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IPA, 2006 - 18th Annual Convention Proceedings, 1989
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PROCEEDINGS INDONESIAN PETROLEUM ASSOCIATION
Eighteenth Annual Convention, October 1989
HYDROCARBON SOURCE ROCK IDENTIFICATION
IN THE SOUTH PALEMBANG SUB-BASIN
Sumuyut Sarjono
Sardjito *
ABSTRACT
The South Palembang Sub-Basin is part of the
productive South Sumatra Basin, a back-arc basin
formed by the interaction between the Indo-Australian
and Eurasian Plates in Pre-Tertiary and Early Tertiary
time.
The general Tertiary stratigraphy of the Palembang
Sub-Basin from oldest to youngest unit is as follows:
Lahat Formation, Talangakar Formation, Baturaja
Formation, Gumai Formation, Airbenakat Formation,
Muaraenim Formation, and Kasai Formation.
The Lahat Formation contains mature source rocks
and is thought to generate gas in the Gunungkemala area.
The Talangakar and Baturaja Formations contain source
rocks which are rich in sapropel Type I & I1 kerogen. Both
formations are mature. Gumai Formation contains
mature humic Type I11 kerogen. The Airbenakat For-
mation has fair to good potential, but it is immature. The
Muaraenim Formation contains much organic matter but
is also immature.
The first migration of hydrocarbons in the Palembang
Sub-Basin occurrea in the Middle Miocene or at the end
of Gumai Formation time. Early trapped hydrocarbons
were redistributed into new traps following the Plio-
Pleistocene orogeny.
INTRODUCTION
The South Sumatra Basin is a back-arc basin which
formed by interaction of the Indo-Australian and Eura-
sian plates from Pre-Tertiary to Early Tertiary time. The
South Palembang Sub-Basin is a part of the South
Sumatra Basin. The study area addressed in this paper
is the South Palembang Sub-Basin including the East
Pendopo, Kuang, East Muaraenim and Kepayang areas
(Fig. 1).
Hydrocarbon exploration activities in the SouthSu-
matra Basin began in 1905. The Tanjunglontar Muara-
Pertamina UEP I1
IPA 89-13.08
*
enim oil field was discovered in 1908. Current daily
production for the basin is approximately 91400 BOPD
and 300 MMCFGPD.
The Tertiary sediments in the South Palembang Sub-
Basin are divided into the Lahat, the Talangakar, the
Baturaja, The Gumai, the Airbenakat, the Muaraenim
and the Kasai Formations. Identification clf mature
source rocks is very important for successful hydrocarbon
exploration in this area. The Talangakar and Baturaja
Formations are thought to be good, mature hydrocarbon
source rocks.
GEOLOGICAL SETTING
The South Palembang Sub-Basin lies in the south
eastern part of the South Sumatra Basin and contains the
Limau Graben, Muaraenim Deep and Kuang High area
(Fig. la). The Sub-Basin is bounded by the Tamiang High
to the north, Musi-Kikim Platform and Pendopo High
to the west, by the Garba Mountains and by the Lampung
High to the east.
The South Sumatra Basin has been strongly affected
by two major periods of tectotiism. The first period took
place in Early Tertiary time and resulted in a basement
configuration with NE-SW trending fault blocks. The
second period was during the Plio-Pleistocene orogeny
which was dominated by strike slip movement along the
NW-SE Sumatra trend.
Major structural features of the South Palembang
Sub-Basin consist of NW-SE trending anticlinoria, such
as the Muaraenim Anticlinorium and the Pendopo-Limau
Anticlinorium (Fig. 2). These anticlinoria are dissected by
several mainly normal faults. Major fault systems trend
NW-SE, such as the Lematang fault, and N-S, for
example the Lembak and Beringin faults. The old faults
were rejuvenated by the Plio-Pleistocene orogeny.
STRATIGRAPHY
The Pre-Tertiary basement rocks in the South Pa-
lembang Sub-Basin consist of metamorphosed sedimen-
tary rocks such as slate, quartzite and phyllite, and
428
igneous rocks such as granodiorite and diorite. The
Tertiary section starts with cycles of transgressive sedi-
mentation and is follo\;ed by sediments of an upper
regressive cycle (Fig. 3).
The oldest unit, the Lahat Formation (LAF) consists
of clastic sediments which contain volcanic materials. It
is composed of tuff, agglomerate, clay, tuffaceous
sandstone and breccia. In the deeper part of basin, the
lithology becomes more fine grained and there the
formation is made up of clay and shale, with interca-
lations of tuffaceous sandstone. The thickness of the
Lahat Formation is 760m in the Pendopo area and 200m
in the Limau area. The Lahat Formation was deposited
in a terrestrial environment.
During the Late Oligocene to Early Miocene, the basin
started subsiding, accompanied by the deposition of the
Grindsand Member (GRM) of the transgressive Talang-
akar Formation. Its lithology consists of coarse to very
coarse sandstone with shale and siltstone intercalations,
deposited in a fluviatile to deltaic environment. The
thickness of the Grindsand Member reaches 550m. The
upper part of the Talangakar Formation, which is called
the Transition Member (TRM), consists of shale inter-
calated with sandstones, and coal, occasionally becoming
marine shale intercalated with calcareous sandstones. The
thickness of this member reaches 300m. It was deposited
in a littoral to shallow marine environment.
After the deposition of the Talangakar Formation, the
basin was broadened to become an open sea. Topography
over the basement rocks did not influence clastic sediment
influx. At this time limestone of the Baturaja Formation
was deposited. On basement highs reefal limestones
developed. In the deeper part of basin, shales of the
Gumai Formation were deposited. The thickness of
Baturaja Formation is 60m to lOOm in the Limau area,
200m in Pendopo and about 150m in the Kuang area.
The Baturaja Formation \vas deposited in a shallow
marine environment.
In the Early Middle Miocene, transgression reached
its culmination with wide spread deposition of the Gumai
Formation. In its lower part lithology consists of cal-
careous shale with limestone, marl and calcareous
sandstone intercalation. The upper part is calcareous clay
with sandstone intercalations. Its thickness is 150m to
500m in the Limau area and 1500m in Muaraenim and
Lematang areas. The Gumai Formation was deposited
in a shallow to deep marine environment.
A late Middle Miocene regression caused the basin to
shallow and the environment became neritic to littoral.
The influx of clastic materials increased, so that the
lithology of the Airbenakat Formation (ABF), which was
deposited at this time, consists of interbedded clay and
sandstone intercalated with siltstone. The thickness of the
Airbenakat is 600m in the Limau area.
Littoral to terrestrial conditions existed in the basin
when the Muaraenim Formation was deposited. Its
lithology consists of claystone with sandstone, siltstone
and coal intercalations. The thickness of this formation
is 200m to 800m.
In Late Pliocene time, a basin-wide orogeny occured
and at the same time the Kasai Formation, which consists
of interbedded tuff, tuffaceous sandstone and claystone,
was deposited. The Plio-Pleistocene orogeny caused all
of the basin to be uplifted, folded and faulted into its
present configuration.
SOURCE ROCKS
Geochemical well data and Lopatin analyses have
been used for source rock identification. Analyses were
done on each formation to evaluate potential, maturity
and hydrocarbon generation.
Potential
Potential source rock identification was based on
Total Organic Carbon (TOC) and Rock Eva1 pyrclysis
data, such as S1 and S2 (Table 1). The source rock
potential of each formation in various wells is shown in
(Tables 2 to 5). The data have also been displayed in map
form (Figs. 4 & 5) for each formation. Source rock
potential of the Lahat Formation is excellent in Kepayang
with 8.5% TOC and is good in the Limau area with 1.7
- 4.1 'To TOC. A map of source rock potential of the Lahat
Formation cannot be made because of lack of data.
The Talangakar Formation has good potential
especially in the Limau area with 1.5 - 8% TOC, 0.5 -
2.1 mg/g S1 and 1.5 - 8 mg/g S2. The Kuang area has
fair potential with 0.33 - 0.9% TOC, 0.1 - 0.5 mg/g S1
and 0.2 - 4 mg/g S2. The Muaraenim-Lematang area is
predicted to have fair potential.
The Baturaja Formation has good to very good
potential in the Limau area with 0.6 - 1.5% TOC, 1.35
- 5.5 mg/g S1 and 1.35 - 2.7 mg/g S2. The Kuang area
has poor potential with 0.2 - 0.4% TOC. A source rock
potential map of the combined Talangakar and Baturaja
Formations is shown in Figure 4.
The Gumai Formation has fair to excellent potential
in almost all areas with 0.5 - 11.5% TOC, 0.1 - 2.2 mg/g
S1 and 0.7 - 2.4 mg/g S2. The Muaraenim-Lematang area
is predicted to have good potential because Gumai
Formation thickness reaches 1500m there and the
Merbau well (MBU-1) showed that the TOC is 0.7 - 1%
and 2.1 - 3.6 mg/g S2 (Fig. 5 ) .
The Airbenakat Formation has fair to good potential
with 0.5 - 1.7% TOC, 0.2 - 2.88 mg/g S1 and 0.9 - 5.5
mg/g S2. The Muaraenim Formation in the MBU-1 well
has fair to excellent potential with 0.5 - 52.7% TOC.

Maturity
Maturity of source rock is controlled by time and
temperature. High temperature and short time have the
same influence as low temperature and long time.
Maturity identification is based on Maximum Tempera-
ture (T-max), Spore Colouration Index (SCI), Thermal
Alteration Index (TAI), Vitrinite Reflectance (Ro) and
Lopatin analysis (Tables 6 to 8). Based on data from the
available wells, the maturity of each formation can be
determined (Tables 9 to 13), and a maturity map can be
made.
The Lahat Formation is mature in the Limau, Be-
ringin and Muaraenim-Lematang areas with T-max values
of 436-441 "C. The Kepayang area, however is immature.
The Talangakar Formation is mature in the Limau
area, partly mature in the Kuang and Muaraenim-
Lematang areas with T-max values of 436 - 450C and Ro
of 0.45-0.94%. Lembak and Kuang areas are earlier
mature areas with 425 - 433C T-max and 0.3 - 0.4% Ro.
The Baturaja Formation maturity is much the same as
the Talangakar Formation, and therefore both are shown
in the same maturity map (Fig. 7).
The Gumai Formation is early mature in the Limau
area, and partly mature in the Kuang area with 400 -
430C T-max. The Muaraenim-Lematang area, however,
is mature with 435 - 440C T-max and 0.51 - 0.7% Ro
(Figs. 8 & 9).
The Airbenakat and Muaraenim formations are
immature with less than 430C T-max and 0.29 - 0.30%
Ro. A Lopatin analysis showed that the oil window (TTI :
15) occured at 1200m in the Merbau area and 1500m
in the Gunungkemala area (Figs. 10-13).
OIL VS GAS GENERATION
An estimate of whether a formation is oil or gas prone
can be made by determining kerogen type and Hydrogen
Index (HI). Data from wells analyzed are shown in
Table 9. The kerogen type of the Lahat Formation in the
Limau area (GNK-67 well) is vitrinite (HI), which
generates gas only. The Lahat of the Kepayang area is
immature but contains oil-prone amorphous ( M I ) , and
vitrinite (111) kerogens.
Kerogen of the Talangakar Formation is of both
amorphous and vitrinitic type, and may generate both oil
and gas. In the Muaraenim area (Merbau) kerogen type
is largely vitrinite, which only generates gas. The Baturaja
Formation contains amorphous kerogen and vitrinite,
and may generate both oil and gas. Figures 14 and 15
show hydrocarbon generation type, potential and ma-
turity of source rocks.
The Gumai Formation contains vitrinite, which
generates gas only. In the Merbau area both amorphous
kerogen and vitrinite are present which may generate
429
both oil and gas (Figs. 15 - 17).
The Airbenakat and Muarenim Formations also
contain amorphous kerogen, but are immature.
HYDROCARBON MIGRATION
The vertical and lateral migration of hydrocarbons
in the South Palembang Sub-Basin started in the Late
Middle Miocene. Vertical migration occurred through
faults zones, as, for example, hydrocarbons in the Lembak
area have migrated vertically along the Lembak fault
from Talangakar Formation source rocks in the Limau
Graben area. Gas discoveries in the Airbenakat and
Muaraenim Formations from MBU-1 well are the result
of vertical migration along the Merbau fault from Gumai
Formation source rocks (Fig. 17). The lateral migration
occurs in a direction normal to dip slope. For example,
oil discoveries in the Talangakar Formation of the Kuang
and Beringin areas are the result of lateral migration from
Talangakar Formation source rocks in the Tanjungmiring
deep.
CONCLUSIONS
The Lahat Formation contains good, mature source
rocks which generate gas in the Gunungkemala area.
The Talangakar Formation has good potential and
has generated oil and gas in the Limau area. In the
Lembak area, there is a fair potential but the rocks are
in the early mature stage. The 'Talangakar Formation in
Kuang has fair potential but is also in the early mature
stage. In the Lematang-Muaraenim area the Talangakar
Formation is mature and has fair potential for generating
oil and gas. The Baturaja Formation contains source
rocks similar to the source rocks of the Talangakar
Formation.
The Gumai Formation contains source rock with good
potential for gas. It is mature and may generate gas,
especially in the Muaraenim and Lematang areas. In the
Limau and Kuang areas, the Gumai Formation contains
source rocks in the early mature stage. Airbenakat and
Muaraenim Formations are immature throughout the
sub-basin.
Hydrocarbon migration started in the Late Middie
Miocene. Migration paths are along faults and updip,
normal to the trend of the basement slope.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We thank the Head of the Exploration Division,
Pertamina Jakarta, and the Manager, Pertamina Unit
EP-I1 Plaju, for permission to publish this paper. We also
thank our colleages in the Exploration Department for
their assistance in this study. Special appreciation is given
to Mr. Gultom, Mr. Husien Hatuwe and Mr. Wiryono
Wibowo for their encouragement and support.
430
REFERENCES
Bandung Institute of Technology. 1988. Geochemical &
petrographical laboratory evolution study on well
TSM- 1. Pertamina UEP-II Plaju Internal Report.
Denes, S.J.S. 1978. An investigation into presence of
source rock in the penetrated sediments of well Limau
VA-1 & 3 South Sumatra. Perlamina UEP-II Internal
Report.
Denes, S.J.S 1978. An investigation into the presence
of source rock in the penetrated sediments of well
Kepayang- I. Pertamina UEP-II Plaju Internal Report.
Geoservices PT. 1985. Hydrocarbon source rock eva-
luation study of the following wells TLJ-204, GNK-67,
LBK-8, LBK-7, BRG-2, PMN-4 & STT-32. Pertamina
UEP-II Plaju Internal Report.
Pulunggono, A. and Cameron, N.R. 1982. System sesar
utama dan pembentukan Cekungan Palembang.
Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Bandung ITB.
Robertson Research. 1978. Petroleum geochemical stu-
dies of Pertamina unit I1 Benuang-10 well South
Sumatra.
Robertson Research. 1978. Petroleum Geochemical
studies of the 200 to 1236 M interval of the Tanjung
Miring-7 well. Pertamina Unit EP-II Infernal Report.
Reiman, K. & Dielwart, J.E. 1977. An investigation
into the presence of source rock in sediment penetrated
by well Benuang-6. Pertamina UEP-II Plaju Internal
Report.
Surjanto, S. et bl. 1980. Kematangan endapan Tersier
di daerah Prabumulih Sumatra Selatan. Pertamina
UEP II Plaju Internal Report.
Waples, D.W. 1985. Geochemistry in Petroleum Ex-
ploration. International Human Resources Develop-
ment Corporation, Boston.
 43 I

TABLE 1
SOURCE ROCK POTENTIAL CLASSIFICATION
A. % T 0 C (PHILIPPI, 1969)
I % TOTAL ORGANIC CARBON
POTENTIAL
SHALE CARBONATE

0,oo - 0,so 0,oo - 0,12 POOR

0,50 - 1 00 0,12 - 0,25 FAIR
1 ,oo - 2,oo 0,25 - 0,50 GOOD
2,OO - 4,OO 0,50 - 1,OO VERY GOOD
4,OO - 8,OO 1 ,oo - 2,oo EXCELLENT

B. SOURCE ROCK POTENTIAL BASED ON PYROLYSIS DATA

~~~ ~ ~~

POTENTIAL POTENTIAL

0,oo - 0,20 PO0 R 0,oo - 1,oo POOR

0,20 - 0,40 MARGINAL 1,oo - 2.00 MARGIN A L
0,40 - 0,80 GOOD 2,OO - 6,OO MODERATE
0,80 - 1,60 VERY GOOD 6,OO - 10,OO GOOD
I,6 EXCELLENT 10.00 - 20.00 VERY GOOD
( 20 tXCELLEhY

S? (mg HC/g rock) POTENTIAL

I

( 2 POOR
2 - 5 FAIR
GOOD
43 3-

TABLE 2

-
DEPTH
FORMATION
SOURCE ROCK POTENTIAL MBU - 1

TOC s2 s1 +s2 OTENTIAL

(MI (%I s1

200- FAIR POOR

303-
MUARAENIM
400- FAIR FAIR
500-
600- FAIR FAIR
700-
800- FAIR
POOR
900- 4IRBENXKAT NO DATA
1ouo- POOR POOR
1100-
1200- FAIR FAIR
1300-
1400- FAIR FAIR
GUMAI
1.5001-
1600- FAIR FAIR
1700-
1800- BATURAJA FAG! FAIR I

1900- 'ALANGAKAR POOR POOR I I I l l

POOR
2000- LAHAT POOR POOR
BASEMENT
 433

TABLE 3
SOURCE ROCK POTENTIAL TW - 204

IEPTH TOC
FORMATION
(MI (%I
700-
4IRBENAKAT GOOD

L
800- GOOD
900-
1000- GOOD
1100- FAIR
GUMAI
1200- GOOD GOOD
1300-
1400- VERY GOOD
BATURAJA GOOD FAIR
1500-
1600- VERY GOOD
1700- ALANGAKAR VERY GOOD
~

1800- VERY GOOD

1900- GOOD VERY GOOD
2000- LAHAT GOOD VERY GOOD
434

TABLE 4
SOURCE ROCK POTENTIAL GNK - 67

TOC S1 $2 SI + $2 POTENTIAL

GOOD FAIR POOR MARGINAL

GOOD
FAIR POOR MARGINAL
GOOD
FAIR POOR MARGINAL FAIR

FAIR POOR MARGINAL

FAIR
FAIR POOR MARGINAL
FAIR
GOOD FAIR MARGINAL
I! I
GOOD FAIR
GOOD FAIR
I
VERY GOOD GOOD GOOD VERY GOOD i

VERY GOOD VERY GOOD GOOD GOOD

VERY GOOD GOOD
VERYGOOD

VERY GOOD
GOOD
GOOD

VERY GOOD

GOOD
GOOD

GOOD

FAIR
GOOD

VERY GOOD
FAIR
Illlll
 43 5

TABLE 5
SOURCE ROCK POTENTIAL TSM -1
IEPTH
(MI
-
FORMA'I'ION I TOC s1 s2 s1 +s2

1
700-
MUARAENIM
I VERY GOOD
VERY GOOC FAIR 'ERY GOOD TERY GOOD1

m
800-
900-
1000-
1100-
I
AIRBENAKAT
VERY GOOD

FAIR
FAIR

POOR
POOR

POOR
FAIR

POOR
POOR I
1200-
1300- POOR POOR PO0R
1400-
FAIR
15 00- ~

POOR POOR POOR

1600- GUMAI
FAIR
1700-
FAIR FAIR FAIR
FAIR I
1800- FAIR
1900- Ba.ruRalA1 FAIR FA~R FAIR
'ALANGAKAR
1000-
BASEMENT 1
436

VITRINITE REFLECTANCE (% Ro) HYDROCARBON TYPE

0,33 - 0 35 Biogenic gas

0,35 - 0,66 Biogenic gas and oil immature
0,60 - 0,80 Immature oil
0,80 - 1,30 Mature oil
1,30 - 1,60 Mature oil, Condensate, wet gas
1,60 - 2,OO Condensate, wet gas
) 2,oo Petrogenic methane gas

T - MAX (degree C.) MATURITY

( 435 IMMATURE
435 - 464 OIL MATURE
 437

TABLE 7
MATURITY DEGREE BASED ON SPORE COLOURATION INDEX (SCX)

SCI POLLEN AND SPORE COLOUR MATURITY DEGREE

1 Yellow Immature
2 Redish orange Immature to mature
3 Brown oil generation and wet gas
4 black (opaque) dry
5 black dry gas (traces)

B. Maturity degree based on Spore Colouration Index

(P. Hasedockx, 1977).

SCI PALYNOMORPH COLOUR MATURITY DEGREE

1 Pale yellow Immature

2 Yellow Immature
3 yellow Transition to mature
4 Gold yellow Transition t o mature
5 Orange to yellow Mature
6 0 range Optimum oil generation
7 Brown Optimum oil generation
8 Dark brown Mature, gas condensate
9 Dark brown to black Over mature, dry gas
10 Black Over mature, dry gas (traces)
438

TABLE 8
MATURITY DEGREE BASED ON KEROGEN AND PALYNOMORPH COLOUR

ALTERATION KEROGEN MATURITY OIL AND GAS

.
TAI DEGREE COLOUR DEGREE PROSPECT

1 nil light yellow immature dry gas

2 small yellow dry gas, wet gas, oil
3 fair orange mature oil, wet gas
4 strong brown condensate, wet gas
5 very strong black-brown dry gas
6 metamorphose black over mature dry gas

SCI PALYNOMORPH COLOUR MATURITY DEGREE

I colourless, pale yellow immature

2 yellow immature
3 yellow to orange early mature
4 light brown mature, oil generation .

5 dark brown mature, gas condensate

6 dark brown to black over mature, wet gas
7 black wet gas (traces)
 43 9

TABLE 9
SOURCE ROCK MATURITY MBU - 1
- s
DEPTH T - MAX. RO MATURITY
FORMATION TAI SCI LOPATIN
-(MI (C. DEGREES (%I LEVEL

200 - IMMATURE IMMATURI IMMATURI

IMMATURE
300 - MUARAENIM ~

IMMATURE IMMATURE
400 - IMMATURE IMMATURI

5uo - IMMATURE

600 - IMMATURE
EARLY
IMMATURE -
~

MATURE
700 -
EARLY
MATURE
EARLY ZARLY EARLY
800 -
MATURE rlATURE MATURE
900 -
EARLY 4 R L Y MATURE
AIRBENAKAT
MATURE
EARLY ZARLY
1000 -
MATURE BATURE
1100 r-

1200 - MATURE MATURE .TTI=0.15.

L300
3ARLY
MATURE
dATURE
L400 -
MATURE MATURE
1500 - GUMAI MATURE
MATURE
.600 -
MATURE MATURE OIL
,700 - MATURE MATURE MATURE
WINDOW
800 - BATURAJA MATURE MATURE MATURE MATURE

900 - TALANGAKAR MATURE MATURE MATURE MATURE

,000 - LAHAT MATURE MATURE MATURE MATURE

100 - 3ASEMENT
-
440

TABLE 10
SOURCE ROCK MATURITY TSM - 1
-
)EPATF

-
(MI
FORMATION
T-MAX.
(C. DEGREES)
RO
(%I
TAI SCI
I MATURITY
LEVEL

700-

800- MUARAENIM
IMMATURE

IMMATURE IMMATURE [MMATURE

I
900-
IMMATURE
I IMMATURE
1000- IMMATURE IMMATURE [MMATURE

1100-
EARLY IMMATURE :MMATURE
AIRBENAKAT
MATURE
1200- IMMATURE

1300-
I
1400-
MATURE
EARLY IEARLY MATURE
[MMATURE
MATURE
I

1500-
EARLY
MATURE .TTI=0.15
MATURE
1600- GUMAI MATURE

1700-
MATURE
OIL
1800- EARLY
MATURE MATURE MATURE I MATURE

A
1900- WINDDOW
BATURAJA MATURE
EARLY
rALANGAKAR MTURE MATURE MATURE
MATURE
!OOO-
BASEMENT
-
 44 1

TABLE 1 1
SOURCE ROCK MATURITY LBK - 8
-
DEPTE FORMATION T -MAX. TAI SCI LOPATIN MATCRITY
(MI (C. DEGREES: (1 - 6 ) (1 - 10) LtVEL
7

90- IMMATURE IMMATURE IMMATURE

-
1000- AIRBENAKAT IMMATURE IMMATURE IMMATURE

-
1100- IMMATURE IMMATURE IMMATURE
L

I1
hl A?
IMMATURE

1200- IMMATURE IMMATURE IMMATURE

-
1300- IMMATURE [MMATU R E [MMATURE
GUMAI
-
1400- IMMATURE IMMATURE

EARLY EARLY
BATURAJA
I MATURE MATURE
1500-

- EARLY EARLY EARLY

TALANGKAR
MATURE MATURE MATURE
A R L I MATURE
1600-

-
EARLY LARLY EARLY
1700- LAHAT
MATURE MATURE MATURE
-
BASEMENT
-
-
442

TABLE 12
S O U R C E R O C K M A T U R I T Y TLJ - 204

DEPTH T-MAX RO TAI SCi MAT!

FORMATION LOPATIN
(M) ~.DEGREES) (%) (1-6) (1 - 10) LE'

700- IMMATURE IMMATURE

AIRBENAKAT IMMATURE
800- IMMA
IMMATURE
900- IMMATURE IMMATURE

1000-
EARLY
IMMATURE MATURE EARLY
1100- GUMAI MATURE
IMMATURE
1200-
EARLY EARLY EARLY MATURE
MATURE MATURE EARLY
1300- _TTI=O. 15 -
MATURE

1400- BATURAJA MATURE MATURE MATURE

1500-

EARt.Y
1600- MATURE MATURE MA'IURE MATURE
OIL MATURE
1700- TALANGAKAR
WINDOW

1800- MATURE MATURE MATURE

1900-

2000- LAHAT
 443

TABLE 13
SOURCE ROCK MATURITY CNK - 67
- ~~

MATURITY
IEPTH T - MAX RO TAI SCI
FORMATION LOPATIN LEVEL
- 6)
-(MI
~-
(C. DEGREES)
~~
(%) (1 (1 - 10)

700- IMMATURE
AIRBENAKAT .MMATURE MMATU R E
800-
IMMATURE
900-
EARLY
MATURE IMMATURE
1000-

EARLY
ll0C-
MATURE EARLY
GUMAI
MATURE-
1200- CARLY MATURE
EARLY
EARLY EARLY MATURE
1300-
MATURE MATURE
[MMATURE
1400-
BATIRAJA MATURE MATURE MATURE
L
1500- ~
;TTI=O.I 5 -

1600-
MATURE MATURE MATURE
1700- MATURE

1800-
MATURE MATURE MATURE
1900-
TALANGAKAR
2000- OiL
MATURE MATURE MATURE
2100- WINDOW MATURE
MATURE MATURE MATURE
2200-

2300-

2400- MATURE MATURE MATURE

~

2500- LAHAT
444

TABLE 14
A. SOURCE ROCK QUALITY
(Dow, 1977, Tissot & Welte, 1978, Barned et, al., 1981,
Brooks, 1981, Palmer & Zumberge, 1981)

KEROGEN TYPE KEROGEN FORM SOURCE POTENTIAL

TYPE I 1. LIPTINITE-EXINITE LIPTINITE HAS HIGH

SAPROPELIC a. ALGINITE (algal bodies, POTENTIAL FOR OIL
marine algal, etc)

TYPE I1 b. DINOCYST, CUTILE GOOD OIL & GAS PRONE

RESIN, SPORE & POLLEN

2 . AMORPHOUS (degraded GOOD OIL & GAS PRONE

structureless debris of
algal origin-primarily
marine origen)

T R E I11 3. VITRINITE (fibrous and GAS PRONE (oxidised and

woody plant fragment & recycled vitrinite may have
HUMIC structureless colloids little or no hydrocarbon
of humic matter) generating capacity)

TYPE 1V 4. INERTLNITE NIL POTENTIAL

woody debris oxidiscd OR DRY GAS
and 1-ccyclcd

----I
HYDROGEN INDEX EXPECTl-,I) I1YI)KOCARBON TYPE GENERATED
( mg HCig TOC ) FROM MATURE SOURCE

0 - 200 GAS
200 300
- GAS & 01L
) 300 OIL
 445

TABLE 15
HYDROCARBON GENERATION MBU - 1

HYDROGEN KEROGEN
FORMATION TYPE HYDROCARBON
INDEX

200- GAS OIL & GAS

300-
MUARAENIM GAS OIL & GAS
400-
500-
GAS OIL & GAS GAS
600-
700-
GAS OIL & GAS
800-
900-
AIRBENAKAT OIL & GAS
1000-
1100-
GAS & OIL OIL & GAS
1200-
1300-
1400- OIL & GAS OIL & GAS
1soo- GUMAI OIL & GAS

II!
1600- OIL & GAS OIL & GAS
1700-
BATURAJA OIL & GAS
1800-
GAS
1900- TALANGAKAR OIL & GAS
2000- LAHAT GAS OIL 8: GAS
446

TABLE 16
HYDROCARBON GENERATION TSM - f

DEPTH HYDROGEN KEROGEN HYDROCARBON

FORMATION INDEX TYPE
(MI
J

700-
800- MUARAENIM GAS GAS
900-
1000-
1100- GAS
AIR BENAKAT
1200-
1300-
GAS ~

1400-
GAS
1500-
1600- GUMAI
1700- OIL & GAS OIL & GAS
1800-
J
1900- BATURAJA
TALANGAKAR OIL & GAS OIL & GAS
-
 447

TABLE 17
HYDROCARBON GENERATION GNK - 67

DEPATH
(MI
FORMATION
HYDROGEN
INDEX
KE:gyI HYDROCARBON

700-
800-
ArRBENAKAT GAS GAS -1
900-
1000- GAS
GAS /____GAS___
1100-
1200- GUMAI G i S OIL&GAS -1
1300-
1400-
GAS
GAS -1
1500-
1600-
t
Tr[
OIL & GAS
1700-
1800- OIL & GAS O I L & GAS
1900-
TALANGAKAR
2000-
OIL & GAS OIL & GAS
2 100- OIL & GAS
2200- OIL & GAS O I L & GAS
2 300-
LAHAT
~
448

TABLE 18
HYDROCARBON GENERATION T U - 204

DEPTH HYDROGEN KEROGEN HYDROCARBON

FORMATION INDEX TYPE
(MI
~

700-
AIRBENAKAT GAS GAS
800-
900- GAS
1000-
GAS GAS
1100-
GUMAI
1200-
1300- /--------\ GAS
BATURAJA
1400-
01L & GAS
1500-
GAS
1600-
OIL & GAS
1700- TALANGAKAR OIL & GAS
1800- GAS OIL & GAS
1900-
2000- LAHAT GAS OIL & GAS
 449

TABLE 19
HYDROCARBON GENERATION LBK - 8

1 DEPTH
(MI

900-
FORMATION
~ ~~

HYDROGEN
INDEX
~

KEROGEN
TYPE
HYDROCARBON

1000- AIRBENAKAT GAS

GAS
-
1100-
-
1200-
GAS
-
1300- GUMAI
-
GAS
1400-
- BATURAJA GAS
1500-
OIL & GAS
-
TALANGAKAR GAS
1600- OIL & GAS
- OIL & GAS
1700- LAHAT

HDCLBKSE
450

CO
CQ

X>

a>
"co

3
O
CO

I
 45 1

FIGURE l a - Tectonic elements of South Sumatra Basin

45 2

FIGURE 2 - South Sumatra surface features

 453

01
m

OESC RIPTION

KASAI Tuff,tuffaceous sandstone and clay

(KAF) v v v A
i ...............--1
0
0 Claystone. intercalation with
sandstone coal and siftstone

=I
.............
............... ! Claystone intercalation with
sandstone and siltstone

I
I i
Claystone intercalation with
sandstone and siltstone

0
0
2
I
0
9
Calcareousshak intercalation with
Mmestone,marl and siftstone

I I I I ' I

..........' 115E~01
t;
3ATURAJA I ' IITLimestone
I a I
5
a 1- I lnterbedded sandstoneond shate
- b-
.....,.. ..
..........
..........
z ........... Coarse to very coarse sandstone
K ..................... intercalation with shale and coal
0 ...........
..........
..........
.......... 0
W ..........
..........
...........
..........-
0
n
-u-u-.U

.... ,
-I
""V..
............
..V..O"
--..v ....-*..I
...... 0
(D
I?
Tuffaceous shale,siltstOne

0 U-J Tuff, sandstone,opgJomerate,

-I- breccia
. . ., I
PRE 3ASEMEM
'ERTIARI (BSMI Granite, quarzite, phdite, slate

FIGURE 3 - General stratigraphy of South Palembang Sub-Basin

45 4

FIGURE 4 - Source rocks potential Map of Baturaja - Talangakar formation.

 45 5

FIGURE 5 - Source rocks potential Map of Gumai formation.

45 6
LEGEND
OVER MATURE
%4P- 63 KPI-I

RIA-I
MATURE 4%3
ee4$u~ ATURE
EARLY MATURE
9
0
-
%wee-'
4
loam
0
2
;

FIGURE 7 - Source rock maturity map of BatuRaia - Talangakar Formation

FIGURE 8 - Source rock maturity map of Guinai Formation
r
c K E P A Y A f 4 6 -9 4 KUANG . - L I H A U ANllCLlNORlUW
KPY-I MER-1 PMN-4 ERG-2 TMT- 7 TLJ-204 LBK- 7

-4 4 * * -rk 4 jk

P LBK-7
T L J - 204

L E MA TA NG TMT-7 TD

<?.INGIN

KEPAYA NG m

\ p4.X
0 W 30
lo Km
46 0

-
c
0
a

c
m

1
46 1
462

:IIZ:

I ! l I I I I I I I I I
l+ "%1 -'%
" % "%
X %**11
"l ii
I
B,I "fill
41.I .
iI i II I I II
I I II II I
I I

iI I
I II iI i| i|
II iI iI iI II
I II I
II iI II I ii
I I II 1
II II II II I

II II
I|
.
I I ll' :E
C.fJ

'II 4 II ii I I' i I
I* |I I If I l I !
I i I iI i I
I ! ot tl I
! f" I I
1 I
i sI
! !
! I
iI II
v I
I I 11~ II i I I ~ Z
!, !I I t" I
2.
II I i
iI i| I|
I i|
,.-ill

iI i II
! I' I' I'
| |
,l,,,=l
iI !I !I
-- II iI iI II iI
11I I II I II
-- I II I lI I
I I I
iI I I I I
I I !
I ," I I '
-- II II iI I
l I Ii I I I I I II
! I
I

,* . , "
,,
t

/
 463

c
3
464

LEOEND
OIL a GAS(G,M) G: G 000
F: FAIR
OIL 8 GAS(F,EM) n: MATURE
IM: IM M ATUR E
OIL a GAS(F,M) E M : EARLY MATURE

1
HIDROCARBW
@
GAS ( F . O M 1
GEOCHEMICAL - i
9 MIGRATION
O M : OVER MATURE
WELL DATA

FIGURE 14 - Hydrocarbon generation map of BatuRaja - Talangakar Formations

LEGEND KPY-1

U OIL a G A S I F , M ) G: GOOD. @ RIA-I

p44v(3 4
GAS (F,EMl F : FAIR. Qj?
GAS (F,MI M : MATURE. 4+4

@
GAS ( G , M )
GEOCHEMKAL WELL DATA
EM: E A R L Y -
MATURE. B/0 9oWCC-'
- 10 K r

FIGURE 15 - Hidrocarbon generation Map of Gumai formation.

466
 9 MUARAENIM 4 * LEMATANG . -LIMAU-
MBU-I ,TSM-I SP SE-l LVA-I BHD-lo
9
4
, F
G Q -
ABF

Aff

\
1
GUF
GUF

GAS c
MI
TAF

TA F

G s GOOD
IMr IMMATURE
EM1EARLY MATURE
M= MATURE
+HYDROCARBON MIGRATION

0 10 20 K m
1 1 1
/

FIGURE 17 - Geological section with hydrocarbon generation