SYALLABUS FOR MS(S) VARMA

MARUTHUVAM
3RD-YEAR PAPER-8

MODERN ORTHOPAEDICS& TRAUMATOLOGY

ORTHOPEDICS: GENERAL

History- Orthopedics In India- Emblem-Deformities-Acquired Deformities-Assessment-

Principles Of Management- Gait- Walk Cycle- Abnormal Gait- Antalgic Gait- Unstable Hip-
Gluteus Maximus Gait- Quadriceps Gait- High Stepping- Short Leg-Scissoring-stiff knee gait.

CONGENITAL DEFORMITIS:

Etiology-lower limb -congenital talipes equino varus-developmental dysplasia of the

hip-congenital genu recurvatum-Upperlimb-sprengels shoulder-radio-ulnar synostosis-
madelungs deformity-syndactylism-polydactylism-Congenital Skeletal Limb Deficiencies-
congenital absence of the radius-congenital absence of fibula-Neck and Spine-congenital
torticollis-spine bifida-congenital scoliosis.

DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS OF BONES

Classification-Cartilagenous Dysplasias-multiple exostoses-enchondromatosis-

achondroplasia-chondro osteodystrophy-gorgoylism-Bony Dysplasia-osteogensis-imperfects-
osteopetrosis-fibrous dysplasia-neuro fibromatosis-congrnital pseudarthorsis of tibia-
Miscellaneous Dysplasias-cleido cranial dysostosis- nail patella syndrome- Chromosomal
Abnormalities-downs syndrome-tuners syndrome-Dwarfism- proportionate dwarf-
disproportionate dwarf.

4.IHFECTIONS OF BONE AND JOINTS:

Osteomyelitis-acute pyogenic osteomyelitis-chronic osteomyelitis-primary subacute

osteomyelitis- brodies abcess- garres osteomyelitis-typhoid osteomyelitis-septic spondylitis-
brucellar osteomyelitis-mycotic infection in bone- syphilitic infection of bone- parasitic-infection
in bone-hydatid cyst.

Arthritis-acute pyogenic Arthritis-septic Arthritis in infancy-small pox Arthritis

gonococcal Arthritis-acute rhematic Arthritis- chronic Arthritis- syphilitic lesions of joints-
guinea worn Arthritis.

5. BONE AND JOINT TUBERCULOSIS

 Tuberculosis of spine-potts paraplegia-tuberculosis of hip joint-knee joint-tuberculosis
of other joints-sacro iliac joint-ankle-tarsal joints-shoulder elbow-wrist-Tuberculosis
Osteomyelitis-dactylitis-caries rib-BCG osteomelitis-poncets Tuberculosis rheumatism.

6. GENERALISED DISEASES OF BONES:

Metabolic diseases-rickets-osteoporosis-scurvy-Endocrine Disorders-parathyroid

osteodystropy-secondary hyperparathyroidism-Disease Of The Reticulo Endothelial System-
eosinopil granuloma of bone- hand schuller Christian disease-Diseases Of The Haemopoietic
System- Miscellaneous- pagets disease- fluorosis- hypervitaminosis A- hypervitaminosis D-
infantile cortical hyperostosis.

DISEASES OF JOINT:

classification-rheumatoid arthritis-juvenile rheumatoid arthritis-sero negative

spondylarthropathy-ankylosing spondylitis-reiters disease-psoriatic arthritis-enterpathic
arthritis-degenerative arthritis-osteoarthrosis knee-Osteoarthritis of hip joint-neuropathic joints
crystal synovitis gout pseudo gout alkaptonuric arthritis-haemophilic arthritis-reactive arthritis-
miscellaneous conditions villonodular synovitis-synovial chrondromatosis-pulmonary
hypertropic osteoarthopathy-hysterical joint

7. AVSACULAR NECROSIS OF BONE AND EPIPHYSEAL OSTEOCHONDRITIS

Definition-pathogenesis-pathology-clinical features-radiological staging-other imaging

techniques-functional exploration of bone- classification-treatment-specific types of avascular
necrosis- fracture neck of femur with osteonecrosis-caissons disease-drug induced
osteonecrosis-sickle cell anaemia- epiphyseal osteochrondritis-perthess disease-osgood-
schlatters disease-osteochrondritis dissecans.

9. TUMORS OF BONE

Classification-biopsy-surgical staging-surgical margins-procedures-limb saving surgery-

Reactive Bone Lesions-osteoid osteoma-benign osteoblastoma-non osteogenic fibroma-
hamartomas- osteoma-osteochondroma-enchondroma-Cystic Lesion In Bone- unicameral bone
cust-aneurysmal bone cyst-Osteogenic Tumors-osteosarcoma-parosteal osteosarcoma-Giant
Cell Tumor-chondrogenic tumors-chondroblastoma-chondro myxoid fibroma-
chondrosarcoma-fibro histiocytic tumours-fibrosarcoma-malignant fibrous histiocytoma of
bone-myelogenic tumours-ewings sarcoma-lymphoma of bone-plasmacytoma-Bone
Metastasis-synovial sarcoma-hemangioma of bone-adamantinoma of long bones- chordoma.

NEUROLOGICAL AND MUSCULAR DISORDERS

Cerebral Plasy-types-treatment-anterior poliomyelitis-stages-management-phyiotheapy-

orthitic management-surgery-leprosy-classification-multidrug therapy-food droup-trohoc ulcer-
deformities in the hand claw hand ulnar claw hand-Muscular Dystrophies-pseudo hypertropic
muscular dystrophy-anthrogryposis multipleexa congentia- fibrodysplasia ossificants
progressive.

11. REGIONAL CONDITIONS OF NECK AND UPPER LIMB

Neck-brachial neuralgia-inter vertibral disc propapse-cervical spondylosis-cervical rib-

torticollis-Shoulder-supra spinatus tendinitis-calcification-rupture of rotator cuff-feriarthritis
shoulder-deltoid fibrosis-Elbow-tennis elbow-recurrent subluxation of the ulnar nerve-cubitus
valgus-cubitus varus-Wrist And Hand- ganglion-de Quervains disease-trigger finger-trigger
thumb-carpal tunnel syndrome-dupuytrens contracture.

12. REGIOAL CONDITIONS OF THE SPINE AND LOWER LIMB:

The Spine Kyphosis Scoliosis Spondylolisthesis Backache lumbosacral strain

Ftbrositis back Sacralisation of 5th lumbar vertebra Intervertebral disc prolapsed Lumbar
canal stenosis Lower Limb Coxa Vara Slipped upper femoral epiphysis Idiopathic
chondrolysis of hip Knee Genu valgum Genu varum Tibia varum Genu recurvatum
Quadriceps fibrosis Recurrent dislocation of patella Bursae around the knee Loose bodies
in the knee Anterior knee pain Chondromalacia patella Foot Painful Heel Plantar
Fasciitis Posterior heel pain Rat foot Foot strain Rain in the fore foot Hallux valgus
Anterior metatarsalgia.

13. ADVANCES IN ORTHOPEDIC SURGERY APPENDICES IN ORTHOPEDICS:

Bone Grafting Walking aids and mobility aids Splinting in orthopedic practice
Traction procedures Materials in orthopedic surgery Inequality of limb length Preventive
Orthopedics.

TRAUMATOLOGY
14. INJURIES TO BONES AND JOINTS:

Fractures Types of fractures Mechanism of fracture Biology of fracture healing

Factors which influence fracture heal General Principles of management of fractures
Diagnosis Conservative management Functional Cast Bracing Open reduction and internal
fixation.

Complications of fracture Volkmanns Ischaemic contracture Myositis Ossifians

Fat Embolism Non union Malunion Cross union Sudecks Osteodystrophy.

Fractures in children Birth fractures Battered baby Syndrome Epiphyseal injuries

Pathological fracture Dislocation of joints Traumatic Dislocation Pathological Dislocation
Paralytic Dislocation.
15. INJURIES OF THE SHOULDER AND ARM:

Shoulder Fracture clavicle Dislocation of the Acromio Clavicular joint Dislocation

of the shoulder joint Recurrent dislocation of shoulder.

Arm Fracture of the Proximal end of humerus Fracture of the greater tuberosity
Fracture neck of humerus Fracture of the shat of the humerus.

16. INJURIES OF THE ELBOW, FOREARM AND WRIST:

Elbow Supracondylar fracture Inter condylar fracture Fracture of the medial

epicondyle Fracture of the lateral condyle of the humerus Fracture capitulum Dislocation of
the elbow Pulled elbow Fractures of the Proximal end of the Radius Fractures of the neck
of the radius Fractures of the olecranon.

Forearm Fracture both bones forearm Monteggia fracture dislocation Galleazzi

fracture dislocation.

Wrist Collesfracture Fracture separation of lower epiphysis of radius Smiths

fracture Bartons fracture Fracture of the Scaphoid Dislocation of the Lunate bone.

17. INJURIES OF THE HAND:

Closed injuries Fractures of Metacarpal bones Fractures of the phalanges

Dislocation of metacarpo phalangeal joint Bennetts fracture dislocation Open injuries
Tendon injuries Flexor tendon injuries Extensor tendon injuries Mallet finger.

18. INJURIES OF THE HIP AND THIGH:

Hip Dislocation of the hip joint Posterior dislocation Anterior dislocation Central
dislocation Old unreduced dislocation of the hip Intracapsular fracture neck of femur
Trochanteric fracture of femur.

Thigh Fracture shaft of the femur Proximal third Middle third Distal third
Fracture femur in children Complications of Fracture Femur.

19. INJURIES OF THE KNEE AND LEG:

Knee Fracture of the Femoral condyles Fracture of the tibial condyles Fracture
patella Injuries of the extensor mechanism Dislocation of the knee Traumatic Dislocation of
Patella.

Leg Fracture of Tibia and Fibula Fracture Fibula.

20. INJURIES OF THE ANKLE AND FOOT

 Ankle- fracture-dislocation of the ankle-epiphyseal injury lower end of tibia.

Foot-fractures of talus- fractures of calcaneum- fractures of metatarsals and phalanges-

jones fracture.

21. INJURIES OF THE SPINE;

Classification-Thoraco- Lumbar Spine-mechanism and types of injuries-stable

fractures-management of paraplegia-bed sore-bladder care.

Cervical Spine-lower cervical spine injuries-upper cervical spine injuries.

22. FRACTURES OF THE PELVIS;

Fractures of the pelvis ring- mechanism- classification-management-fractures of the

acetabulam-fractures and the sacrum-coccyx.

23.POLYTRAUMA;

Polytrauma-incidence-primary survey-glasgow coma scale-triage-resuscitation-

management.

24. COMPOUND FRACTURES

Compound fractures-classification-emergency surgical treatment-management of

wound- management of fracture- management of infected open fracture-complicaton of open
wound-management-crush injuty-gunshot injury.

25.SOFT TISSUE INJURIES INCLUDING SPORTS INJURIES

Injuries Of Ligaments-anlke joint-knee joint-internal darangements-collateral ligament

injuries-cruciate ligament injuries-injuries to semilunar cartilage.

Injuries Of Muscle-type and pathology-rupture of the biceps brachii-rupture of the

supraspinatus ruputre of the tendo achillies.

26. NERVE INJURIES;

Nerve injuries-injuries of peripheral nerves- classification- mechanism of closed nerve

injuries-diagnosis of nerve lesion-clinical examination-management of nerve injuries-radial
nerve injuries-median nerve injuries-ulnar nerve injuries-brachial pluxus injurieserbs palsy-
klumpkes palsy- sciatic nerve injuries-lateral papletial nerve injuries.

27. VASCULAR INJURIES;

Classification-etiology-pathology-clinical presentation-management-subfascial
compartment syndrome-brachial artery injury-popliteal artery injuries-injuries of tibial arteries.
28.AMPUTATION;

Indication-types-selection of level of amputation-level of amputation-stump and its

management-complication-amputation in children- prosthetic fitting and rehabilitation.

REFERENCE BOOK FOR MODERN ORTHOPAEDICS AND TRAUMATOLOGY

1.The Principles Of Exercise Therapy-By M.Dena Gardiner

2.Massage For Therapists- by margaret hollies published by blackwell science.

3.Tidys Physiotherapy edited by stuart porter

4. Orthipaedics And Traumatology by prof. M.natarajan,v.mayil