PHN III

GII THIU MT S PHNG PHP HN

PHNG PHP HN V C IM

CC PHNG PHP HN H QUANG

Cc phng php hn h quang c s dng ph bin nht cho hn

ghp mi cc loi kim loi.

Hn h quang c bao gm mt qu trnh trong in cc t pht

ra h quang v b nng chy, sau ng c to thnh kim loi mi
hn. c gi l HN H QUANG IN CC NNG CHY.

Qu trnh hn h quang trong in cc ch to ra h quang, v dy

hoc thanh kim loi in y c a vo to kim loi mi hn.
c gi l HN H QUANG IN CC KHNG NNG CHY.

Thanh
in cc in cc in y
Kim loi
mi hn Kim loi
H quang mi hn
H quang
E E
Nng lng Nng lng
Kim loi
ngun ngun Kim loi
c bn
c bn
(A) Kiu in cc nng chy (B) Kiu in cc khng nng chy

Hnh 1 M t cc phng php hn h quang

Gii thiu mt s phng php hn -VTH/Apave 21

 1. HN H QUANG TAY
(Shielded Metal Arc Welding - SMAW)

Phng php HN H QUANG TAY c pht minh nm 1907.

Nh miu t trong hnh 2 phng php ny n gin v chi ph thit
b thp, v n cho php s dng hn d dng.

Thng c s dng vi ngun hn AC hoc DC (DC+, DC- )

c tnh dng in l CC (Constan Current) dng in khng i.

Trong phng php ny nhit lng h quang c to ra gia que

hn c v thuc v kim loi c bn c s dng lm nng chy.

Kh bo v h quang v b hn nng chy thu c t s phn hu

ca v bc khi chy. N c p dng hn hu ht cc loi vt liu
kim loi trn thc t, cng vi nhiu loi vt liu hn tiu hao.

V cc yu cu i vi cc lnh vc gia cng ch to c hiu sut hn

cao, mt vi bin i ca phng php hn h quang tay th d nh:

Hn trng lc
Hn h quang dng lc y l xo
Hn h quang c khun

Nguyn l ca phng php hn h quang tay c m t trong hnh

sau:

Km hn
Que hn v bc Dy cp hn

H quang
Mch Mch
S Kim loi th cp Ngun s cp
c bn hn

Kim loi Dy cp mt
mi hn B hn

Hnh 2 Phng php hn h quang tay

Gii thiu mt s phng php hn -VTH/Apave 22

 2. HN H QUANG DI LP THUC
(Submerged Arc Welding - SAW)

Hn h quang di lp thuc c pht minh trong nm 1935, rt c

hiu qu khi hn, phng php ny c th t ti dng in t 500
n 1300A, n cho ngu su, v c th p dng cho hn kim loi
c chiu dy ln.
Thng c s dng vi ngun hn AC hoc DC (DC+, DC- )
c tnh dng in l CC (Constan Current) dng in khng i,
nhng cng c nhng thit b s dng c tnh l CV (Constan
Voltage) in p n nh.
Phng php ny c m t hnh 3. Trong phng php ny, cc
ht thuc c a vo rnh mi ghp hn ca kim loi c bn, v
in cc trn c a vo trong , trong khi h quang c to ra
gia in cc v kim loi c bn.
Cc im c trng ca hn h quang di lp thuc c pht biu
nh sau:
a) Do c th s dng dng in ln nn hiu sut hn cao
b) Cht lng ca kim loi mi hn nh nhau
c) Khng cn nhn h quang trong khi tin hnh hn
d) Khi hn to ra t
e) Chi ph thit b cao
f) Khng ph hp cho nhng mi hn ngn hoc cong, hoc trong
v tr hn leo v hn trn.
g) Yu cu kch thc rnh hn c chnh xc cao.
h) Do ngu su, cht lng ca kim loi mi hn ph thuc rt
ln vo thnh phn ho hc ca kim loi c bn v iu kin
hn.
Dy hn Bp hn

Thuc hn B hn X hn

H quang

Kim loi c bn Kim loi mi hn

Hnh 3. M t phng php hn h quang chm

Gii thiu mt s phng php hn -VTH/Apave 23

 3. HN H QUANG KIM LOI TRONG MI TRNG KH CO2
(CO2 Gas - Shielded Metal Arc Welding GMAW)

Nguyn l ca Hn h quang trong mi trng kh CO2 bo v c

m t hnh 4 v hnh 5.

Thng c s dng vi ngun hn (DC phn cc dng) v c

tnh dng in l CV (in p n nh).

Trong phng php ny, dy hn trn c a vo lin tc trong khi

kh CO2 c cung cp t bn ngoi thi vo xung quanh h quang
v bo v b hn.

Phng php ny c cc im c trng sau:

1) ngu su, v tc hn cao.

2) L phng php hn kinh t v kh CO2 khng t.
3) Ph hp cho hn vi bt k cng vic no i hi cc
ng hn thng, cong hoc chiu di ca mi.
4) C th hn cc tm dy v mng, mi t th.
5) Thao tc hn d dng.
6) Cht lng ca mi hn c kh nng b tc ng bi gi.
7) Thit b hn t tin.
8) Dung sai ca iu kin hn nh.

Chai kh - CO2 (MAG)

Ngun hn DC Ar hoc He,.....(MIG)

B cp dy B iu khin
Cp dn

Cp hn Sng hn

Ni t Cp iu khin Cp mt Vt liu c bn
dng in

Hnh 4. M t h thng hn bn t ng (hn CO2)

Gii thiu mt s phng php hn -VTH/Apave 24

 Dy hn

Cp iu Cun dy
khin
dng in ng kh vo

ng phun kh
Bp hn
Kh bo v
H quang

Kim loi Kim loi

c bn B hn mi hn

Hnh 5. M t nguyn l hot ng phng php

Thay dy hn trn bng dy hn c li thuc, v bin i ny i khi

c gi l HN H QUANG DY HN LI THUC
(FCAW - Flux Cored Arc Welding).
Loi dy hn c li thuc c th s dng bng ngun DC vi phn
cc l DC+ hoc DC- ;
ng phun kh
Li thuc Bp hn
Dy hn c li thuc
Mi ghp dy
Bt thuc
Kh bo v

Cc loi dy
li thuc
Cc git cu kim loi c
bo v bng lp x mng
Kim loi mi hn B hn nng chy
ng c v x

Hnh 6. M t nguyn l hot ng phng php hn h quang

dy hn li thuc trong mi trng kh

Cc nh ngha ca hn MAG, hn FCAW, v cng nh hn GMAW

c trnh by trong phn II Cc thut ng hn v k hiu mi
hn.

Gii thiu mt s phng php hn -VTH/Apave 25

 4. HN H QUANG TRONG MI TRNG KH TR
MIG(Metal Inert Gas)- GMAW.

Trong phng php hn MIG, mt h quang c to ra gia u dy

hn trn v kim loi c bn, trong khi h quang c bo v bng
kh argon hoc helium.

Thit b s dng cho hn MIG c m t hnh 4. Phng php ny

cng nm trong nhm cc phng php hn GMAW.

Khi dng phng php hn MIG cho cc kim loi nh hp kim nikel,
hp ng, nhm thng s dng kh tr lm kh bo v

Nhng khi hn thp khng g, kh bo v c s dng l hn hp kh

gia 2% xy v argon.

Khi hn thp hp kim thp, s dng kh bo v l argon trn thm 5%

CO2.

Do tc ng xy ho xy ra rt nh nn nhng bin i ny c gi
l hn MIG v khng c hoc c rt t x c to ra tu thuc vo
thnh phn ca hn hp kh.

Lng bn to cng rt t v cht lng kim loi mi hn tt. ci

thin kh nng lm vic, h quang xung cng vi tn s 60 n 120
Hz i khi c s dng cho phng php hn ny.

Gii thiu mt s phng php hn -VTH/Apave 26

 5. HN H QUANG T BO V.
(Self-Shielded Arc Welding )

Trong phng php hn h quang t bo v, s bo v c c l do

kh c to ra t dy c li thuc, trong khi khng s dng kh bo
v cung cp t bn ngoi.

Thit b s dng cho phng php ny c m t hnh 7.

Phng php ny c nhng c im sau:

1) Do khng cn c bnh kh, ng mm dn kh nn cng

vic hn d thc hin cc v tr kh v cht hp

2) R kh do gi gy nn hu nh khng pht sinh (tr khi tc

gi ti 15m/s)

3) Ngun hn AC v DC dng cho phng php hn h quang

tay, c th c s dng phng php ny.

Ngun hn DC hoc AC

B cp dy B iu khin
Cp dn

Cp hn Sng hn

Ni t Cp iu khin Cp mt Vt liu c bn
dng in

Hnh 7. M t nguyn h thng hn dy hn t bo v

Gii thiu mt s phng php hn -VTH/Apave 27

 6. HN H QUANG IN CC TUNGSTEN TRONG KH TR
TIG (Tungsten Inert Gas) Arc Welding (GTAW).

Trong phng php hn TIG nh m t trn hnh 10.

Thng c s dng vi ngun hn AC hoc DC (DC+, DC- )

c tnh dng in l CC (Constan Current) dng in khng i.

Mt h quang c to ra gia in cc Tungsten (khng nng chy)

v kim loi c bn c bo v bng kh tr.

Thanh kim loi in y hoc dy kim loi c a vo trong h

quang n khi nng chy, sau kt lng to kim loi mi hn.

Np chp Cng tc
Dy kim Tay cm
loi in y Cp hn
ng kp in cc

Kim loi mi Kh bo v
hn ng c Dy kh
Cp iu khin

B hn nng chy
in cc khng nng chy

Hnh 10. M t phng php hn in cc khng nng chy

Phng php ny c p dng hn cho hu ht tt c cc loi kim

loi, c bit l cc tm mng, thp hp kim cao v thp, hp kim
nikel, hp kim ng.

V trong hn lp lt ca ng to cc ng hn xuyn thu.

Kh argon c s dng bo v trong cc ng dng thng thng

ca hn TIG

Kh Heli thnh thong cng c s dng, trong cc trng hp nh

vy, mi hn ngu su hn so vi dng argon, nhng tc ng lm
sch li km.

Gii thiu mt s phng php hn -VTH/Apave 28