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Calculus
Based on Text Books

1. Calculus and Analytic Geometry by George B. Thomas & Ross L. Finley

2. Calculus by Gilbert Strang

Introduction
In calculus, the derivative is a measure of how a function changes as its input changes (the
change of y = f ( x ) as x varies). Simply speaking, a derivative can be thought of as how
much one quantity is changing in response to changes in some other quantity; for example,
the derivative of the position of a moving object with respect to time is the object's
instantaneous velocity.

The derivative of a function at a chosen input value describes the best linear approximation of
the function near that input value. Informally, the derivative is the ratio of the infinitesimal
change of the output over the infinitesimal change of the input producing that change of
output. For a real-valued function of a single real variable, the derivative at a point equals the
slope of the tangent line to the graph of the function at that point.

The process of finding a derivative is called differentiation. The reverse process is called anti-
differentiation. The fundamental theorem of calculus states that anti-differentiation is the
same as integration. Differentiation and integration constitute the two fundamental operations
in single-variable calculus.

This 30 lecture hour course on Calculus has been divided into 10 lessons. As students
progress through the contents in each lesson, they will find a number of solved examples
which have been included for assisting them to learn how to apply theoretical substance they
studied in the text, for solving problems. Moreover, in order for students to self-assess their
understanding of course contents and to develop their problem solving ability, a considerable
number of exercises have been provided at the end of each lesson.
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Contents
Lesson 1
1.1 The derivative of a function

1.2 Estimating f ( x ) from a graph of f ( x )

1.2.1 Velocity and other rates of change

1.3 Limits
1.3.1 Infinity as a limit

1.4 Derivatives
1.4.1 Polynomial functions and their derivatives
1.4.2 Second Derivative
1.4.3 Velocity and Acceleration

1.5 Products, Powers and Quotients

1.5.1 Products
1.5.2 Positive integer powers of a differentiable function
1.5.3 The quotient Rule
1.5.4 Negative integer powers of a differentiable function
1.5.5 The power rule for fractional exponents

1.6 The chain rule

1.7 Derivatives of trigonometric functions

1.8 The derivatives of the inverse trigonometric functions

1.9 The derivative of the exponential function e x

Problems

Lesson 2
2. Applications of the derivative

2.1. Linear approximation

2.2 Graphs
2.2.1 Increasing and decreasing functions
2.2.2 Concavity and points of inflection
2.2.3 The theory of maxima and minima

2.3 Parabolas
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2.3.1 Parabolas that open upward

2.3.2 Parabolas that open downward
2.3.3 Translating the axes
2.3.4 Reducing equations for parabolas to standard forms
2.3.5 The reflective property of parabolas

Problems

Lesson 3
3.1 Ellipses
3.1.1 Equations for Ellipse
3.1.2 Axes
3.1.3 Ellipse whose center is not at the origin
3.1.4 Classifying conic sections by eccentricity
3.1.5 Applications

3.2 Hyperbolas
3.2.1 The equation of a hyperbola
3.2.2 Asymptotes
3.2.3 Eccentricity
3.2.4 The focus-directrix property
3.2.5 Applications

3.3 The mean value theorem

3.3.1 Rolles theorem
3.3.2 The mean value theorem

Problems

Lesson 4
4. Integration

4.1 Integrating a function or finding its anti-derivative

4.1.1 Integration formulas

4.2 Selecting a value for the constant of integration

4.3 The substitution method of integration

4.3.1 Integral formulas in differential notation
4.3.2 Integrals of trigonometric functions
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4.4 Definite Integrals: The Area under a Curve

4.4.1 Approximating Areas with Rectangles
4.4.2 Algebraic Properties of Definite integrals
4.4.3 The Fundamental Theorems of Integral Calculus
4.4.4 The First Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
4.4.5 The Second Fundamental Theorem of Calculus The Integral Evaluation

4.5 Substitution in Definite Integrals

4.5.1 The Substitution Formula for Definite Integrals

4.6 Rules for Approximating Definite Integrals

4.6.1 The Trapezoidal Rule
4.6.2 The Error Estimates for the Trapezoidal Rule
4.6.3 The Simpsons Rule
4.6.4 Error Estimates for Simpsons Rule

Problems

Lesson 5
5.1 Exponentials and Logarithms
5.1.1 The graph of y = ln x
5.1.2 The exponential Function e x
5.1.3 The derivative and Integration of y = e x

5.2 Applications of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions - Growth & Decay

5.2.1 The law of Exponential Change
5.2.2 Continuously Compounded Interest
5.2.3 Radioactivity
5.2.4 Heat Transfer: Newtons Law of Cooling
5.2.5 The R-L Circuit

5.3 Hyperbolic Functions

5.3.1 Definitions and Identities
5.3.2 Comparisons with the Trigonometric Functions

Problems

Lesson 6
6. Methods of Integration
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6.1 Basic Integration Formulas

6.2 Integration by Parts

6.3 Products and Powers of Trigonometric functions (Other than Even Powers of Sines and
Cosines)

6.4 Even Powers of Sines and Cosines

6.5 Trigonometric Substitutions that Replace a 2 u 2 , a 2 + u 2 and u 2 a 2 by Single

Squared Terms

6.6 Integrals involving ax 2 + bx + c

6.7 Integration of Rational Functions - Partial Fractions

Problems

Lesson 7

7.1 Applications of Integrals - Areas and Volumes

7.1.1 Calculation of areas by strips
7.1.2 Calculation of volumes by slices
7.1.3 Solids of Revolution
7.1.4 Volume by Cylindrical shells

7.2 Integrating and Differentiating Circuits

7.2.1 Complex impedance
7.2.2 Series circuit
7.2.3 Integrator
7.2.4 Differentiator

7.3 Polar coordinates

7.3.1 The definition of polar coordinates
7.3.2 Elementary coordinate equations and inequalities
7.3.3 Cartesian versus polar coordinates

Problems

Lesson 8
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8.1 Complex Numbers

8.1.1 Argand Diagrams

8.2 Sequences and numbers

8.3 Infinite Series

8.4 Geometric Series

8.5 Power Series

8.6 Taylor Polynomials

Problems

Lesson 9
9.1 Partial Derivatives
9.1.1 Calculations
9.1.2 Functions of More Than Two Variables
9.1.3 The Chain Rule
9.1.4 The Chain Rule for Functions of Two Variables
9.1.5 The Chain Rule for Functions of Three Variables

9.2 Functions of Two or More Independent Variables

9.2.1 Graphs and Level Curves

9.3 Linear Approximations and Linear Estimates

9.3.1 The Error in the Standard Linear Approximation of f ( x, y ) near ( x0 , y0 )
9.3.2 Predicting Change. Differentials
9.3.3 Absolute, Relative, and Percentage Change
9.3.4 Results for Functions of more than two Variables

Problems

Lesson 10
10.1 Maxima, Minima, and Saddle Points
10.2 Differential Equations
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10.2.1 First Order Differential Equations of First Degree

10.2.1.1 Separable Equations
10.2.1.2 Homogeneous Equations
10.2.1.3 Linear Equations
10.2.1.4 Exact Equations

Problems