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Fundamentals of Rocks
Outline
Properties for Reservoir Evaluation
CLASTIC ROCKS
Formed from the detrital material derived from mechanical
erosion of preexisting rocks.
siltstone: fine-grained siliciclastic rocks containing less than 33% clay and
more than 67% silt size particles. May be lithified or not.
lime mudstone: a limestone composed almost entirely of lime mud (micrite) and less than 10%
grains (ooids, peloids, bioclasts, or intraclasts). Note that a lime mudstone is a carbonate rock. A
rock composed of siliciclastic mud but with carbonate cement should be treated as one of the fine-
grained siliciclastic rocks ("shale", claystone, mudstone, siltstone).
wackestone: a limestone composed of lime mud (micrite) and greater than 10% grains (ooids,
peloids, bioclasts, or intraclasts). Wackestones are matrix-supported, that is, grains do not support
one another with lime mud simply filling in between grains.
packstone: a limestone composed of grains (ooids, peloids, bioclasts, or intraclasts) and lime
mud (micrite). Rock is grain-supported and micrite simply fills in spaces between grains that are in
contact with one another.
grainstone: a limestone composed of grains, but lacking lime mud (micrite). Spaces between
grains are filled with spar (cement).
"reef rocks": carbonate rocks in which growing organisms trapped and bound sediment between
them. Includes bafflestone, boundstone, etc.
"limestone": category to use when a limestone cannot be classified into one of the preceding
lithologies. Avoid using if possible. Chalks should be placed into this category.
dolomite: category to use for all carbonate rocks composed primarily of dolomite.
"carbonate": category to use for a carbonate rock that cannot be classified as either a limestone
or a dolomite. Avoid using if possible.
Porosity
Porosity
Porosity = = [Void Volume] / [Bulk Volume]
Porosity
Porosity
All of this leads, of course, to a discussion of the
many different types of porosities. In order for a
pore space to be included in most conventional
measurements, it has to be connected to other pore
spaces. This, of course, raises the concept of
effective porosity. By definition, effective porosity is
the ratio of the interconnected pore volume to the
bulk volume of the rock. That all pore space are
connected is a fundamental assumption in Biot-
Gassmann theory.
Phie
Phit
Sand
Bound
water
Dry Clay
Note that: T >= E and T = E + Sh
Tad Smith, 2007
Types of Geologic Porosity
Primary porosity is the main or original porosity system in a rock.
Secondary porosity is a subsequent or separate porosity system in a rock, often
enhancing overall porosity of a rock. This can be a result of chemical leeching of
minerals or the generation of a fracture system. This can replace the primary porosity or
coexist with it.
Fracture porosity is porosity associated with a fracture system or faulting. This can
create secondary porosity in rocks that otherwise would not be reservoirs for
hydrocarbons due to their primary porosity being destroyed (for example due to depth of
burial) or of a rock type not normally considered a reservoir (for example igneous
intrusions).
Vuggy porosity is secondary porosity generated by dissolution of large features (such
as macrofossils) in carbonate rocks leaving large holes, bugs, or even caves.
Effective porosity (also called open porosity) refers to the fraction of the total volume
in which fluid flow is effectively taking place (this excludes dead-end pores or non-
connected cavities). This is very important for petroleum flow.
Dual porosity refers to the conceptual idea that there are two overlapping reservoirs
which interact. In fractured rock aquifers, the rock mass and fractures are often
simulated as being two overlapping but distinct bodies. Delayed yield, and leaky aquifer
flow solutions are both mathematically similar solutions to that obtained for dual
porosity; in all cases water comes from two mathematically different reservoirs (whether
or not they are physically different).
Wikipedia, Porosity
Porosity/ Matrix Definitions
Evaluation of a Reservoir
Porosity - Permeability - Saturation
Water Saturation
SW = [Volume of water] / [ Total Pore Volume]
Density
= (Mass of rock) / (Total Volume)
= (1) s + f
f = (1SW) h + SW H2O
f = fluid
s= solid grain material
h = hydrocarbon
Capillary Pressure
Capillary Pressure
Influence of pore throat size, height and Sw
Pc = pnw - pw = 2cos/r
= interfacial tension between hydrocarbon and water
= contact angle
r = pore throat radius
The cgs physical unit for dynamic viscosity is the poise (P) named after Jean Louis Marie Poiseuille. It is more commonly
expressed, particularly in ASTM standards, as centipoise (cP). The centipoise is commonly used because water has a
viscosity of 1.0020 cP (at 20 C; the closeness to one is a convenient coincidence).
1 poise = 100 centipoise = 1 gcm1s1 = 0.1 Pas. 1 centipoise = 1 mPas.
Pitch Drop Experiment
Timeline
Rules of Thumb
Increase porosity Increase permeability
Better sorted rocks have higher permeability
Clastic Properties Affecting Permeability
(Growth in Place)
Permeability
Limestone Properties Affecting Permeability
(Growth in Place)
Reserve Estimate
Oil Prospect
Recoverable Oil and Gas 1320 x 660 ft
(app 400 x 200 m)
25% porosity
SW =.30
20 ft thick
(7m thick)
Depth = 9000 ft
Temp = 180 F
Gas dev = 1
1 acre = 43560 ft2
N(BBL) =
7758 * .2 * 0.25 * (1-.3) * 20 * [(1320*660)/43560]*(1/1.2)
What Do We Want from Log Data ?
For Reservoir Calibration