XC8 User Manual Demo Programs 1 PDF

MPLAB XC8 USERS GUIDE
FOR EMBEDDED ENGINEERS

MPLAB XC8 Users Guide for Embedded Engineers
INTRODUCTION
This document presents five code examples for 8-bit devices and the MPLAB XC8 C
compiler. Some knowledge of microcontrollers and the C programming language is
necessary.
1. Turn LEDs On or Off
2. Flash LEDs Using _delay() Function
3. Count Up on LEDs Using Interrupts as Delay
4. Display Potentiometer Values on LEDs Using A/D
5. Display EEPROM Data Values on LEDs
A Run Code in MPLAB X IDE

B Get Software and Hardware
2015 Microchip Technology Inc. DS50002400A-page 1

1. TURN LEDS ON OR OFF

This example will light alternate LEDs on the Explorer 8 board with a PIC16F1719
microcontroller (MCU). For more information, see Section B. Get Software and
Hardware.
#include <xc.h> see Section 1.1
// PIC16F1719 Configuration Bit Settings
// For more on Configuration Bits, see Section 1.2

// consult your device data sheet
// CONFIG1
#pragma config FOSC = ECH // External Clock, 4-20 MHz
#pragma config WDTE = OFF // Watchdog Timer (WDT) disabled
#pragma config PWRTE = OFF // Power-up Timer disabled
#pragma config MCLRE = ON // MCLR/VPP pin function is MCLR
#pragma config CP = OFF // Flash Memory Code Protection off
#pragma config BOREN = ON // Brown-out Reset enabled
#pragma config CLKOUTEN = OFF // Clock Out disabled.
#pragma config IESO = ON // Internal/External Switchover on
#pragma config FCMEN = ON // Fail-Safe Clock Monitor enabled
// CONFIG2
#pragma config WRT = OFF // Flash Memory Self-Write Protect off
#pragma config PPS1WAY = ON // PPS one-way control enabled
#pragma config ZCDDIS = ON // Zero-cross detect disabled
#pragma config PLLEN = OFF // Phase Lock Loop disable
#pragma config STVREN = ON // Stack Over/Underflow Reset enabled
#pragma config BORV = LO // Brown-out Reset low trip point
#pragma config LPBOR = OFF // Low-Power Brown Out Reset disabled
#pragma config LVP = OFF // Low-Voltage Programming disabled
void main(void) {
unsigned char portValue = 0x05;
// Port D access see Section 1.3
ANSELD = 0x0; // set to digital I/O (not analog)

TRISD = 0x0; // set all port bits to be output
LATD = portValue; // write to port latch - RD[0:3] = LED[0:3]
// Port B access
ANSELB = 0x0; // set to digital I/O (not analog)
TRISB = 0x0; // set all port bits to be output
LATB = portValue; // write to port latch - RB[0:3] = LED[4:7]
return;
}
1.1 Header File <xc.h>

This header file allows code in the source file to access compiler- or device-specific fea-
tures. This and other header files may be found in the MPLAB XC8 installation directory
in the include subdirectory.
Based on your selected device, the compiler will set macros that allow xc.h to vector
to the correct device-specific header file. Do not include a device-specific header in
your code or your code will not be portable.
DS50002400A-page 2 2015 Microchip Technology Inc.

1.2 Configuration Bits

Microchip devices have configuration registers with bits that enable and/or set up
device features.
Note: If you do not set Configuration bits correctly, your device will not operate at
all or at least not as expected.
WHICH CONFIGURATION BITS TO SET

In particular, you need to look at:
Oscillator selection - This must match your hardwares oscillator circuitry. If this
is not correct, the device clock may not run. Typically, development boards use
high-speed crystal oscillators. From the example code:
#pragma config FOSC = ECH
Watchdog timer- It is recommended that you disable this timer until it is required.
This prevents unexpected Resets. From the example code:
#pragma config WDTE = OFF
Code protection - Turn off code protection until it is required. This ensures that
device memory is fully accessible. From the example code:
#pragma config CP = OFF
Different configuration bits may need to be set up to use another 8-bit device (rather
than the PIC16F1719 MCU used in this example). See your device data sheet for the
number and function of corresponding configuration bits. Use the part number to
search http://www.microchip.com for the appropriate data sheet.
For more about configuration bits that are available for each device, see the following
file in the location where MPLAB XC8 was installed:
MPLAB XC8 Installation Directory/docs/chips
HOW TO SET CONFIGURATION BITS

In MPLAB X IDE, you can use the Configuration Bits window to view and set these bits.
Select Window>PIC Memory Views>Configuration Bits to open this window.
FIGURE 1: CONFIGURATION WINDOW
Once you have the settings you want, click Generate Source Code to Output and
then copy the pragma directives from the Output window into your code, as was done
in the example code.

1.3 Port Access

Digital I/O device pins may be multiplexed with peripheral I/O pins. To ensure that you
are using digital I/O only, disable the other peripheral(s). Do this by using the pre-
defined C variables that represent the peripheral registers and bits. These variables are
listed in the device-specific header file in the compiler include directory. To determine
which peripherals share which pins, refer to your device data sheet.
For the example in this section, Port D and Port B pins are multiplexed with peripherals
that are disabled by default. The only issue is that the pins default to analog so you will
need to set them to digital I/O. For Port D:
A device pin is connected to either a digital I/O port (PORT) or latch (LAT) register in the
device. For the example, LATD and LATB are used. The variable portValue is
assigned a value that is used on both latches. For Port D:
In addition, there is a register for specifying the directionality of the pin - either input or
output - called a TRIS register. For the example in this section, TRISD and TRISB are
used. Setting a bit to 0 makes the pin an output, and setting a bit to 1 makes the pin an
input. For Port D:

2. FLASH LEDs USING _delay() FUNCTION

This example is a modification of the previous code. Instead of just turning on LEDs,
this code will flash alternating LEDs.
#include <xc.h>

// For more on Configuration Bits, consult your device data sheet
// CONFIG1
// CONFIG2
void main(void) {
unsigned char portValue;
// Port D access
// Port B access
while(1) { see Section 2.1
portValue = 0x05;
// delay value change see Section 2.2
_delay(25000); // delay in instruction cycles
portValue = 0x0A;
LATD = portValue; // write to port latch - RD[0:3] = LED[0:3]]
_delay(25000); // delay in instruction cycles
}
return;
}

2.1 The while() Loop and Variable Values

To make the LEDs on Port D and Port B change, a variable portValue is assigned a
value in the first part of the loop, and a complementary value in the second part of the
loop. To perform the loop, while(1) { } was used.
2.2 The _delay() Function

Because the speed of execution will, in most cases, cause the LEDs to flash faster than
the eye can see, execution needs to be slowed. _delay()is a built-in function of the
compiler.
For more details on the delay built-in, see the MPLAB XC8 C Compiler Users Guide
(DS50002053).

3. COUNT UP ON LEDs USING INTERRUPTS AS DELAY

This example is a modification of the previous code. Although the delay loop in the pre-
vious example was useful in slowing down loop execution, it created dead time in the
program. To avoid this, a timer interrupt can be used.
#include <xc.h>

// For more on Configuration Bits, consult your device data sheet
// CONFIG1
// CONFIG2
// Interrupt function see Section 3.1
void interrupt isr(void){

// only process Timer0-triggered interrupts
if(INTCONbits.TMR0IE && INTCONbits.TMR0IF) {
// static variable for permanent storage duration
static unsigned char portValue;
// write to port latches
LATD = portValue++; // RD[0:3] = LED[0:3]
LATB = (portValue++ >> 4); // RB[0:3] = LED[4:7]
// clear this interrupt condition
INTCONbits.TMR0IF = 0;
}
}
void main(void){
// Port D access
// Port B access

// Timer0 setup see Section 3.2
OPTION_REG = 0xD7; // timer 0 internal clock, prescaler 1:256

INTCONbits.TMR0IE = 1; // enable interrupts for timer 0
ei(); // enable all interrupts
while(1);
return;
}
3.1 The Interrupt Function isr()

Functions are made into interrupt functions by using the interrupt specifier. As this
one interrupt function may have to handle multiple interrupt sources, code was added
to ensure the counter portValue is only incremented if Timer0 generated the inter-
rupt.
3.2 Timer0 Setup

Code also needs to be added to the main routine to enable and set up the timer, enable
timer interrupts, and change the latch assignment, now that the variable value changes
are performed in the interrupt service routine.
To enable all interrupts, ei() is used, defined in xc.h.

4 DISPLAY POTENTIOMETER VALUES ON LEDS USING A/D

This example uses the same device and the Port B and Port D LEDs as the previous
example. However, in this example values from a potentiometer on the demo board
provide A/D input through Port A that is converted and displayed on the LEDs.
Instead of generating code by hand, the MPLAB Code Configurator (MCC) is used. The
MCC is a plug-in available for installation under the MPLAB XIDE menu Tools>Plugins,
Available Plugins tab. See MPLAB X IDE Help for more on how to install plugins.
For information on the MCC, including the MPLAB Code Configurator Users Guide
(DS40001725), go to the MPLAB Code Configurator web page at:
http://www.microchip.com/code_configurator
For this example, the MCC GUI was set up as shown in the following graphics.
FIGURE 2: ADC PROJECT RESOURCES

FIGURE 3: ADC SYSTEM PROJECT RESOURCE CONFIGURATION

FIGURE 4: ADC PROJECT RESOURCE CONFIGURATION
FIGURE 5: ADC PROJECT RESOURCE PIN SELECTION AND PIN TABLE

FIGURE 6: ADC GPIO PROJECT RESOURCE CONFIGURATION
FIGURE 7: ADC GPIO PROJECT RESOURCE PIN SELECTION

FIGURE 8: ADC GPIO PROJECT RESOURCE PIN TABLE

When the code is configured as shown in the previous figures, click the Generate
Code button on the MCC tab. Code generated by the MCC is modular. Therefore main,
system and peripheral code are all in individual files. Also, each peripheral has its own
header file.
Note: After you create a main project, you can either add a main.c template file
before using MCC or you can let MCC add main.c for you.
FIGURE 9: ADC PROJECT TREE FOR CODE GENERATED BY MCC
Editing of main.c is always required to add functionality to your program. Review the
generated files to find any functions or macros you may need in your code.

4.1 main.c Modified Code

The main.c template file has been edited as shown below. Some comments have
been removed as described in < >. Code added to main() is in red.
/**
Generated Main Source File
<See generated main.c file for file information.>

*/
/*
Copyright (c) 2013 - 2015 released Microchip Technology Inc.
All rights reserved.
<See generated main.c file for additional copyright information.>

*/
#include "mcc_generated_files/mcc.h"
/*
Main application
*/
void main(void) {
// initialize the device
SYSTEM_Initialize();
// <No interrupts used - see generated main.c file for code.>
while (1) {
// Start A/D conversion see Section 4.2
ADC_StartConversion(channel_AN0);
// Wait for ADC to complete see Section 4.3
while(!ADC_IsConversionDone());
// Write to Port Latches see Section 4.4
LATD = ADRESH; // RD[0:3] = LED[0:3]

LATB = (ADRESH >> 4); // RB[0:3] = LED[4:7]
}
}
/**
End of File
*/
4.2 Start A/D Conversion

From the adc.c module, use the function:
void ADC_StartConversion(adc_channel_t channel)
The variable channel is of typedef adc_channel_t defined in adc.h. For this
example, pot input is on RA0, so select channel_AN0.

4.3 Wait for ADC to compete

From the adc.c module, use the function:
bool ADC_IsConversionDone()
This function returns the negated value of the ADCON0bits.GO_nDONE bit (defined in
the device header file). However, the actual value of this bit is desired in the main
while loop, so the return value is negated again.
4.4 Write to Port Latches

As only 8 LEDs are available, just the value from ADRESH is displayed. The lower bits
are displayed via LATD on LEDs 0 through 3, and the upper bits are shifted so they can
be displayed via LATB on LEDs 4 through 7.

5. DISPLAY EEPROM DATA VALUES ON LEDS

This example uses another Microchip device, the PIC16F1939 MCU, to demonstrate
how to write to and read from EEPROM Data (EEData). Read values are displayed on
Port D and Port B LEDs.
Again, MPLAB Code Configurator (MCC) is used to generate most of the code. To find
out how to install and get the users guide for MCC, see:
Section 4 Display Potentiometer Values on LEDs Using A/D.
For this example, the MCC GUI was set up as shown in the following graphics.
FIGURE 10: EEDATA PROJECT RESOURCES

FIGURE 11: EEDATA SYSTEM PROJECT RESOURCE CONFIGURATION

FIGURE 12: EEDATA MEMORY PROJECT RESOURCE CONFIGURATION
FIGURE 13: EEDATA GPIO PROJECT RESOURCE CONFIGURATION

FIGURE 14: EEDATA GPIO PROJECT RESOURCE PIN SELECTION

FIGURE 15: EEDATA GPIO PROJECT RESOURCE PIN TABLE

After your code is configured as shown in the previous figures, click the Generate
Code button on the MCC tab. Code generated by the MCC is modular. Therefore main,
system, and peripheral code are all in individual files. Also, each peripheral has its own
header file.
Note: After you create a main project, you can either add a main.c template file
before using MCC or you can let MCC add main.c for you.
FIGURE 16: EEDATA PROJECT TREE FOR CODE GENERATED BY MCC
Editing of main.c is always required to add functionality to your program. Review the
generated files to find any functions or macros you may need in your code.

5.1 main.c Modified Code

The main.c template file has been edited as shown below. Some comments have
been removed as described in < >. Code added is in red.
/**
Generated Main Source File
<See generated main.c file for file information.>

*/
/*
Copyright (c) 2013 - 2015 released Microchip Technology Inc.
All rights reserved.
<See generated main.c file for additional copyright information.>

*/
#include "mcc_generated_files/mcc.h"
#define NUM_EE_VALUES 64
/*
Main application
*/
void main(void) {
// initialize the device
SYSTEM_Initialize();
// <No interrupts used - see generated main.c file for code.>
// Declare RAM array, loop variable see Section 5.2
volatile unsigned char RAMArray[NUM_EE_VALUES];

unsigned char i;
// Write initial values to EEPROM Data see Section 5.3

PIR2bits.EEIF = 0x0; // clear write flag
for(i=0; i<NUM_EE_VALUES; i++){

DATAEE_WriteByte(_EEADRL_EEADRL_POSN + i, i);
while(!PIR2bits.EEIF); // check for write finished
PIR2bits.EEIF = 0x0;
}
while(1){
// Read from EEPROM and display see Section 5.4
RAMArray[i] = DATAEE_ReadByte(_EEADRL_EEADRL_POSN + i);
LATD = RAMArray[i]; // RD[0:3] = LED[0:3]
LATB = (RAMArray[i] >> 4); // RB[0:3] = LED[4:7]
_delay(25000);
}
// Write to EEPROM in reverse order

DATAEE_WriteByte(_EEADRL_EEADRL_POSN +
(NUM_EE_VALUES - 1) - i, RAMArray[i]);
while(!PIR2bits.EEIF); // check for write finished
PIR2bits.EEIF = 0x0;
}

};
}
/**
End of File
*/
5.2 EEData Associated Variables

Variables used to store data from an EEData read or write must match the types spec-
ified in the read/write function prototype, referenced from mcc.h and found in
memory.h:
void DATAEE_WriteByte(uint8_t bAdd, uint8_t bData);
uint8_t DATAEE_ReadByte(uint8_t bAdd);
From stdint.h (also referenced), uint8_t is the same as unsigned char.
5.3 Write to EEData

EEData is written twice in this example: first to initialize values in EEData memory and
second to change the data for dynamic display.
Writing to EEData takes more than one cycle, so a write-complete flag is used to deter-
mine when the write is done (PIR2bits.EEIF). The flag is cleared initially, and again,
after each time the write completes. (This flag must be cleared in software.)
5.4 Read from EEData

After EEData is written, memory values are read into a RAM array and then displayed
on Port D and Port B LEDs. The values in the RAM array are used in this write loop to
change the values in EEData memory.
Because the speed of execution will, in most cases, cause the LEDs to flash faster than
the eye can see, the _delay() function is used again (as in Example 2) to slow
execution.

A. RUN CODE IN MPLAB X IDE

First, create a project:
1. Launch MPLAB X IDE.
2. From the IDE, launch the New Project Wizard (File>New Project).
3. Follow the screens to create a new project:
a) Choose Project: Select Microchip Embedded, and then select
Standalone Project.
b) Select Device: Select the example device.
c) Select Header: None.
d) Select Tool: Select your hardware debug tool, SNxxxxxx. If you do not see
a serial number (SN) under your debug tool name, ensure that your debug
tool is correctly installed. See your debug tool documentation for details.
e) Select Plugin Board: None.
f) Select Compiler: Select XC8 (latest version number) [bin location]. If you
do not see a compiler under XC8, ensure the compiler is correctly installed
and that MPLAB X IDE is aware of it (Tools>Options, Embedded button,
Build Tools tab). See MPLAB XC8 and MPLAB X IDE documentation for
details
g) Select Project Name and Folder: Name the project.
Now, create a file to hold the example code:
1. Right click on the project name in the Projects window. Select New>Empty FIle.
The New Empty File dialog will open.
2. Under File name, enter a name.
3. Click Finish.
4. Cut and paste the example code from this users guide into the empty editor
window and select File>Save.
Build, download to a device, and execute the code by selecting to Debug Run your
code. You will see every other LED lit on the demo board. Click Halt to end execution.
FIGURE 17: TOOLBAR ICONS
DEBUG RUN HALT

B. GET SOFTWARE AND HARDWARE

For the MPLAB XC8 projects in this document, the Explorer 8 board with either a
PIC16F1719 or PIC16F1939 MCU is powered from a 9V external power supply and
uses standard (ICSP) communications. MPLAB X IDE was used for development.
B.1 Get MPLAB X IDE and MPLAB XC8 C Compiler

MPLAB X IDE can be found at:
http://www.microchip.com/mplabx
The MPLAB XC8 C compiler can be found at:
http://www.microchip.com/mplabxc
B.2 Get PIC MCUs

The PIC MCUs used in the examples are available at:
http://www.microchip.com/PIC16F1719
http://www.microchip.com/PIC16F1939
B.3 Set Up the Explorer 8 Board

The Explorer 8 development board is available at:
http://www.microchip.com/explorer8
Jumpers were set up as shown in the following tables.
TABLE 1-1: JUMPER SELECTS FOR PROJECTS

Jumper Selection Description
J2 BRD+5V Power board from power supply (not USB)
J14 +5V Device Power level
J24 Open +5V used (not 3.3V)
J7 Closed Enable LEDs on Port D <RD0:3>
J21 Closed Enable LEDs on Port B <RB0:3>
J36 OSC1 to RA7 OSC1 CLKIN (8MHz External Oscillator)
J37 OSC2 to RA6 OSC2 CLKOUT (8MHz External Oscillator)
J51 PGD to RB7 ICSPDAT
J52 PGC to RB6 ISCPCLK
TABLE 1-2: JUMPER SELECTS NOT USED

Jumper Selection Description
JP2 Closed LCD not used
J22, J23, J53, J54 Open LCD not used
J15, J16 Open Digilent Pmod Connectors not used
J43, J44, J45, J46, J47 Open mikroBUS not used
J41, J42, J48, J49, J50 Open mikroBUS not used
J4, J31 VCAP RA5, RA4 not used
B.4 Get Microchip Debug Tools

Emulators and Debuggers may be found on the Development Tools web page:
http://www.microchip.com/devtools

Note the following details of the code protection feature on Microchip devices:
Microchip products meet the specification contained in their particular Microchip Data Sheet.
Microchip believes that its family of products is one of the most secure families of its kind on the market today, when used in the
intended manner and under normal conditions.
There are dishonest and possibly illegal methods used to breach the code protection feature. All of these methods, to our
knowledge, require using the Microchip products in a manner outside the operating specifications contained in Microchips Data
Sheets. Most likely, the person doing so is engaged in theft of intellectual property.
Microchip is willing to work with the customer who is concerned about the integrity of their code.
Neither Microchip nor any other semiconductor manufacturer can guarantee the security of their code. Code protection does not
mean that we are guaranteeing the product as unbreakable.
Code protection is constantly evolving. We at Microchip are committed to continuously improving the code protection features of our
products. Attempts to break Microchips code protection feature may be a violation of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act. If such acts
allow unauthorized access to your software or other copyrighted work, you may have a right to sue for relief under that Act.
Information contained in this publication regarding device Trademarks

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ISBN: 978-1-63277-613-6
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07/14/15

XC8 User Manual Demo Programs 1 PDF

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MPLAB XC8 USERS GUIDE

FOR EMBEDDED ENGINEERS

A Run Code in MPLAB X IDE

2015 Microchip Technology Inc. DS50002400A-page 1

1. TURN LEDS ON OR OFF

// PIC16F1719 Configuration Bit Settings

// For more on Configuration Bits, see Section 1.2

unsigned char portValue = 0x05;

// Port D access see Section 1.3

ANSELD = 0x0; // set to digital I/O (not analog)

1.1 Header File <xc.h>

DS50002400A-page 2 2015 Microchip Technology Inc.

1.2 Configuration Bits

WHICH CONFIGURATION BITS TO SET

HOW TO SET CONFIGURATION BITS

FIGURE 1: CONFIGURATION WINDOW

2015 Microchip Technology Inc. DS50002400A-page 3

1.3 Port Access

DS50002400A-page 4 2015 Microchip Technology Inc.

2. FLASH LEDs USING _delay() FUNCTION

// PIC16F1719 Configuration Bit Settings

unsigned char portValue;

while(1) { see Section 2.1

// delay value change see Section 2.2

_delay(25000); // delay in instruction cycles

2015 Microchip Technology Inc. DS50002400A-page 5

2.1 The while() Loop and Variable Values

2.2 The _delay() Function

DS50002400A-page 6 2015 Microchip Technology Inc.

3. COUNT UP ON LEDs USING INTERRUPTS AS DELAY

// PIC16F1719 Configuration Bit Settings

// Interrupt function see Section 3.1

void interrupt isr(void){

2015 Microchip Technology Inc. DS50002400A-page 7

// Timer0 setup see Section 3.2

OPTION_REG = 0xD7; // timer 0 internal clock, prescaler 1:256

3.1 The Interrupt Function isr()

3.2 Timer0 Setup

DS50002400A-page 8 2015 Microchip Technology Inc.

4 DISPLAY POTENTIOMETER VALUES ON LEDS USING A/D

FIGURE 2: ADC PROJECT RESOURCES

2015 Microchip Technology Inc. DS50002400A-page 9

DS50002400A-page 10 2015 Microchip Technology Inc.

FIGURE 5: ADC PROJECT RESOURCE PIN SELECTION AND PIN TABLE

2015 Microchip Technology Inc. DS50002400A-page 11

FIGURE 7: ADC GPIO PROJECT RESOURCE PIN SELECTION

DS50002400A-page 12 2015 Microchip Technology Inc.

2015 Microchip Technology Inc. DS50002400A-page 13

FIGURE 9: ADC PROJECT TREE FOR CODE GENERATED BY MCC

DS50002400A-page 14 2015 Microchip Technology Inc.

4.1 main.c Modified Code

<See generated main.c file for file information.>

<See generated main.c file for additional copyright information.>

// <No interrupts used - see generated main.c file for code.>

// Start A/D conversion see Section 4.2

// Wait for ADC to complete see Section 4.3

// Write to Port Latches see Section 4.4

LATD = ADRESH; // RD[0:3] = LED[0:3]

4.2 Start A/D Conversion

2015 Microchip Technology Inc. DS50002400A-page 15

4.3 Wait for ADC to compete

4.4 Write to Port Latches

DS50002400A-page 16 2015 Microchip Technology Inc.