SA: CHAPTER 2 SOCIOLOGISTS & At the age of 17, worked as a railway engineer

ANTHROPOLOGISTS for four years.

1. Auguste Comte [French Philosopher/S] Editor of The Economist

At the age of 16, he left his home in Montpellier, for 1855: Social Statics first sociology textbook.
Paris. And enrolled in Ecole Polytechnique.
Social Darwinism
1818: He met Henri de Saint-Simon (French
Socialist), major differences developed between
them, and they ended their relationship with much 3. Emile Durkheim [French Scholar/S]
bitterness.
Received a doctorate degree from the University of
Father of Sociology coined the term Paris in 1893.
sociology in 1838 to designate his newly
formulated science of the associated life of Heir of Comte. (Strongly influenced by
humanity. Comte)

-He believed that the methods & techniques of the Social Solidarity
natural sciences could also be applied to the study of
society. -Mechanical solidarity
-Organic solidarity
1830-1854: Mans intellectual development is an
evolutionary process. 1893: The Division of Labor in Society

-Greatly influenced by the events of the French 1897: Suicide

Revolution.
-Developed the concept of anomie or normlessness.
Sociology as the Queen of the Sciences.
1917: The Elementary Forms of Religious
2 Major Divisions of Sociology: Life

-Social Statics 4. Karl Marx [German Philosopher/S]

-Social Dynamics
Studied Law, History, & Philosophy in the University
Law of Three Stages: of Bonn & Berlin.

-Theological/Fictitious/Religious Converted his entire Jewish family to Christianity.

-Metaphysical/Abstract Reasoning
-Scientific/Positivity Greatest Criticism of Capitalism.

Practiced Cerebral Hygiene isolated himself

from society. Social Conflict

1842: Positive Philosophy (6 volumes) -The oppressed & the oppressors.

Positive Polity Economic Determinist

-He had a utopian view of society after the workers

2. Herbert Spencer [English Philosopher/SA] revolution. (Collective Ownership)

Home-schooled. 1848: The Communist Manifesto (w/

Friedrich Engels)
2nd Founder of Sociology
1867: Das Kapital
5. Max Weber [German Philosopher/S]
Attended Three Universities in Germany, received
his law degree in 1885.
University of Heidelberg taught economics where
he stopped because of his mental illness.
1906: The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of
Capitalism
Descriptive Analysis of Bureaucracy.
Verstehen Method (Sympathetic
Understanding) Oppossed Marxs
contentions.
6. Ferdinand Tonnies [German Philosopher/S]
Born in Schleswig, studied in University of Kiel.
Two Types of Human Will:
-Essential Will
-Arbitrary Will
Two Basic Types of Social Groups:
1887: Gemeinschaft (Community) &
Gesellschaft (Society)
7. Georg Simmel [German Philosopher/S]
Studied Philosophy in the University of Berlin.
Concluded his academic career as professor in the
University of Strassburg.
Privatdozent (Private Tutor)
Soziologie
Society cannot be understood as a psychic
entity independent of individual minds.
Theoretical abstraction
8. Edward Tylor [English Anthropologist]
One of the pioneering anthropologists of
the world.
Founder of Cultural Anthropology
Son of a Quaker Brass Foundryman
1861: Anahuac; or Mexico and the Mexicans:
Ancient & Modern (His 1st Book)
-ANIMISM
1865: Early History of Mankind and the
Development of Civilization
1871: Primitive Culture
9. William Graham Sumner
Taught political science and social science at
Yale University.
Polymath
-Sociologist
-Anthropologist
-Scholar
-Teacher
President of the American Sociological
Society
Realist
Auction The value of anything is not what
you paid for it, but what you can get for in an
auction.
Folkways & the Science of Society (4
volumes)
-Folkways - are habits of the individual ad customs of
the society which arise from efforts to satisfy needs.
Standard & Poor weighing the economy of a
country
10. A.R. Radcliffe-Brown
One of the Founding Fathers of Modern
Social Anthropology
Structural functionalism, or
simply functionalism, is a framework for
building theory that sees society as
a complex system whose parts work
together to promote solidarity and stability.
This approach looks at society through a
macro-level orientation, which is a broad
 focus on the social structures that shape
society as a whole, and believes that
society has evolved like organisms. This
approach looks at both social structure and
social functions. Functionalism addresses
society as a whole in terms of the function
of its constituent elements;
namely norms, customs, traditions,
and institutions.
-Opposite w/ Karl Marx
Co-adaptation
1922: The Andaman Islanders
1930: The Social Organization of Australian
Tribes
1952: Structure & Function in Primitive
Society
Ritual expresses mans dependence on his
whole environment, physical, as well as
social.
11. Friedrich Engels
1848: The Communist Manifesto
12. Thorstein Veblen [Norwegian-American
economist and sociologist]
Popular for his concepts on:
Conspicuous consumption is the
spending of money on and the acquiring
of luxury goods and services to publicly
display economic powerof the income or
of the accumulated wealth of the buyer.
Ostentatious Display
Trained Incapacity
Higher Learning
Predatory Culture
Absentee Ownership
Discretionary Control
1899: The Theory of the Leisure Class
-Status Consciousness
-Social Emulation
1918: Higher Learning in America (Most
Important Contribution)
13. Bronislaw Malinowski [Polish Anthropologist]
Cultured Function to meet the needs of
individuals, rather than society as a whole.
Trobriand Islands Monograph
Illness and Bad Eyesight interrupted his
work.
His Field Monographs:
1922: Argonauts of the Western Pacific
1929: Sexual Life of Savages
1935: Coral Gardens and Their Magic
14. Pitirim Sorokin
Editor of a metropolitan newspaper
Offered a chair in the University of Minnesota
1930: Created the Department of Sociology at the
Harvard University
1928: Contemporary Sociological Theories
1956: Fads & Fables in Modern Sociology & Related
Sciences
1937-1940: Social & Cultural Dynamics
1947: Society, Culture, & Personality considered as
the best source of his views as a whole.
Social Cycle Theory
15. Talcott Parsons
1937: Structure of Social Action
1951: The Social System