pathway 1
Plasma membrane
Extracellular fluid
Figure 3.6, step 2

Cisterna Membrane
Transport
vesicle
Golgi
apparatus
Pathway 1
Plasma membrane
Extracellular fluid
Figure 3.6, step 3

Cisterna Membrane
Transport
vesicle
Golgi
apparatus
Secretory vesicle
Pathway 1

proteins to be secreted
becomes a secretory
vesicle Plasma membrane
Extracellular fluid
Figure 3.6, step 4

Cisterna Membrane
Transport
vesicle
Golgi
apparatus
Secretory vesicles
Pathway 1
Proteins
proteins to be secreted
Extracellular fluid
Figure 3.6, step 5

Cisterna Membrane
Transport
vesicle
Golgi Pathway 2
apparatus
Plasma membrane
Extracellular fluid
Figure 3.6, step 6

Cisterna Membrane
Transport
vesicle
Golgi Pathway 2
apparatus
Plasma membrane
Extracellular fluid
Figure 3.6, step 7

Cisterna Membrane
Transport
vesicle
Golgi Pathway 2
apparatus

membrane components
fuses with the plasma
membrane
Plasma membrane
Extracellular fluid
Figure 3.6, step 8

Cisterna Membrane
Transport
vesicle
Pathway 3
Golgi
apparatus
Plasma membrane
Extracellular fluid
Figure 3.6, step 9

Cisterna Membrane
Transport
vesicle
digestive enzymes
becomes a lysosome
Pathway 3
Golgi
apparatus
Plasma membrane
Extracellular fluid
Figure 3.6, step 10


ingested substances
Transport
vesicle
digestive enzymes
becomes a lysosome
Pathway 3
Golgi
apparatus
Plasma membrane
Extracellular fluid
Figure 3.6, step 11


ingested substances
Transport
vesicle
digestive enzymes
becomes a lysosome
Pathway 3
Golgi Pathway 2
apparatus
Secretory vesicles
Pathway 1 Golgi vesicle containing
Proteins membrane components
Golgi vesicle containing fuses with the plasma
proteins to be secreted membrane
Extracellular fluid
Figure 3.6, step 12

Lysosomes
Contain enzymes that digest worn-out or
nonusable materials within the cell

Peroxisomes
Membranous sacs of oxidase enzymes
Detoxify harmful substances such as
alcohol and formaldehyde
Break down free radicals (highly reactive
chemicals)
Replicate by pinching in half

Cytoskeleton
Network of protein structures that extend
throughout the cytoplasm
Provides the cell with an internal framework
Figure 3.7a

Cytoskeleton
Three different types of
elements
Microfilaments
(smallest)
Intermediate
filaments
Microtubules
(largest)
Figure 3.7bd

Centrioles
Rod-shaped bodies made of microtubules
Direct the formation of mitotic spindle during
cell division

Cellular Projections
Not found in all cells
Used for movement
Cilia move materials across the cell surface
Located in the respiratory system to move
mucus
Flagella propel the cell
The only flagellated cell in the human
body is sperm

Cell Diversity
Figure 3.8a

Cell Diversity
Figure 3.8b

Cell Diversity
Figure 3.8c

Cell Diversity
Figure 3.8d

Cell Diversity
Figure 3.8e

Cell Diversity
Figure 3.8f

Cell Diversity
Figure 3.8g

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PowerPoint Lecture Slide Presentation

The Human Body:

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Anatomy (Greek word)

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Smooth muscle cell

Cellular level Atoms

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 1.1, step 1

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Smooth muscle cell

Cellular level Atoms

Figure 1.1, step 2

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Smooth muscle cell

Cellular level Atoms

Figure 1.1, step 3

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Smooth muscle cell

Cellular level Atoms

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Smooth muscle cell

Cellular level Atoms

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Smooth muscle cell

Cellular level Atoms

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Allows for nutrient

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Special terminology is used to prevent

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

A sagittal section divides the body (or organ) into

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Anterior body landmarks

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Posterior body landmarks

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Dorsal body cavity,

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings