The general troubleshooting strategy is described below and the covered reasons for

bad throughput are shown in the figure below.

Figure 1. Low Throughput causes in the Downlink for LTE networks.

Step 1: Identify cell with low DL (downlink) throughput

a) The first thing is to identify those cells with low throughput. This threshold
is defined by your network policies and practices (it also depends on your design
parameters). Reports should be run for a significant number of days so that data is
statistically valid.

Step 2: Identify Downlink interference

a) Cells with downlink interference are those whose CQI values are low (an
exception to this rule is when most traffic is at the cell edge bad cell
location-). Analyze the CQI values reported by the UE for

Transmit Diversity
MIMO one layer
MIMO two layers
Typical values for transmit diversity oscillate between 7 and 8.

Typical values for MIMO one and two layers oscillate between 10 and 12.

b) If low CQI values are found after a CQI report is obtained, then downlink
interference might be the cause of low throughput.

c) Common sources of interference in the 700 MHz band (LTE deployment in the USA)
are: inter-modulation interference, cell jammers and wireless microphones

Step 3: BLER Values

a) Run a report for BLER in the cells identified. The BLER should be smaller or
equal than 10%. If the value is larger, then, there is an indication of bad RF
environment.

b) Typical causes of bad BLER are downlink interference, bad coverage (holes in the
network, etc.)

Step 4: MIMO Parameters

a) Identify the transmission mode of your network. There are seven transmission
modes as shown in the table below

b) Adjust the SINR thresholds for transition of transmission modes as recommended

by the OEM. Request the Link Level simulations they used to set these thresholds
and see if the conditions under which the values were calculated apply to your
network. Otherwise, update them if the parameters are settable and not restricted.

Step 5: Low Demand

a) Run a report using the counters provided by the OEM to find

Maximum number of RRC connections supported per cell (parameter or feature)
Maximum number of RRC connections active per cell
Average number of RRC connections active per cell
Maximum number of users per TTI supported per cell (parameter or feature)
Maximum number of users scheduled per TTI in the cell(s) of interest
Average number users scheduled per TTI in the cell(s) of interest

b) If the maximum number of RRC connections active per cell is close or equal to
the maximum number of RRC connections supported, then. The cause for low throughput
is load.

c) A high number of scheduled users per TTI does not necessarily mean that demand
is the cause for low throughput.

Step 6: Scheduler Type

a) Find the scheduler types your OEM supports

b) Select the one that is more convenient for the type of cell you are
investigating. Examples of schedulers are: round robin, proportional fairness,
maximum C/I, equal opportunity, etc. OEMs allow you to switch the scheduler in your
network but recommend one in particular.

c) The wrong scheduler may be the reason for bad throughput.

Step 7: CQI reporting parameters

a) Check if your network is using periodic or aperiodic CQI reporting (or both).

b) Verify the frequency in which the CQI reporting is carried out for periodic
reporting as well as the maximum number of users supported per second.

c) If the value is too small compared with the maximum number of RRC active
connections, then, increase the values of the parameters CQIConfigIndex as well as
RIConfigIndex (deal with in future blog).

d) If your network is not using aperiodic CQI reporting, then enable it.

e) Slow frequencies of CQI reporting might yield bad channel estimations that
prevent the eNodeB from scheduling the right amount of data and Modulation and
Coding Schemes to UE.

Step 7: Other

a) Run a VSWR report or ask your OEM to run it for you.

b) High values of VSWR result in low throughput due to losses.

c) Check your backhaul capacity. Often times, the backhaul links are shared among
multiple RATs. Make sure your backhaul is properly dimensioned.
At the end of this methodology, you will be able to determine if the reasons for
low throughput in your cells is one of the following or a combination, thereof:

- BLER (bad coverage)

- Downlink Interference (Bad CQI)

- MIMO Parameters

- Scheduling algorithm

- Low Demand

- CQI reporting frequency

- Other (VSWR, Backhaul capacity)During finals sign am

The general troubleshooting strategy is described below and the covered reasons for
bad throughput are shown in the figure below.

Figure 1. Low Throughput causes in the Downlink for LTE networks.

Step 1: Identify cell with low DL (downlink) throughput

a) The first thing is to identify those cells with low throughput. This threshold
is defined by your network policies and practices (it also depends on your design
parameters). Reports should be run for a significant number of days so that data is
statistically valid.

Step 2: Identify Downlink interference

a) Cells with downlink interference are those whose CQI values are low (an
exception to this rule is when most traffic is at the cell edge bad cell
location-). Analyze the CQI values reported by the UE for

Transmit Diversity
MIMO one layer
MIMO two layers
Typical values for transmit diversity oscillate between 7 and 8.

Typical values for MIMO one and two layers oscillate between 10 and 12.

b) If low CQI values are found after a CQI report is obtained, then downlink
interference might be the cause of low throughput.

c) Common sources of interference in the 700 MHz band (LTE deployment in the USA)
are: inter-modulation interference, cell jammers and wireless microphones

Step 3: BLER Values

a) Run a report for BLER in the cells identified. The BLER should be smaller or
equal than 10%. If the value is larger, then, there is an indication of bad RF
environment.

b) Typical causes of bad BLER are downlink interference, bad coverage (holes in the
network, etc.)

Step 4: MIMO Parameters

a) Identify the transmission mode of your network. There are seven transmission
modes as shown in the table below

b) Adjust the SINR thresholds for transition of transmission modes as recommended

by the OEM. Request the Link Level simulations they used to set these thresholds
and see if the conditions under which the values were calculated apply to your
network. Otherwise, update them if the parameters are settable and not restricted.

Step 5: Low Demand

a) Run a report using the counters provided by the OEM to find

Maximum number of RRC connections supported per cell (parameter or feature)

Maximum number of RRC connections active per cell
Average number of RRC connections active per cell
Maximum number of users per TTI supported per cell (parameter or feature)
Maximum number of users scheduled per TTI in the cell(s) of interest
Average number users scheduled per TTI in the cell(s) of interest

b) If the maximum number of RRC connections active per cell is close or equal to
the maximum number of RRC connections supported, then. The cause for low throughput
is load.

c) A high number of scheduled users per TTI does not necessarily mean that demand
is the cause for low throughput.

Step 6: Scheduler Type

a) Find the scheduler types your OEM supports

b) Select the one that is more convenient for the type of cell you are
investigating. Examples of schedulers are: round robin, proportional fairness,
maximum C/I, equal opportunity, etc. OEMs allow you to switch the scheduler in your
network but recommend one in particular.

c) The wrong scheduler may be the reason for bad throughput.

Step 7: CQI reporting parameters

a) Check if your network is using periodic or aperiodic CQI reporting (or both).

b) Verify the frequency in which the CQI reporting is carried out for periodic
reporting as well as the maximum number of users supported per second.

c) If the value is too small compared with the maximum number of RRC active
connections, then, increase the values of the parameters CQIConfigIndex as well as
RIConfigIndex (deal with in future blog).

d) If your network is not using aperiodic CQI reporting, then enable it.
e) Slow frequencies of CQI reporting might yield bad channel estimations that
prevent the eNodeB from scheduling the right amount of data and Modulation and
Coding Schemes to UE.

Step 7: Other

a) Run a VSWR report or ask your OEM to run it for you.

b) High values of VSWR result in low throughput due to losses.

c) Check your backhaul capacity. Often times, the backhaul links are shared among
multiple RATs. Make sure your backhaul is properly dimensioned.

At the end of this methodology, you will be able to determine if the reasons for
low throughput in your cells is one of the following or a combination, thereof:

- BLER (bad coverage)

- Downlink Interference (Bad CQI)

- MIMO Parameters

- Scheduling algorithm

- Low Demand

- CQI reporting frequency

- Other (VSWR, Backhaul capacity)