COPYRIGHT 2012 IJCIT, ISSN 2078-5828 (PRINT), ISSN 2218-5224 (ONLINE), VOLUME 02, ISSUE 02, MANUSCRIPT CODE:
: 120111
A New Proposed Scheme for PAPR Reduction of
OFDM System Combining Hadamard Transform
and Hann Peak Windowing
K. M. Kawsar Pervez, and Md. Mahbub Hossain
AbstractOrthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
(OFDM) is a proficient modulation technique which is used
brutally both broadband wired and wireless communication. It
brings many advantages. Eliminating Inter Symbol
Interference (ISI) and Inter Carrier Interference (ICI), makes
efficient use of the spectrum and dividing the channel into
narrowband flat fading sub channels are some of them. But its
not free from disadvantages too. One major disadvantage of
OFDM is that the time domain OFDM signal which is a sum of
several sinusoids leads to high peak to average power ratio
(PAPR). There are many different types of PAPR reduction
techniques. Such that Clipping, Windowing, Coding etc. In this
paper a new scheme was proposed combining Hadamard
transform and Hann peak widowing technique to achieve more
novel PAPR reduction. We analyzed performance of the PAPR
reduction technique calculating BER. The PAPR reduction
performances were analyzed for an OFDM system model
containing 64 subcarriers and BPSK modulation technique.
All simulations were performed on MATLAB 7.5 platform.
The results of MATLAB 7.5 simulation using this scheme show
about 5dB PAPR reduction at within decrease of Eb/No
at BER.
Index terms OFDM, PAPR, BER, Hadamard Transform,
Hann Windowing.
I. INTRODUCTION
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing is a great
modulation technique. Now-a-days it has been seen rising
popularity in wireless applications. For wireless
communication an OFDM based system can provide greater
immunity to multi-path fading and reduce the complexity of
equalizers [1]. Digital Audio Broadcast (DAB), Digital
Video Broadcast (DVB), the IEEE 802.11 Wireless Local
Area Network (WLAN) scheme, as well as the IEEE 802.16
Broadband Wireless Access (BWA), particularly, Wireless
Metropolitan Area Networks (IEEE 802.16d) WiMAX [2]
are some of the enormous applications of OFDM system.
Besides this, the major drawback of OFDM signal is its large
peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR), which causes poor
power efficiency or serious performance degradation in the
time of transmitting through power amplifier [3]. Therefore,
nonlinearities may get overloaded by high signal peaks,
causing inter modulation among subcarriers and, more
critical, undesired out-of-band radiation. If RF power
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amplifiers are operated without large power back-offs, it is
impossible to keep the out-of-band power below specified
limits. This leads to very inefficient amplification and
expensive transmitters so that it is highly desirable to reduce
the PAPR [4]. Several schemes have been proposed to reduce
the PAPR. These techniques can mainly be categorized into
Signal scrambling techniques and Signal distortion
techniques [1]. Signal scrambling techniques are all
variations on how to scramble the codes to decrease the
PAPR. Coding techniques can be used for signal scrambling
[5]. Comparatively signal distortion techniques more straight
forward technique. Signal distortion methods distort the high
peak valued portion of OFDM signals using different
techniques for PAPR reduction. In our proposed new scheme
we combine two methods, one is a signal scrambling method,
Hadamard Transforms and another is a signal distortion
technique, Hann peak windowing. We also analyzed the
system performance of our new proposed PAPR reduction
scheme in terms of Bit Error Rate (BER).
II. SYSTEM MODEL
A. OFDM System
At the starting end binary data is being inputted to the
system. After that this binary data is going through to the
process of digital to analog mapping. And this mapped signal
is being modulated with proper modulation technique. This
modulation signal is than converted into parallel signal by
signal to parallel converter. This parallel data is being
inputted to the IFFT operation block. This IFFT block
converts the frequency domain signal to time domain signal
for each subcarrier. Cyclic prefix is being added with the time
domain signal. After that this time domain signal is being
transmitted through the channel after proper filtering and
applications. This transmitted signal is received by receiver
and the receiver action is somewhat inverse of transmitter.
The starting end of receiver is a synchronizer. It is being used
to equalize the received signal to prevent any channel effect
and to get the proper signal. Figure 1 shows the transceiver
bloc diagram of OFDM system.
B. Peak-to-Average Power Ratio
The measurement of a waveform, calculated from the peak
power of the waveform divided by the average power of the
waveform is called crest factor or peak-to-average ratio
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COPYRIGHT 2012 IJCIT, ISSN 2078-5828 (PRINT), ISSN 2218-5224 (ONLINE), VOLUME 02, ISSUE 02, MANUSCRIPT CODE: 120111

(PAR) or peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) [6]. If we

Mapping Modu-l S/P IFFT Add

Data CP
ation
Input

Channel

[[

Sync FFT P/S Demod. Demapping Data output

Fig. 1. OFDM transceiver block diagram

consider a complex signal , The peak to average power
ratio for this signal defined as,
PAPR
(1)
Where, the peak or maximum power of the signal
The average or mean power of the signal
Corresponding to the conjugate operator = ( )*
In the case of OFDM system, we can define PAPR as
follows, PAPR of OFDM system
We know that, In the case of OFDM system, OFDM
signals are the results superposition of many different
subcarrier. But as the subcarrier signals are random and the
PAPR of OFDM system is totally dependent on those
subcarrier signals, so we can understand that the value of
PAPR is also random.
OFDM signal is the sum of multiple sinusoidal having
frequency separation , where each sinusoidal gets
modulated by independent information
the transmit signal is, [7]
Equation (1) predicts that the PAPR can be defined by the
amplitude of output signal. So when output signal exceed a
certain value then obviously PAPR also take a higher value.
C. Problem of High PAPR
Nonlinearity of power amplifier and high PAPR of OFDM
signals cause severe problems in OFDM implications
is especially in transmitter. Figure 2 shows a basic
characteristics curve of nonlinear power amplifier. In this
is figure there are two regions. One is for liner response and
another is for non-linear response. There are two types of
distortion. The explanation of those distortions is given
bellow.
D. Out of Band Distortion in OFDM Signal
As OFDM signal contains high peak to average power
ratio (PAPR), the peak value of the signal is quite high in
comparison with the average signal value. At the time of
peak amplitude, the power amplifier operates in its nonlinear
(2) region as input of the amplifier is higher at that time.
Because of the non linearity of amplifier gain of this region,
different frequency components of the OFDM signal amplify
with different levels of gain. This creates spreading effect
over the frequency bands which cause out-of- band radiation.
The frequency components which spread out of the required
channels interfered with the side lobes of the subcarrier
channels and inter carrier interference take place. These
phenomena of interference cause signal distortion which is
known as out of band distortion of OFDM system.
Output Linear response
. Mathematically,
Saturation
Psat

Pout-pd
(3)
Operating region with
Pout pre distortion
So, each signal is ; k=0, 1 N-1
Operating region
(4) without pre distortion

Input power

Fig. 2. Characteristics curve of nonlinear power amplifier

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COPYRIGHT 2012 IJCIT, ISSN 2078-5828 (PRINT), ISSN 2218-5224 (ONLINE), VOLUME 02, ISSUE 02, MANUSCRIPT CODE: 120111
E. In Band Distortion in OFDM signal
Again because of the high peak to average power ratio
(PAPR) of OFDM signal, the signal often goes to the
nonlinear part of the power amplifier. When the signal goes
to the nonlinear part of the power amplifier then the
consecutive points of the input signals get amplified with
different amount of gains. This prevents the output signals
from following the input signals with constant gain and
instead of getting an amplified version of input signal we get
a distorted version of input signals at output of the power
amplifier.
The power efficiency of an HPA can be increased by
reducing the PAPR of the transmitted signal. Clearly, it
would be desirable to have the average and peak values are as
close together as possible in order to maximize the efficiency
of the power amplifier. In addition to the large burden placed
on the HPA, a high PAR requires high resolution for both the
transmitters DAC and the receivers ADC, since the
dynamic range of the signal is proportional to the PAPR.
High-resolution D/A and A/D conversion places an
additional complexity, cost, and power burden on the system
[5].
F. Quantifying PAPR
If a random complex variable follows the normal
distribution and its real and imaginary part individually
follow the same kind of Gaussian random distribution then
the probability distribution of the absolute value of this
complex random variable follows the Rayleigh distribution.
As our signal amplitude is also the absolute value of normally
distributed random complex signal so it will also follow the
Rayleigh distribution.
As our main interest is centralized around whether PAPR
acrosses a certain value or not its more helpful to plot ccdf
instead of cdf. For a OFDM signal with N carrier
(5)
III. MATERIALS & MATHODS
A. Hadamard Transform
The Hadamard transform (also known as the
WalshHadamard transform,
HadamardRademacherWalsh transform, Walsh
transform, or WalshFourier transform) is an example of a
generalized class of transforms. The Hadamard transform
is a matrix, the Hadamard matrix scaled by a
normalization factor that transforms real numbers or
complex numbers into real numbers The Hadamard
transform can be defined in two ways: recursively, or by
using the binary (base-2) representation of the indices n and k
[6]. Recursively, we define
(6)
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In Hadamard transform scheme, the mapped and modulated
data is been Hadamard transformed before IFFT operation
and at the receiver end the data can be decoded after
demapping , demodulation and FFT operation performing
Inverse Hadamard transform.
B. Peak Windowing
Peak windowing is a signal distortion technique to reduce
PAPR of OFDM. By this method, we can window a large
peak by multiplying it with proper window function. If a
signal peak exceeds a certain threshold the peak is then
windowed.
Peak windowing gives much better spectral result than
that of simple clipping. It gives a smooth peak for the clipped
signal in contrast with normal flat top achieved by simple
clipping.
C. Hann Window
Hann function is defined by
(7)
The advantage of the Hann window is very low aliasing,
and the tradeoff is slightly decreased resolution (widening of
the main lobe). If the Hann window is used to sample a signal
in order to convert to frequency domain, it is complex to
reconvert to the time domain without adding distortions [6].
A new scheme for PAPR reduction is been proposed in this
paper combining Hadamard transform and Hann
windowing. In this scheme, data given inputted has been
mapped. This mapped data is then modulated. Modulated
data is gone through Hadamard transform. This Hadamard
transformed data is then performed through IFFT operation.
IFFT operation convert frequency domain signal to time
domain signal. This converted time domain signal is the get
peak windowed with the help of Hann window. This
windowed signal is then transmitted through the channel.
The signal is decoded by means of inverse Hadamard
transform at the receiver after FFT operation. FFT operation
convert time domain signal to frequency domain signal. The
block representation of the scheme is given in figure 2.
The signal processing algorithm steps are given bellow.
Step 1: The sequence of in data, X is transformed by in order
Hadamard matrix.
(8)
Here H is the Hadamard matrix.
Step 2: The Hadamard transformed data sequence Y is
inputted to the IFFT unit. The time domain signal output of
IFFT unit is
(9)
Step 3: Hann peak windowing is performed over this IFFT
output according to following procedure
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If then
If then
Figure 5 shows that Proposed PAPR reduction scheme
Step 4: FFT transform is performed on the received combining Hadamard transform and Hann peak windowing
signal that is , improve the performance of the system as the BER of the
Here, system decreases after using proposed scheme. Here also we
(10) use MATLAB 7.5 for simulation. Table II shows that
comparative BER performance analysis of new scheme with
various techniques. From this figure it is clear that this new
IV. SIMULATION RESULTS scheme is very much effective for BER reduction also.
To simulate the above OFDM system for PAPR reduction
we used MATLAB 7.5. 32 numbers of data symbol was taken V. LIMITATIONS
and the subcarrier number were 128. For mapping, PSK The complexity of Hadamard Transform rises with the
modulation technique was performed. BPSK as modulation increased number of data bit. This may broaden the
technique for Hadamard transform scheme and Hann peak calculation time causing delay. The windowing process
windowing and new proposed scheme. Figure 4 shows that causes self-interference.
Hadamard transform and Hann windowing reduce PAPR at
the amount of 3.5 dB and 2 dB respectively while they are VI. FUTURE WORKS
working individually than that of original signal. Our In future this work can be made more elegant by
proposed new scheme combining Hadamard transform and improving the signal distortion techniques along with
Hann windowing reduces PAPR at the amount of around 5 Hadamard transform so that a more sophisticated and prolific
dB than that of the original signal. So, certainly proposed PAPR reduction scheme can be obtained.
new scheme gives comparatively better PAPR reduction. Figure 4 shows that Proposed PAPR reduction scheme
Table I represents the comparative amount of PAPR combining Hadamard transform and Hann peak windowing
reduction obtained by using different techniques. improve the performance of the system as the BER of the
system decreases after using proposed scheme. Here also we
TABLE: I use MATLAB 7.5 for simulation. Table II shows that
RESULT OF PAPR REDUCTION FOR HADAMARD TRANSFORM,
HANN PEAK WINDOWING AND PROPOSED NEW SCHEME comparative BER performance analysis of new scheme with
PAPR of After Amount of various techniques. From this figure it is clear that this new
original Applying the Reduction scheme is very much effective for BER reduction also.
Techniques used OFDM Techniques (dB)
Signal (dB) (dB)

Hann peak 8.5 7 1.5

windowing
Hadamard 8.5 5 3.5
transform
New proposed 8.5 3.5 5
scheme

S/P Hadamard IFFT

transform and Add
Data QAM/PSK CP D/A
mapping Hann and
source Windowing HPA

Channel

Noise
Inverse
P/S Remove
Hadamard
CP and
QAM/PSK transform
Data sink FFT D/A
Demapping
and
HPA

Fig. 3. Block diagram of a baseband OFDM system with proposed new PAPR reduction scheme

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 COPYRIGHT 2012 IJCIT, ISSN 2078-5828 (PRINT), ISSN 2218-5224 (ONLINE), VOLUME 02, ISSUE 02, MANUSCRIPT CODE: 120111

TABLE: II
COMPARATIVE BER PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF NEW
SCHME WITH VARIOUS METHODS

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
SNR
(dB)
BER of OFDM 0.3909 0.3687 0.3308 0.2893 0.2395 0.1890 0.1292 0.0747 0.0374 0.0132 0.0022
system without
PAPR
reduction
BER of the 0.0410 0.0161 0.0056 0.0034 0.0029 0.0024 0.0020 0.0015 0.0010 0.0005 0
system with
Hadamard
Transform
BER of the 0.3005 0.2356 0.1956 0.1372 0.0903 0.0391 0.0129 0.0032 0.0015 0.0005 0
system with
Hann Peak
Windowing
BER of the 0.0024 0.0022 0.0020 0.0017 0.0015 0.0012 0.0010 0.0007 0.0004 0.0001 0
system with
Proposed
scheme

1
Original Signal
0.9 After Hann Windowing
After Hadamard
0.8
After New Scheme REFERENCES
0.7

0.6 [1] A. R. Bahai and B. R. Saltzberg, Multi-Carrier Digital

CCDF(PAPR)

Communications.
0.5 [2] J.Aktman, B.Z. Bobrovsky and L.Hanzo, "Peak-to-Average Power Ratio
Reduction for OFDM Modems", Proc. VTC'2003 (Spring), Jeju,S.Korea,
0.4 2003..
[3] H. Rohling, T. May, K. Bruninghaus, and R. Grunheid, Broadband
0.3
OFDM radio transmission for multimedia applications,Proc. IEEE,
0.2 vol.87,pp.1778-1789,Oct.1999.
[4] Stefan H. Muller and Johannes B. Huber, "A Comparison of Peak Power
0.1 Reduction Schemes For OFDM", Proc. of IEEE Global Telecom. Conf.
GLOBECOM '97, Nov. 1997, Arizona, USA.
0 [5] Ashraf A. Eltholth, Adel R. Mikhail, A. Elshirbini, Moawad I. Moawad,
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
PAPR(dB) A. I. Abdelfattah, Peak-to-Average Power Ratio Reduction in OFDM
Systems.
Fig. 4. Simulation result of PAPR for original OFDM signal and signal after [6] www.wikipidia.com.
applying proposed scheme [7] Jean Armstrong, Senior Member, IEEE, OFDM for Optical
Communication, Journal of Light wave Technology, vol. 27, No. 3,
February 1, 2009.
Bit error probability curve for BPSK using OFDM
0
10

-1
10 A.K.M. Kawsar Pervez was born in Rajshahi,
Bangladesh, 26th December, 1989. He got B. Sc
Engineering degree in Electronics and Communication in
-2 the year of 2011 from Khulna University, Khulna-9208,
10
Bit Error Rate

Bangladesh. Now he was an employee of Augere wireless

Broadband Bangladesh Ltd (Qubee). His current
research interest is wireless communication, channel
-3
10 coding, all optical networks and antenna design.

-4 Original signal
10
Hadamard transform
Hann peak windowing
Proposed Scheme
-5
10
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Eb/No, dB

Fig. 5. Comparison of BER after using different PAPR reduction technique

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