CHAPTER 4

MORE ABOUTAIRFLOW
AND AEROFOILS.
 CHAPfER 4: MORE ABOUT AIRFLOW AND AEROFOILS

Assun nq 3 r lo be (lhour viscos

rea iy a rdqpo$essv scosity rheviscosirv

nv scid and a.kio*edse rhar atrl!

an arcrafi m.vino lnoush rhe an !v

rom yourry nlr lessois.lhere E 5

dvantaqeioa P o( Ths s lrre

besr possLb o q ide perrornan.e {rc

wlreiheWshesbmodfy'h0

d af 4d n a ty nossess some deqree or

VscosiiyfWearcloa...!ntfolt
s ror the tue nalu,c or anirow 3rolnd a knq or

BeGlse a, d@ possss vis.o

E ofa r y iq ien hI borh sbcve aid be otr rre

n su.h 3 lvay as lo 3 o\| dotl lhe lasleFnrov i9

lsee FQlt. I 1 avet..t )
CHAP|ER 4: MORE ABOUf AIRFLOW AND AEROFOILS

.ed. s nnra.e rs-!e Fqr'.1 11

eVe..lylofeshannrj]]l?llhedlplh
i Ftr)'r.4 i 39,cJ1y.ra0t.,.r.i

F
 CHAPItR 4: MORE ABOUf AIRFLOW AND AEROFOILS

!r tr,! d aq,ai, aid r,e n as.an, ro, the sarc 0r

lli(r rdoes n.r-.ase

 CHAPIER 4: MORE ABOU| AIRFLOW AND AEROTO|LS

and haPhazard rql oi ofa ri ow so

(r,.a{y iireases fom dEs a ryp

iheElns ade at atack E an sofGnlbredbploiouE{rbutre

Controt of the BoundatY LaYet.

nda.y layer s much lrr.ker lrran rhe aminar

urbu enr boundary rayer

er r. iiuei.e l[e boundary 3yerrr r]e chaprer

DIFFERENT TYPES OF AEROFOIL.

Hav iq eiam ned a dod a.olid I

 CHAPfER 4: MORE ABOUf AIRFLOW AND AEROT-OILS

.r drf,-' hai be rs lun fd

.r r nq.ross se.ton tr- q ven lhe ( i xie ! I r-.d s:ar:s

*nqs oi rt lused by L4,qhi an

o cross secr on nru.f ii.re smo.:h y (wrh e$

t,tL ei.e) rhar.'e
i 3ndr.k-.ep rs dras as otr..oossbe rse,4

-.
CHAPTER 4: MORE ABOUTAIRFLOWAND AEROFOILS

ran a rat plrlc type 0f!r i!)

AEROFOIL TERNIINOLOGY

lie sraqh( Ine dG!!i i,oin rhe ce

rhe.hord (.) : lhedsran.e beM

Ldlberween rhe mean camber lin

s3 perctrbse of'he dbrd !, r00
 CHAPfER 4: MORE ABOUTAIRFLOW AND AEROFOILS

Symnet.a aerofoils aro acroro I

maximum rh ckness) Ls rhe saresr

s/chord rar o Fcr subson . a (r3r. rh-.

fhe significance of the aercfait in wing Design.

thg rn(rs of,nod.fn 3 r.rafi a,e

CHAP|ER 4: MORE ABOUT AIRFLOW AND AEROFOILS

ta- ..=
"a
FoMI

-_------\:---'------

rh ckfessrchod orc) Rdo^f%

rhbkAsdoi 1r5%)"Niqh rn

ab.ut40.,; chord

or Fr9!e 19 rnd

Re sivey h.k arcf. s 1ih ckness/chord ratio ab.!lr51;tare h qh l aerDrois

 CHAPTER 4: MORE ABOU| AIRFLOWAND AEROFOILS

Thn ac,oio s lrhickness/chord ratio 3bour 7'oi.t b..1ror

f owrc(io rseeFrq!,e1 9l

.10 s (rrrLcr3ns-'s n rhererore

'n!..odolf

AIRFLOW THROUGH A VENTURI TUBE.

F
CHAP|ER 4: MORE ABOUT AIRFLOW AND AEROFOILS

r ghr nntrmds
.dricial horizon) rh.h opere on

(Generar) voune

IlIEASURING AIRSPEED.
 CHAPIER 4:MORE ABOU| AIRFLOW AND AEROFOILS

. G-TAGS
o

e\.a?.d " tu"4-aN l-L

-... nt=at_J
".; '""""'
Dynanrc pressure (a) = rrvz

" i ";-n- r=r

e (p)+ Dyian. pressme (a)

S. t r! measre 1,r. robr pr.ssurc

3nd f weknovrrr,.dedsily orrhe a,lr)

(ras) and trc wind veociy l!!rv)

ov.r Lrre 0ro!,d 1(h.h. n NavtrJt0i
s G ed sroundspeed lcsrl as f,er
.s :he head ns IHDG) rr. .ho!{i ry
b a.hdc . .r*,ed tack irRr ovn
rhe qr.lnd lse F,{r!a.r 14) You w
CHAPIER 4:MORE ABOU|AIRFLOW AND AFRO.OILS

(Genmr) m* tsec,., rdi.

1as ) s an nntunren wrose.rerill(

o ho es lkio,ri.s $.r1. vedn rJl]!]

daDnatJr wrrrr th! anspeed

indicaior lAsr) sysl.n frh e []c

c . i..3u,c orrh. dynamic pressure, O .rri-.

 CHAPfER 4: MORE ABOUT AIRFLOW AND AEROFOILS

.l

measu, iq rhev orl',I vr s meas!jnq

hdcroi rlsl s/sr,prl

ns n.ud iq iD.1

rcAo sbndard Aimosphse (rsa). rhcASr rrei w

D0 ! c.n-..t ons b rhe indicated anspeed (ras)

CHAPTER 4: MORE ABOUTAIRFLOW AND AEROFOTLS

lrAs) n .otre.r nn lAs r. obra n rAs rhe.e arc

rhe Asl!eb@ r s,ccaso.

conseqLeity a qhl a,c,an D or iyns 3r typca sht a0a{t crusiA evers

3id a p orDlsl app !

ns r. h s a rcrafr s indicared airspeed 1wf.h ve
ro rh ca lbrared Jnspeed)

Fiqrrc 1lel nthe Navqation aR

i';

ns dclirq a 6Deed as rhe neas!refienr.rv nrhe

 CHAP|ER 4: MORE ABoUf AlRFLow AND AERoFoILS

nd cale th sva ue or. r densrv b/ the svmbolpsr

We have aso said rhat the ind.a

core.led lof iistumenl and post
representindicat.d anspeedlwh chweassumelo beequa tocalibraredaiBped)

Pressurc %lvr, v s the true a rsPeed

Buiviw rr lhetrue a 6peed on ywhere p =ps!

-rhererdre
lpv'2=! Pl vi

'llci
v'=rt
L ].-

Now p

"ip'co,B | "i; '"'a psl

P 6 a mosr aLwavs ess rhan consequeilrv
6 md be *s rhd j
"6w
qreatef Ihan lid'cared arspeed

eisry dereases $th nDraasLnsatiude rarcerv

above 2 000fi w Lbc ess ihan the

duirg h s navsaron

ihar musr Lse ro, h s navigaron carcu atons

md irhciF,es orFrsh' om d
CHAP|ER 4: MORE ABOUI NRFLOWAND AEROFOILS

belween rndicared arspeed la$u

caribGbd anspeed)aud rue ak
rsrcarrrdeG'mds$bsGese11ii9of r0r3m ba6) o' 2 500 reer. w rai
ouls.ie a.lmperarure loAT) al lhar al lude of5'c vJou d qive a lrue aircpeed of
ludor 1r, hob
Br1 r lit make a d s.e bed rferei.e i your iaviqatoi tl]ures aid nustbe lakei

(ouGideArTemperalure(oAr)orr2'c arindicated (calibrared)airspeedof 1r0

Morc AbourASl Etots.

Berore we blh!rrrr s chaorer lo a.ose

(AsD a r re norc cGe y. so lhar you Warrior II

Pilot's
Operating
Handbook

ndicared a6ped shown on ihe ASI

caribrared a 6peed I ndcared a 6peed

efr.rl iolrcve, you mlsr .ons!r

lnstrument Eror in the ASl-

dars oras ri gcnera. instumenr e(ors are

Positian Etot ih theASl.

p,.ssure sens i9

bd affecred by n sar9nnenl or Lh.

 CHAPfER 4: MORE ABOU|AIRFLOWAND AEROFOILS

asf shr ar hqh aiqr* ofatack n

s, shr reinq by rak.s a seres ofAS r.adiqs

overa raiqe orafspeds 3nd atr

posron eroE !rve..a b,ated 3 rs

e bG speed orsound rMa.h 0 5)mmDr6s b rv

efiof i the As read nq mlsr aLso

The value of lndicate.l Anspeed Readings.

Dfrheaerodyiancio,.eslsu.has ifi .nddragracr Nonrheadram. A3faraslhe

lo ,ave a d recr adiqotlhesea

Reptesentative PPL - type questions to lesl yaur lheorett.al

we'orl I y ar trvo d ff_.renl ,rl tr des I n

me ans e.r allj.kt A$umnq rhai.lhor

rhe rtueAtr speld (rAs).fthe ri

I ven 3 rcrafi weighr al .onsr3nr ano e orara.k

As rndcared A I sDeed lAs)

tanllre.ore.lllio.!ts
 healog r I o! i! . dror s
'vrrcn

a lrre rie e belFen r,,. rea

 edorr20 kiols On lre rGt day rhear

D9 actnq oi lhe a,c6ft comF e

Lfiwil be grcaler ai.r DGs w beressrhanon

fhe answers lo these quesliors can be found at the end of this book.