Mainstreaming the Environmentally Critical Areas Network (ECAN)

into the Local Land Use Planning System of the Local Government Units
(LGU): Framework and Methods
Mainstreaming the Environmentally Critical Areas Network
(ECAN) into the Local Land Use Planning System of the
Local Government Units (LGU): Framework and Methods

October 2016

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 Prepared By:

ECAN Plan Integration and Project Development Division

Palawan Council for Sustainable Development Staff
Palawan Center for Sustainable Development
Sta. Monica Heights, Puerto Princesa City, Palawan, Philippines 5300
pcsd.gov.ph
(048) 433-4235

Photo Credits:

ECAN Zones Management Division

ECAN Plan Integration and Project Development Division
Wild Expeditions

This report can be reproduced as long as the convenors are properly

acknowledges as the source of information

Reproduction of this publication for sale or for other commercial

purposes is prohibited without the written consent of the publisher

Suggested Citation:
PCSDS. 2015. Mainstreaming the Environmentally Critical Areas Network (ECAN) into
the Local Land Use Planning System of the Local Government Units (LGU): Framework
and Methods. Palawan Council for Sustainable Development, Puerto Pricnesa City,
Palawan.

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Table of Contents
Table of Contents ........................................................................................................................... iv
List of Figures ................................................................................................................................. v
List of Tables ................................................................................................................................. vi
1.0. Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 1
1.1.The Sustainable Development Framework of Palawan ........................................................ 1
1.2. Administrative Machinery ................................................................................................... 1
1.3. The ECAN Standard of Sustainable Development .............................................................. 1
2.0. Objective of Mainstreaming .................................................................................................... 2
3.0. Expected Results ...................................................................................................................... 3
4.0. Principles of Mainstreaming .................................................................................................... 4
4.1. Palawan as Biosphere Reserve............................................................................................. 4
4.2. Wise Use of Resources ........................................................................................................ 4
4.3. Disaster Risk Management .................................................................................................. 4
4.4. Promoting Biodiversity Conservation.................................................................................. 5
4.5. Partnership and Co-management ......................................................................................... 5
5.0. Legal Frameworks for Mainstreaming SEP/ECAN in Local Land Use Planning Process...... 5
5.1. Legal Basis of Framework ................................................................................................... 5
5.2. The ECAN Resource Management Plan.............................................................................. 6
6.0. ECAN Special Management Areas .......................................................................................... 7
6.1. Habitats of rare and endangered species .............................................................................. 7
6.2. Legitimate areas for tribal ancestral zones........................................................................... 7
6.3. Areas of cultural, historical, geological, and anthropological interest ................................ 9
6.4. Tourism Development Areas ............................................................................................... 9
6.5. NIPAS areas ....................................................................................................................... 10
6.6. Other management units .................................................................................................... 10
6.6.1. Terrestrial zone ........................................................................................................... 10
6.6.2. Coastal/Marine zone ................................................................................................... 10
7.0. Framework for ECAN Mainstreaming in the Land Use Planning Process ........................... 11
7.1. Issues and Concerns Addressed by Mainstreaming ........................................................... 11
7.1.1. Key management issues and concerns ........................................................................ 11
7.1.2. Planning issues and concerns ...................................................................................... 11
7.2. Approach in Mainstreaming .............................................................................................. 11
7.3. Guide Matrix for Mainstreaming ....................................................................................... 14
ANNEXES .................................................................................................................................... 31
Annex A: ECAN as General Land Use Category of Tourism Economic Zone (TEZ) of San
Vicente, Palawan....................................................................................................................... 32
Annex B: Protected Areas Of Palawan ..................................................................................... 37
Annex C: General Strategy For Horizontal Integration Of Sep Ecan Resource Management
Plan With Clup.......................................................................................................................... 49

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List of Figures

Figure 1. Benefits exchange, interaction, and material flow among the various ECAN zones to
increase resilience, adaptive capacity, and stability of the larger area. ...................................... 3
Figure 2. Hierarchy and linkages of plans (HLURB 2006. modified) ....................................... 6
Figure 3. PCSD Declared Tribal Ancestral Zone and Potential TAZ ........................................ 8
Figure 4. General Entry points of Mainstreaming SEP/ECAN in the CLWUP Planning Process
...................................................................................................................................... 15
Figure 5. Tourism Framework Strategy (CTMP 2014) ......................................................... 33
Figure 6. ECAN Map of TEZ Priority Area and the proposed Integrated Tourism Master Plan. 35
Figure 7. Proposed 50-m easement along the TEZ Priority Area ........................................... 36

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List of Tables
Table 1. Related Policies on Tribal Ancestral Zone....................................................................... 8
Table 2. Sample of ECAN-Based Activities on TAZ Conserved Area ......................................... 9
Table 3. NIPAS Areas of Palawan Province ................................................................................ 10
Table 4. Alignment matrix of HLURB Zones and ECAN Zones ................................................ 11
Table 5. CLWUP Chapters and ERMP Chapters ......................................................................... 14
Table 6. Guide Matrix for Mainstreaming the Environmentally Critical Areas
Network (ECAN) in the Comprehensive Land and Water Use
Plan (CLWUP) Process modified version based from .............................................................. 16
Table 7. Template for Writing ECAN-Compliant CLWUP ........................................................ 23
Table 8. Template for Writing ECAN-Compliant Zoning Ordinance ......................................... 26

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1.0. Introduction
1.1. The Sustainable Development Framework of Palawan

Achieving sustainable development for Palawan is already implicit in the 1987 document
Strategic Environmental Plan for Palawan Towards Sustainable Development1 which was the
mere basis of the 1992 landmark legislation called the Strategic Environmental Plan (SEP) for
Palawan Act, or Republic Act No. 7611. Its strategy, the Environmentally Critical Areas
Network (ECAN) graded system of protection and development control provided the general
physical and policy framework towards sustainable development.

The abovementioned documents provide the general framework for sustainable development
which the complementation of economic development and natural resource conservation where
development activities supports environmental protection. This is primarily because economic
development is sustained by the maintenance of the protective value and productivity of its
various ecosystems. Hence, the ideal course of natural resource conservation is where people
share and enjoy the bounties of nature, where there is no poverty, and where resources are
channeled into giving back to nature what has been taken from her. This framework chooses
both paths of environment and development as each of these paths reinforces each other.

A sustainable development economy for Palawan is also defined as a self-sustaining economic

system (green economy) that is supportive of environmental protection and natural resource
conservation and that brings positive, beneficial impacts to humans. Transitioning to such an
economy requires roadmap that is (1) pro-poor and (2) promotes resilience from geo-
environmental and economic risks. Particular strategies to build this roadmap include making
biodiversity conservation as one major investment portfolio of the province and allowing good
governance to serve as the engine of ENR conservation and economic growth that it actually is.

1.2. Administrative Machinery

The machinery tasked to oversee the implementation of the SEP is the Palawan Council for
Sustainable Development (PCSD), a multi-sectoral planning, policy-making, and rule-making
body. Its members include the Governor of Palawan, the Deputy Director General of the
National Economic and Development Authority, the Undersecretary of the Department of
Environment and Natural Resources, the President of the Palawan Chapter of League of
Municipalities, Undersecretary of the Department of Agriculture, the Mayor of Puerto Princesa
City, the President of the League of Barangays, the Executive Director of PCSD Staff,
representatives from the business sector and NGO sector. The Palawan Council for Sustainable
Development Staff (PCSDS) is the regular professional support staff of the Council (PCSD).

1.3. The ECAN Standard of Sustainable Development

In the geographic context of the ECAN, a green economy for Palawan means economic
industries co-existing with protected areas. Hence, the ECAN-based strategy means:

the maintenance of ECAN Core Zones, the wise use of ECAN Buffer Zones, and the
sustainable management of ECAN Multiple Use Zone.

Ultimately, a green economy is one where economic industries are well regulated and benefits
from them trickle down to the needy and poor, where economic industries exist side by side with
protected areas and offer a diversity of sustainable solutions to improve socioeconomic and

1
Hunting Technical Services Limited (England), Orient Integrated Development Consultants, Inc. (Philippines), and
Sir M. Macdonald and Partners (England). (1987). Strategic Environmental Plan for Palawan Towards Sustainable
Development. Manila: National Council on Integrated Area Development.

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environmental conditions. The major economic industries of Palawan that will support its green
economy are the so-called MOFFAT industries.

M Mining
O Offshore energy
F Fisheries
F Forestry
A Agriculture
T Tourism

Related to these six Palawan industries, the conditions for the transition to a Philippine Green
Economy as enumerated by the Philippine Council for Sustainable Development (2012) 2 is
modified for Palawan as follows:

1. production or technology innovations to improve efficiency in resource-energy use;

2. the promotion of material reuse or recycling;
3. the reduction of wastes, carbon emissions, effluents, and other pollutants; and
4. conformity and compliance to the ECAN standards.

The conformity and compliance to the minimum sustainable development standards set by the
SEP in Palawan ensures that Palawan is on the right track as it manages the competing land uses
through an ECAN-based decision support system.

2.0. Objective of Mainstreaming

The three objectives of mainstreaming are (1) to align local initiatives toward sustainable
development, (2) to provide the LGU a unifying platform for the myriads of land use plans and
policies being required to be incorporated in the locally mandated plans, and (3) to harmonize
SEP and ECAN or integrated into land use planning system.

The SEP provides a zoning strategy that is designed to optimize the use of land and waters. The
ECAN is an integrated map delineating management zones in both land and sea based on a
graded system of protection and development control in accord with the degree of human
disruption that the area can tolerate.3 Core zones can be designated as sanctuaries for threatened
species, selected coral reefs, seagrass, mangrove reserves, and other significantly important
natural ecosystems. On the other hand, Buffer zones and Multiple use zones are open for
regulated development. They shield the Core zones, as well as provide livelihood and other
opportunities like fishery, mariculture, tourism and recreation, and education and research.
Figure 1 illustrates the harmony and interaction among the ECAN zones. Alignment to this
standard means aligning activities towards achieving sustainable development.

2
Philippine Council for Sustainable Development. 2012. Assessment of the Philippine Agenda 21, the Prospects for
a Green Economy, and the Institutional Framework for Sustainable Development.
3
RA 7611, Sec. 7-11.

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 Figure 1. Benefits exchange, interaction, and material flow among the various ECAN zones to
increase resilience, adaptive capacity, and stability of the larger area.

ECAN shall be the basis of LGU in the formulation of locally mandated plans such as
Comprehensive Land and Water Use plan (CLWUP), Medium-Term Development Plan
(MTDP), and Annual Investment Plan (AIP). Several intermittent documents prepared in each
locality that needs alignment at different level are the Forest Land Use Plan (FLUP), Protected
Area Management Plan (PAMP), Ancestral Domain Sustainable Development and Protection
Plan (ADSDPP), and Marine Protected Areas Management Plan (MPAMP).

These equally important plans and the policies anchored in it strain LGUs commitment in
incorporating plans and policies in their mandated plans. Hence, a platform is imperative to
harmonize these plans where salient provisions of each, if not all, are integrated. In addition, the
complexities of actors produce difficulty in coordination. SEP/ECAN can be a primary
instrument in coordinating the activities of diverse actors and provide coherency in this
complexity (Lejano 2001). However, for this to occur, Lejano (2001) recommend that
SEP/ECAN should move beyond master planning and into implementation.

3.0. Expected Results

This document is produced through the pilot implementation of guidebooks4 drafted by the
PCSD Staff to harmonize ECAN into planning processes. These methods were tested at the
municipality of San Vicente where an Ecanized CLWUP and Ecanized Zoning Ordinance (ZO)
are being drafted; and at the Batak Community of Brgy. Tinitian, Roxas Palawan to formulate
Tribal Ancestral Zone Conserved Aras Management Plan. This will also reinforce SEP as a
framework and ECAN strategy as the master plan of LGU in land use planning.

4
Major references: (1) General Strategy for Horizontal Integration of SEP ECAN Resource Management Plan with
CLWUP; (2) Tribal Ancestral Zone Conserve Area Management Plan formulation; and (3) Zoning Ordinance of the
City of Puerto Princesa

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4.0. Principles of Mainstreaming
The mainstreaming framework is guided by the following principles:

4.1. Palawan as Biosphere Reserve

In 1990, two years before the passage of the SEP Law, the province was included in the World
Network of Biosphere Reserves under the Man and Biosphere (MAB) Program of UNESCO. It
is recognized as [a sample] of the worlds major ecosystem types devoted to conservation of
nature and scientific research in the service of man and an area that provides a standard against
which can be measured the effects of mans impact on his environment.5

Under the 1995 Statutory Framework of the World Network of Biosphere Reserves6, a biosphere
reserve should strive to be a site of excellence to explore and demonstrate approaches to
conservation and sustainable development on a regional scale. The three functions of BRs are (1)
biodiversity conservation, (2) development that is socio-culturally and ecologically sustainable,
and (3) logistical support for demonstration projects, environmental education and training, and
research and monitoring related to issues of conservation and sustainable development. These
functions of BRs are already well integrated into the SEP framework.

4.2. Wise Use of Resources

The Sustainable Development principle adopted by the SEP means the improvement in the
quality of life of the present and future generations through the complementation of development
and environmental protection activities. This complements other global development framework
that is also present in the province such as the wise use concept of the Ramsar Convention.
The wise use of wetlands in the Ramsar philosophy is defined as the maintenance of [a
wetlands] ecological character, achieved through the implementation of ecosystem approaches,
within the context of sustainable development7. Two sites in Palawan the Tubbataha Reefs
Natural Park (TRNP) and the Puerto Princesa Subterranean River National Park (PPSRNP)8
are already included in the Ramsar List of Wetlands of International Importance.

4.3. Disaster Risk Management

Mainstreaming Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Reduction into CLWUP is already
approved by the HLURB through the Res. No. 14-9159. The processes and methods are
stipulated in the approved Supplemental Guideline on Mainstreaming CCA/ DRR in CLWUP.
The framework illustrates how the Climate and Disaster Risk Assessment (CDRA) is undertaken
and how the assessment results are integrated in the CLWUP process.

It should be noted that ECAN is not enough basis for CCA/DRR integration into CLWUP
(Candido 2015, pers. comm.). However, there is a strong link between CCA/ DRR and ECAN.
For example, in disaster risk reduction planning, the ECAN Core Zone is highly indicative of
geohazards areas since the layers used in geohazard mapping are also used in ECAN mapping. In
addition, the ecological infrastructures, maintained through ECAN, are stock of natural
ecosystems and species of Palawan that provides a steady flow of ecosystem goods and services
to the people.

5
1990 citation by UNESCO.
6
The Statutory Framework of the World Network of Biosphere Reserves (1995), Article 3.
7
Ramsar Convention [website]. What is the "wise use" of wetlands? Available at: http://www.ramsar.org/
cda/en/ramsar-about-faqs-what-is-wise-use/main/ramsar/1-36-37%5E7724_4000_0__ [Accessed 21 April 2012].
8
These two sites are also in the UNESCO list of natural World Heritage Sites.
9
HULRB Res. No. 915 series of 2014 Approving the Supplemental Guidelines for Mainstreaming Climate Change
Adaptation and Disaster Risk Reduction in the Comprehensive Land Use Plan

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Ecological infrastructures such as ECAN Core Zones are frontline defenses against natural
disasters. Experience from Typhoon Haiyan has shown that thick canopies of mangrove Core
Zones serve as effective natural environmental infrastructure as they act as natural defense of
coastal settlements against strong winds and wave surges, reducing exposure of coasts to
inundation by waves. Hence, the need for ECAN to be mainstreamed in local planning systems is
paramount.

Another essential ecosystem service provided by ECAN zones is the avoidance of erosion. Based
on a study by experts from University of the Philippines Los Baos, the cost of damage avoided
(based on replacement cost) for soil erosion in Mount Mantalingahan Protected Landscape is
quite significant, as much as 57 million pesos per year if the Core Zone is protected from land
use change (Cruz et al. 2008).

4.4. Promoting Biodiversity Conservation

Among the goals10 of SEP/ECAN, two goals have high regard on the biodiversity conservation.
Explicitly written in the law, ECAN shall ensure the preservation of biological diversity; and the
protection of rare and endangered species and their habitat. This is supplemented by the RA 9147
and RA 9072 special laws which implementation was vested to PCSD and complements the
goal of conserving countrys wildlife resources and their habitat for sustainability.

ECAN is concerned on the continuous flow of goods and services from biodiversity. This natural
base is the basis for the creation of economic wealth delivering four major ecosystem services:
regulating, provisioning, cultural, and supporting services.

4.5. Partnership and Co-management

Promoting partnership and co-management enable stakeholders in co-governance of ECAN

through participation in planning activities, resource sharing and implementation of ECAN
programs and projects identified in the ERMP and policy guidelines. ECAN landscapes and
resources are of common interest of the people of Palawan, therefore, management of its
ecosystems shall also be shared. ECAN Board has institutionalized co-management and
partnership in ECAN governance to certain extent. The Boards establishment and functions
varies in each municipality.

5.0. Legal Frameworks for Mainstreaming SEP/ECAN in Local Land Use

Planning Process

5.1. Legal Basis of Framework

The conformity of all projects and undertakings in Palawan with the SEP framework is vital in
mainstreaming activity since the SEP formulated is effectively the master plan for the
sustainable development of the province. The enactment of the SEP Law has several legal
implications (Sec. 6, RA 7611)

i. The SEP shall serve as the framework to guide government agencies in the
formulation and implementation of plans, programs, and projects (PPPs) affecting the
environment and natural resources of Palawan.
ii. The SEP shall be incorporated in the Regional Development Plan of MIMAROPA.
iii. All local government units (LGUs) and national government agencies (NGAs) shall
coordinate and align their projects and budgets with the projects, programs, and
policies of the SEP, as administered by the Palawan Council for Sustainable

10
Section 7 of 7611

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 Development (PCSD), the administrative machinery for the implementation of the
SEP.

The adoption of the SEP as framework and prescriptive plan was already sanctioned by the law.
Under the rubric of SEP, all plans and projects must conform to the zoning requirements of the
ECAN. When it comes to environmentally critical projects (ECPs) in environmentally critical
areas (ECAs), the regulatory function of the ECAN must be considered to rationalize the
entrance of ECPs in the province.

At the provincial level, the planning environment in Palawan is a preponderance of overlapping

and interconnected mandates, institutions, and plans governing land use. Figure 1 provides a
flowchart indicating the relationships of the several planning documents. It shows multi-
objective plans being implemented by multi-level institutions. The boxed portion highlights the
three possible areas of integration: (1) horizontal integration between the City/Municipal (C/M)
ECAN Resource Management Plan (ERMP) and the C/M CLWUP, (2) horizontal integration
between the Provincial (P) ERMP and the P CLWUP, and (3) vertical integration from
provincial to municipal plans.

P ECAN
Plan

C/M ECAN
Plan

Figure 2. Hierarchy and linkages of plans (HLURB 2006. modified)

5.2. The ECAN Resource Management Plan

The ECAN Resource Management Plan (ERMP) is a stand-alone document prepared by the
Municipal ECAN Board with the assistance of PCSDS pursuant to the SEP Law and its
guidelines. Its primary objective is to guide the long-term sustainable management of the
municipally-adopted ECAN Zones. It is formulated independently and need not require

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following the CLWUP formulation timeline. It can be integrated before or during the updating of
the latter plan. It shall serve as the general plan of every municipality or city. Thus, it is another
basis of planning activities, such as land use planning, tourism master planning and resource
management planning as a whole (PCSD Resolution 05-250, Section 30). Its formulation is
outlined in Annex C of this guidebook.

The implementation of the ERMP is a joint responsibility of the LGU and PCSDS through the
ECAN Board which is created to act in its city or municipal jurisdiction in the same way the
PCSD governs SEP concerns at the provincial level. The formulation of the ERMP is one of the
ways in harmonizing and aligning the provisions of the SEP into the CLWUP.

5.3. The City/Municipal Comprehensive Land and Water Use Plan

The Local Government Code of 1991 (LGC or Republic Act 7160) mandates the LGU to co-
manage with the state the environment and natural resources within the LGUs administrative
boundary. One important function devolved by the state to LGUs is the enactment of municipal
or city Zoning Ordinance based on the formulated CWLUP. The ZO and the CLWUP are the
primary bases for the future use of land resources (LGC, Section 20(c)). Its formulation is
described in the guidebook of HLURB.

6.0. ECAN Special Management Areas

Prior to mainstreaming, the site managers/planners should identify first the special management
areas in their area of operation. These areas are still subject to ECAN zonation but their
management may entail special treatment owing to specific management plans and
management authorities intended for the areas.

These special areas may include the following:

6.1. Habitats of rare and endangered species

Selected areas in Palawan were already designated as habitats of endangered species by virtue of
local resolutions. Examples are portions of Dumaran Island and Barangay Culasian (Rizal) for
the critically endangered Philippine Cockatoo (Cacatua haematuropygia). At present, habitats of
endangered species can be declared as Critical Habitat (CH) where declaration of such is guided
by PCSD Res. No. 13-48111. This type of habitat can also be declared as ECAN Core Zone as it
one of the criterion in identifying such zone.

6.2. Legitimate areas for tribal ancestral zones

Selected areas in Palawan were declared as ancestral zones for indigenous peoples by virtue of
any of the following instruments.

- Tribal Ancestral Zone (TAZ) through PCSD Administrative Orders

- Certificate of Ancestral Domain Title (CADT) and Certificate of Ancestral Domain
Claim (CADC)
- Certificate of Ancestral Land Title (CALT) and Certificate of Ancestral Land Claim
(CALC)

11
PCSD Res. 13-481: Confirming the action of executive committee adopting the Guidelines on the Establishment
and Management of Critical Habitats

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 Figure 3. PCSD Declared Tribal Ancestral Zone and Potential TAZ

Consistent to the IPRA Law, SEP designated Tribal and Ancestral Zones (TAZ) areas
traditionally occupied by cultural minorities. These areas shall be treated with the same graded
system of control and prohibition except for strong emphasis in cultural considerations, and that
the zonation shall fulfill the material and cultural needs of the tribes using consultative processes
and cultural mapping of the ancestral lands. With this, the PCSD has issued several guidelines to
harmonize the needs of IPs into ECAN (table 1). Successful attempt in harmonizing ECAN and
IP concerns through ECAN was done at Brgy.Tinitian, Roxas, Palawan. Workshop results
related to zoning were summarized at table 2. It should be noted that zone updating is based on
the fulfillment of the material and cultural needs of the IP community.

Table 1. Related Policies on Tribal Ancestral Zone

Resolution No. Policy Title
PCSD Resolution 94-63 Resolution amending PCSD re 94-51 granting preferential rights
to indigenous cultural communities in the collection and gathering
of minor forest products in Palawan
PCSD Resolution 94-51 A policy of giving preferential rights to the ICCs of Palawan to
collect and gather minor forest products in the province
PCSD Resolution 97-107 Prescribing the interim policy governing the issuance of licenses

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PCSD Resolution 04-233
Memorandum Circular 05-1
PCSD Resolution 06-274:
PCSD Resolution 08-375
for the almaciga resin concessions in Palawan
A resolution allowing Almaciga tapping by IPs in the core zone in
areas classified by the PCSD as Tribal Ancestral Lands pursuant
to sec 11 of RA 7611
Harmonization of the implementation of IPRA and SEP law for
Palawan
Approving harmonization of the implementation of IPRA and
SEP law for Palawan
A resolution amending section V, 4.2 (B) of the Joint NCIP-
PCSD Memorandum Circular No. 2005-1

Table 2. Sample of ECAN-Based Activities on TAZ Conserved Area

Conserve Area Current ECAN Zone Proposed ECAN Reasons for Zone
Zone Updating
Dausan Controlled Use Zone Core Zone Sacred Place
Paggebgan (Area 1) Restricted and Core Zone Sacred Place
Controlled Use Zone
Paggebgan (Area 2) Controlled Use Zone Restricted Use Zone NTFP gathering
Paggebgan (Area 3) Controlled Use Zone Controlled Use Zone NTFP gathering
Paggebgan (Area 4) Controlled Use Zone Traditional Use Zone NTFP gathering,
traditional agriculture
Paggebgan (Area 5) Controlled Use Zone Multiple Use Zone NTFP gathering,
traditional agriculture
Pangaroroyan Core Zone Core Zone Sacred Place
Balinsasayaw Restricted Use Zone Restricted Use Zone Sacred place
Tiubu Controlled Use Zone Controlled Use Zone Livelihood source
Kilala Controlled Use Zone Controlled Use Zone Livelihood source
Torotoro (Area 1) Core Zone Core Zone Sacred place
Torotoro (Area 2) Restricted Use Zone Restricted Use Zone Sacred place
Tinimbanan/ Multiple Use Zone Multiple Use Zone Livelihood source
Sabunayaw
Tagnipa/ Multiple Use Zone Multiple Use Zone Livelihood source
Kaybinyutan

6.3. Areas of cultural, historical, geological, and anthropological interest

Areas of historical and anthropological significance include the Tabon Cave Reservation in
Lipuun Point, Quezon; the Taut Bato Reservation in Singnapan Valley, Barangay Ransang,
Rizal; the Ile Caves in El Nido; the walled fortresses in Balabac, Cuyo, Linapacan, Taytay,
Agutaya, etc.; and other similar sites.

6.4. Tourism Development Areas

These refer to the identified tourism areas of the national and local government units. These are
designated tourism areas supported by national and local ordinances. In Palawan, the national
government through Tourism Infrastructure and Enterprise Zone Authority (TIEZA) of the
Department of Tourism (DOT) declared the whole municipality of San Vicente as their flagship
Tourism Economic Zone (TEZ) (see Annex A for further information).

A Tourism Master Plan (TMP) was formulated consisting two documents: (1) Integrated
Tourism Master Plan (ITMP) and Conceptual Tourism Master Plan (CTMP). This will guide the
tourism development for the whole municipality. A closer look at the zoning strategy of TMP,
ECAN zonation and the PCSD Res. 05-250 were used as primary reference in designating
tourism zones and allowable activities in each zone.

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6.5. NIPAS areas

These refer to protected areas declared under the National Integrated Protected Areas System.
The following table is a list of large-scale protected areas in Palawan.

Table 3. NIPAS Areas of Palawan Province

Protected Area Municipality Location
Calauit Game Preserve and Wildlife Busuanga Calauit Island
Sanctuary (CGPWS)
Coron Island Protected Landscape Coron Coron Island
El Nido-Taytay Managed Resource El Nido, Taytay Portions of El Nido and
Protected Area Taytay Municipalities
Malampaya Sound Protected Landscape Taytay Taytay
and Seascape
Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park Cagayancillo Sulu Sea
Puerto Princesa Subterranean River Puerto Princesa City Northwestern Puerto
National Park (PPSRNP) Princesa City
Palawan Flora, Fauna and Watershed Puerto Princesa City Barangay Irawan
Reserve (PFFWR) / Irawan Watershed
Reserve
Rasa Island Wildlife Reserve Narra Rasa Island
Mount Mantalingahan Protected Quezon, Rizal, Mantalingahan
Landscape (MMPL) Espaola, Brookes Mountain Range
Point, Bataraza
Ursula Island Bird Sanctuary Bataraza Ursula Island, Sulu Sea

Zoning strategy of PAs in the province closely followed the ECAN Zones. In fact, the PAs
adopted the ECAN Zones as the PA Zones (refer to Annex B).

6.6. Other management units

6.6.1. Terrestrial zone
Watershed reserves or forest reserves
Municipal parks (terrestrial)
Community Based Forestry Management Area (CBFMA)
Communal Forest areas
ISF and other forest-related tenurial instruments

6.6.2. Coastal/Marine zone

Marine Protected Areas (MPAs), marine parks, fish sanctuaries, or marine ecosystem
reserves may cover different benthic habitats, such as coral reefs, seagrass, and
mangroves
Communal fishing grounds
Municipal waters covering the 15 kilometer limit from the shoreline
Community Based Mangrove Forest Management Area (CBMFMA)
Sanctuaries of rare and endangered species e.g., turtle nesting sites

Planning for these Special Management Areas cannot be monopolized by one agency or one
group of stakeholder. A consultative and participative planning process is advised for SMAs in
order for the plan to gain total acceptance by the affected communities and management
authorities.

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 7.0. Framework for ECAN Mainstreaming in the Land Use Planning Process
7.1. Issues and Concerns Addressed by Mainstreaming

Mainstreaming addresses key conservation and development issues and concerns on ECAN
landscapes and resources at the local level. Each locality is faced differing practical realities, thus
ECAN should be contextualized with this specific concerns. The following are some of the major
issues and concerns to be considered in mainstreaming process.

7.1.1. Key management issues and concerns

Urbanization of city/municipal centers where no in-placed environmental safeguards
established polluting adjacent coastal and forest ecosystems
Tourism boom that increases the demand for ecosystem services and goods.
Unregulated tourism industry also cause environmental degradation (pollution,
tourist attraction destruction)
Borderless trade under BIMP-EAGA (Brunei-Indonesia-Malaysia-Philippines
East Asia Growth Area)
Population growth due to natural birth and in-migration that
Climate change impacts and natural disaster risks (coral bleaching, wildfires,
species lost)
Land use change/ land conversion (e.g., proliferation of plantations into
timberland)
Biodiversity loss (resource extraction, wildlife poaching, encroachment by
settlements in Core and Restricted Zones and other biodiversity rich areas,
multiple and conflicting land uses in biodiversity rich area)

7.1.2. Planning issues and concerns

Competency of LGU planners in ECAN Planning and management (technical capacities
in integrating different plans)
Availability of information and the cost of gathering data relevant to ECAN
ECAN policies are available but guidelines in mainstreaming them into CLWUP, CDP
and AIP is lacking
Lack of coordination among agencies with stake in preparation of land use plan (DENR,
HLURB, NCIP)
Planning fatigue due to numerous and simultaneous integration of different important
concerns (CCA/DDR, FLUP, ADSDPP, PAMP, Gender, MPAMP, CH, Etc.)

7.2. Approach in Mainstreaming

Mainstreaming ECAN into CLWUP requires overlaying of different concerns (plans and maps)
stated in previous sections into the adopted municipal ECAN Map. This will check the
compliance of different municipal plans to the ECAN map and will identify possible conflicts in
land uses needing resolutions. It also requires information from recent studies that can be located
on the ground and that will affect the configuration of ECAN. Table 4 shows the physical
integration of land use zones CLWUP suggested by the HLURB and ECAN zones. As earlier
stated, CLWUP Zones should be aligned with the ECAN Zones.

Table 4. Alignment matrix of HLURB Zones and ECAN Zones

Buffer Zone Multiple Use Zone
Multiple Use Zone

Coastal/Marine
Traditional Use
Controlled Use
Restricted Use
Core Zone

Core Zone

Sustainable/
General use

Buffer zone
Transition/

Detailed Zoning Classification (HLURB)

Zone

Zone

Zone

zone

Page | 11
 Buffer Zone Multiple Use Zone

Multiple Use Zone

Coastal/Marine
Traditional Use
Controlled Use
Restricted Use
Core Zone

Core Zone

Sustainable/
General use

Buffer zone
Transition/
Detailed Zoning Classification (HLURB)

Zone

Zone

Zone

zone
1. General Residential Zone (GRZ) - An area
within a city or municipality for dwelling/ housing x x x x x x x
purposes
2. Socialized Housing Zone (SHZ) - Shall be used
principally for socialized housing/ dwelling
purposes for the underprivileged and homeless as x x x x x x x
defined in RA 7279
3. Low Density Residential Zone (R-1) - An area
WITHIN A CITY OR MUNICIPALITY
principally for dwelling/ housing purposes with a x x x x x x x
density of 20 dwelling units and below per hectare

4. Medium Density Residential Zone (R-2) - An

area WITHIN A CITY OR MUNICIPALITY
principally for dwelling/ housing purposes with a x x x x x x x
density of 21 to 65 dwelling units per hectare

5. High Density Residential Zone (R-3)- A

subdivision of an area principally for dwelling/
housing purposes with a density of 66 or more x x x x x x x
dwelling units per hectare
6. General Commercial Zone (GCZ) -An area
within a city or municipality for trading/ services/ x x x x x x x
business purposes
7. Low Density Commercial Zone (C-1)-An area
WITHIN A CITY OR MUNICIPALITY
principally for trade, services and business x x x x x x x
activities ordinarily referred to as the Central
Business District
8. Medium Density Commercial Zone (C-2) -An
area WITHIN A CITY OR MUNICIPALITY with
quasi-trade business activities and service
industries performing complementary/ x x x x x x x
supplementary functions to principally
commercial zone (CBD)
9. High Density Commercial Zone (C-3)- An
area within a city or municipality intended for
regional shopping centers such as large malls and
other commercial activities which are regional in
scope or where market activities generate traffic
and require utilities and services that extend x x x x x x x
beyond local boundaries and requires metropolitan
level development planning and implementation.
E.g. high rise hotels, sports stadium or sports
complexes are also allowable in this zone

10. Light Industrial Zone (I-1) - A subdivision of

an area principally for the following types of
industries: x x x x x x x
a. non-pollutive/ non-hazardous
b. non-pollutive/ hazardous
11. Medium Industrial Zone (I-2) - A subdivision
of an area principally for the following types of
industries: x x x x x x x
a. pollutive/ non-hazardous
b. pollutive/ hazardous

Page | 12
 Buffer Zone Multiple Use Zone

Multiple Use Zone

Coastal/Marine
Traditional Use
Controlled Use
Restricted Use
Core Zone

Core Zone

Sustainable/
General use

Buffer zone
Transition/
Detailed Zoning Classification (HLURB)

Zone

Zone

Zone

zone
12. Heavy Industrial Zone (I-3) - A subdivision of
an area principally for the following types of
industries:
a. Highly pollutive/ non-hazardous
b. Highly pollutive/ hazardous x x x x x x x
c. Highly pollutive/ extremely hazardous
d. Pollutive/ extremely hazardous
e. Non-pollutive/extremely hazardous
13. General Institutional Zone (GIZ) - An area
WITHIN A CITY OR MUNICIPALITY
principally for general types of institutional
establishments e.g. government offices, schools, x x x x x x x
hospital/ clinics, academic/research, convention
centers
14. Special Institutional Zone (SIZ) - An area
WITHIN A CITY OR MUNICIPALITY
principally for particular types of institutional
establishments e.g. welfare homes, orphanages, x x x x x x x
home for the aged, rehabilitation and training
centers, military camps/ reservation/ bases/
training grounds, etc.
15. Agricultural Zone (AGZ) - An area WITHIN
A CITY OR MUNICIPALITY INTENDED for
cultivation/ fishing and pastoral activities (e.g. x x x x x
fish, farming, cultivation of crops, goats/ cattle
raising etc.)
16. Agro-Industrial Zone (AIZ) - An area
WITHIN A CITY OR MUNICIPALITY
INTENDED primarily for integrated farm
operations and related product processing x x x x x x x
activities such as plantation for bananas,
pineapple, sugar, etc.
17. Forest Zone (FZ) - An area WITHIN A CITY
OR MUNICIPALITY INTENDED primarily for x x
forest purposes
18. Parks and other Recreation Zone (PRZ) -An
area designed for diversion/ amusements and for
the maintenance of ecological balance of the x x x x x x
community
19. Water Zone (WZ) - Are bodies of water
WITHIN CITIES AND MUNICIPALITIES
which include rivers, streams, lakes and seas x x x x
except those included in other zone classification
20. Tourist Zone (TZ) - Are sites within cities and
municipalities endowed with natural or manmade
physical attributes and resources that are * * * * *
conducive to recreation, leisure and other
wholesome activities
* soft impact tourism only as defined in PCSD Res. 06-270

Another level of mainstreaming ECAN is integrating programs and projects identified in the
ERMP into the CLWUP. Apart from the readily identified programs and projects needed in the
locality, there are sections in the ERMP that can be migrated or used in the chapters/ sections of
the CLWUP. Table 5 show the link between the ERMP and CLWUP.

Page | 13
 Table 5. CLWUP Chapters and ERMP Chapters
CLWUP/ZO Chapter/
Planning Process ERM Plan Chapter/ Contents
Sections
Profiling Municipal Profile: Inputs to CLWUP profiling
1. Geographic Location and Area and situation analysis
2. Physical Environment with identified
Special Management Area
3. Biological Environment
4. Social, Cultural and Economic Profile
5. Land and Water Use Profile
6. Ecological footprint (carrying capacity)
Situational 1. Integrated Threats Analysis Inputs to CLWUP/CDP
Analysis situation analysis
Management Plan 1. Sectoral Goals and Objectives 1. Inputs to CLWUP Vision
Formulation 2. ECAN Management Strategies and Mission
3. Harmonized ECAN Zones and HLURB 2. Spatial strategies
Zones (ECAN Zones) 3. Zoning scheme
4. Management standards & guidelines 4. Use regulations
5. Management structure & institutional 5. Institution and governance
arrangement (ECAN Board) 6. Programs and projects
Implementation Work Plan of identified programs and Implementation plan
Planning responsible agency Investment Plan
Monitoring and Evaluation

7.3. Guide Matrix for Mainstreaming

The process of mainstreaming of ECAN is consistent to the land use planning process prescribed
by the HLURB. It will follow the existing 12-step process based on its published guidelines12 for
the LGU. This process is widely known and accepted by LGUs and it is practical that
mainstreaming of ECAN will be facilitated in the same process they are familiar with. Figure 4
describes the general information that is to be incorporated in the local planning process whereas
table 6 provides specific data to be mainstreamed in each of the processes. This is supplemented
by Tables 7 and 8 suggesting matrices for drafting Ecanized CLWUP and Ecanized ZO.

12
HLURB 2013. CLWUP Guidebook: A Guide to Comprehensive Land Use Plan Preparation. Vol. 1

Page | 14
 ECAN mapping
and integration
Data SEP of SEP ECAN
gathering principles of objectives
SD

ECAN zones as
basis of general
land use zones;
ECAN
management
framework as
basis of land
use strategies

Implementation Policies and

of ECAN guidelines
Program in the compliant to
E-CLUP SEP ECAN

Figure 4. General Entry points of Mainstreaming SEP/ECAN in the CLWUP Planning Process

Page | 15
 Table 6. Guide Matrix for Mainstreaming the Environmentally Critical Areas Network (ECAN) in the Comprehensive
Land and Water Use Plan (CLWUP) Process modified version
Entry Points What to mainstream How to mainstream
HLURB Planning Process Plan Chapter ECAN Concerns Data inputs needed and sources Process and Methods of Mainstreaming13
1 Getting organized CLWUP Organization - Determine the level of CLWUP's - Legal mandate (SEP 7611) - Organization & Meeting of planning team
-Organization & Meeting of alignment/ conformity to ECAN (if - Revised ECAN guidelines (PCSD (Planning team of MPDO and PCSD
planning team (Planning team CLWUP is already finished) Resolution No. 05-250 & 06-270) and - TWG membership
of PPDO,MPDO and PCSD) - Organize/ reconstitute TWG (PCSDS as a other ECAN policies - ECAN Board to endorse to LGU the
-Getting endorsement/ member) - Operationalization of ECAN board ECANization of CLWUP including its
approval from SP/SB - ECAN board to propose and plan (PCSD AO 10 s. 2005) through budgetary requirements
-Preparation of Work Mainstreaming SD and ECAN into Municipal/City ordinance or resolution
Program CLWUP
- Assess the compliance to SEP Framework
(SD) (if CLWUP is finished)

2 Identify stakeholders
-Listing of stakeholders
-Action Planning
-Information dissemination
Stakeholders Analysis - List of stakeholders - ECAN Board members - Conduct workshop/s to identify
- comparison of ECAN board14 and CLWUP - Legal mandate on ECANization stakeholders to be involved in the planning
stakeholders15 composition and other - CLWUP Guidelines activities
concerned agencies - IEC materials emphasizing messages - Conduct of stakeholders analysis
- Implement IEC plan on CLWUP- ECAN on the significance of SEP and ECAN - Basic information materials on
integration strategy mainstreaming ECAN into CLWUP
- PA 21 stakeholders16 (Basic sectors and - Prepare action plan for involving
Intermediaries) stakeholders in planning

3 Setting the Vision Vision and Mission - Inclusion of SEP Mission17 and Vision18 - SEP Law - Stakeholders Visioning and Mission
-Conduct of visioning - Inclusion of SD19 goals in the vision - PCSD Res. 05-250 workshop

13
Methods are flexible and will be based on the approved budget of the LGU aassuming that the LGU will take the lead role on the updating/ revision of CLWUP
14
ECAN Board composition (PCSD AO 10 Sec. 7): (1) City/ Municipal Mayor/local chief executive, (2) vice mayor, (3) PCSDS DM/Rep, (4) C/MPDO, (5) President of League of Brgys., (6)
Chairperson of SB/SP Committee on Environment, (7) C/M ENRO, (8) DENR-CENRO Rep, (9) NGO/PO Rep, (10) IP Rep, (11) Rep from other necessary agencies/sectors such as SK, DAR,
NCIP, PNP, AFP, Academe, Business, Women, etc.
15
CLWUP stakeholders may include the ff: (1)Planning Team, (2) Local Development Council (LDC) members, (3) Local executives, legislators, special bodies, (4) Community, (5) Non-resident
employees/ workers, (6) Private utility companies, (7) NGO, (8) NGA
16
Basic Sectors = farmers and landless rural workers, fisherfolk, indigenous peoples, urban poor, and other disadvantaged groups such as workers in the informal sector, children and youth, persons with disabilities, elderly,
disaster victims and overseas contract workers; Intermediaries = formal institutions that include the national and local government units, business and private sectors, non-government organizations, church-based
organizations, civic groups and professional associations, mass media and the international community
17
To be the professional executing agency for the PCSD in pursuance of Republic Act 7611, the SEP, which aims to promote development, conservation, management, protection and utilization of the natural resources of
Palawan for the present and future generations
18
To be a united, committed and competent partner in development through holistic integration of environmental protection with relevant land use planning and rational use of Palawan's natural resources with the SEP
Framework in order to improve the quality of life in Palawan

Page | 16
 Entry Points
HLURB Planning Process
workshops
-Adoption of Vision and
informing the public
4 Situation Analysis
-Sectoral Studies and
Physical/land use studies
-Base map preparation
-Data gathering and land use
surveys
-Mapping of results
-Consultation/ Validation
workshops
-Needs/Issues analysis and
projections
-Cross sectoral analysis and
integration
a) City/ Municipality
Profiling
19
means the improvement in the quality of life of the present and future generations through the complementation of development and environmental protection activities
20
Adapted from Participatory 3-Dimensional Modeling: Guiding Principles and Applications
What to mainstream
Plan Chapter ECAN Concerns
statement
Situation analysis - Collection of ECAN-related information
(topography, slope, critical habitats,
species, critical watersheds, land use/land
cover, land classification, SMAs, etc.)
- Collection of existing environmental
researches
- Identifying ECAN-related issues, needs,
and potential with spatial component
- Participatory 3-D Modeling20 (optional)
- Ancestral mapping of IPs/Tribal Areas
Physical and - Presence of terrestrial and aquatic
socioeconomic profile. (freshwater and marine) biodiversity- rich
-Geo-physical areas: location, extent and present status
environment and (PA or KBA/CH).
natural resources - Local ordinances on environment and
-Population and Social natural resources conservation
Services - Presence of thematic map or zoning map
-Local Economy - Ancestral mapping of IPs/Tribal Areas
-Infrastructure and - Local efforts to pursue SD goals
Physical base - Local efforts to harmonize ECAN-related
-Institutional capability policies
Data inputs needed and sources
- PSDSAP
- Refined SDGs (see annex __)
- Sectoral Studies and Physical/land use
studies
- ECAN Map
- Studies on ECAN-related biophysical
information
- Thematic maps
- Results of consultation/validation (if
sectoral studies are already finished)
- Collection of data from EMES (water
quality, rainfall, coastal resources
condition)
- Situational Analysis in the ERMP
- Table 4 of this guidebook
- ECAN Zones Map with descriptions of
locations and statistical distribution of
zones are made a part of the Locality
Profile
- Zones for biodiversity conservation
- Areas for upland stabilization
- Lowland and urban area management
- CRM + MPA Management
- Data including maps on protected
areas and KBAs/CHs
- Results of biodiversity assessment
How to mainstream
Process and Methods of Mainstreaming13
- Revisit vision to include sustainable
development goals (SDGs)
- Local communities, government
institutions, NGOs, academe and the
private sector participate in the process of
vision and mission statement formulation
- Conduct workshop and consultations/
FGDs/ KII
- Inclusion of ECAN-related
data/information into the sectoral studies
- ECAN-related issues with proposed
solutions
- Below is related to goals/objectives setting
1. Ecological viability
- set of checklist based on PCSD Res. 05-
250 & 06-270 (this will determine
allowable activities in each zone)
2. Social Acceptability
(a) participatory process; (b) committed
to support SD; (c) equity in access to
resources and benefits
(can look in the process of consultations/
validation)
3. Integrated approach = holistic view
- Stakeholders participation and validation
in area profiling through consultation/
FGDs/ workshop
- Inclusion ECAN map in the area profile
- Description each zones and their
significance.
- Compilation and summary of existing
local ordinances on sustainable
development
- Description of efforts (local policies,
programs, projects and activities) of
Page | 17
 Entry Points What to mainstream How to mainstream
HLURB Planning Process Plan Chapter ECAN Concerns Data inputs needed and sources Process and Methods of Mainstreaming13
Refer to DILG - Participatory 3-D Modeling studies LGUs, national government agencies,
Guidelines on - PCSD Policies on zoning NGOs and other locally-based
Ecological Profiling - Local ordinances on SD organizations on attaining SD in the
for details - Inventory of legislations, programs, municipality
projects and activities undertaken in - Creation of a 3-D relief model of the
the locality to pursue SD municipality (optional)

b) Situation Analysis Area and sectoral: - Activities and land uses causing - Existing land uses and all activities near - Overlay of maps of all existing land uses
-Issues & Problems degradation of ecosystems and within important ECAN Zones and zoning maps and note the spatial
-Gaps & constraints - Growing threats to PA/KBA/CH - Existing and proposed development direction of agriculture, commercial and
identification and - ECAN Zone-Land use conflicts and activities and projects near or within settlements or urban expansion in general
analysis measures undertaken to resolve such Core and Restricted Use Zones - Overlay of proposed development projects
- Zonal conflicts conflicts - Existing policies, plans & programs on with ECAN map
- Institutional conflicts - Gaps and constraints in resolving issues each sector - Impact assessment of existing land use
and problems ECAN zone (policies, and proposed development projects on
institutional and technical constraints). each ECAN zones (inclusion of EIA
results to the planning process)
- Asses existing policies, plans & programs
related to SD
- Assess local institutional capacity to plan
and implement SD plans, programs and
projects
- Stakeholders participation and validation
in issues and gaps assessment
Development - Existence and status ECAN zoning (05-250) - LGU control map DENR, LGU and - Overlay of proposed development projects
potentials and - Location of multiple, buffer and core zones PAMB within the LGU control map
constraints: - ECAN Zones Map (detailed per - Map of areas (strict protection zone) where
barangay) any form of development is not allowed
- Permitted and disallowed uses per zonal - Map of areas (buffer and multiple use
type (PCSD Res. 05-250 and PCSD AO zones) where certain land uses and
6) activities are allowed
- Stakeholders participation and validation
in development potentials and constraints
mapping
5 Setting the Goals and Setting of goals and - Setting of goals and objectives for - PDPFP, RPFP, FLUP, CRMP, - Inclusion of the goals and objectives on
Objectives objectives sustainable development MDRRMP, MSWMP, CCAP, TMP, SD in plans or related documents based on
-Goals and objectives PSDSAP, PBSAP, etc. the results of the situational analysis

Page | 18
 Entry Points
HLURB Planning Process
formulation workshops
What to mainstream How to mainstream
Plan Chapter ECAN Concerns Data inputs needed and sources Process and Methods of Mainstreaming13
- RA 7611, ECAN guidelines - Stakeholders consultation on goals and
- Ecological Footprint objective setting
- Sectoral goals and objectives in the
ERMP

6 Establishing Desired
Development Thrusts and
Defining Spatial Strategies
7 Preparing the Land Use
Plan
Spatial development - Parameters and criteria in zoning of ECAN
strategies (Alternative terrestrial, coastal and tribal zones as
spatial strategies) identified in RA 7611, PCSD Res. 05-250,
and other PCSD ECAN policy issuances
Sectoral development - Integration of ECAN policies related to
strategies and policies agriculture, forestry, fishery, IPs and
Ancestral domains, Tourism
Development - Location and extent of ECAN zones
constraints and - Developmental activities in the allowable
development suitable ECAN zones
areas - Integration of Ecological Footprint
- Conflicting land uses with ECAN and
suggested measures to address them
Projected demand for - Exclusion of ECAN Core and restricted use
land to meet sectoral zones in supply inventory of available lands
development needs and for development (not soft-impact)
projected population - Exclusion of other biodiversity-rich and
critical areas such as KBA/ M/PA/ CH
- Exclusion of reserve areas
- Executive Legelative Agenda (ELA),
MTDP
- Slope Map
- Land Cover
- Topographic map
- Maps of PA/KBA/CH and SMAs
- Topographic map
- Area (ha) of each zone
- Table 4 of this guidebook
- ECAN Policies related to each sector
- Maps of ECAN zones
- Proposed Zone per HLURB definition
- Allowable activities per PCSD Res. 05-
250 (Sec 10 & 12; PCSD Res. 06-270)
- PCSD AO 6
- Hazard map, CCA Studies
- Table 4 of this guidebook
- Detailed maps of ECAN zones per
barangay
- Existing Land Use map, approved
zoning map of LGU
- Zoning of KBA/PA/CH, FLU,
Reservation sites, MPA
- PCSD 05-250, AO 6, TAZ and SMAs
- Overlaying of maps
- Consultation with stakeholders to build
consensus
- Ground validation if necessary
- Review of ECAN policies related to each
sector
- Consultation with stakeholders to build
consensus
- Plotting of ECAN map on existing land
use map
- Digitizing and/or overlay of new/ existing
maps including those with conflict to
ECAN
- Determine suitable uses in multiple use
zone
- Preparation of proposed land use map
integrating ECAN concerns
- Stakeholders participation on mapping of
development constrained and development
suitable areas
- Measurement of spatial extent of each
zone
- Measurement of spatial extent of multiple
and traditional use zone for agriculture and
forest production and settlements
development
- Stakeholders participation on land

Page | 19
 Entry Points What to mainstream
HLURB Planning Process Plan Chapter ECAN Concerns
Existing land use and Detailed Land use planning in ECAN
preferred spatial Multiple Use Zone
strategies (preferred - Potential impacts of the existing land use
urban form) trend and pattern and spatial growth
strategies (Preferred Urban Form) on
ecological services of ecosystems
- Strategies and measures to manage the
impacts of urban and sectoral development - Management and mitigation of adverse
on ecosystems
- Cost-benefits analysis of the entry of
economic industries (e.i. tourism, mining,
agricultural) to ecosystems
Proposed land use plan - Proposed suitable land uses in ECAN
(general and urban land multiple, traditional and Controlled use
use plan land zones
allocation to different - Delineation of ECAN Core and Restricted
uses) Use zones, PA/ CH/ KBA/ TAZ/ in
proposed land use map
- Proposed compatible land uses in ECAN
multiple, traditional and Controlled use
zones
8 Drafting the Zoning Zoning scheme and - Integration of SEP/ ECAN zonation in the
Ordinance zoning ordinance city/municipal zoning scheme and
ordinance
- Establishment of land use regulations for
the zonal types of ECAN
- Coordination between ECAN Board and
the City/Municipal Council for the
enforcement of zoning including
permitting system and locational clearance
Data inputs needed and sources
- Table 4 of this guidebook
- Existing land use and activities in the
peripheries and inside Core and
Restricted Use Zone, PA/CH/KBA,
FLU, MPA
- Monitoring report of EMED
- Valuation studies and Cost-benefit
analysis and other reference materials
impacts of land uses EIA safeguards
and related studies
- Vulnerability and hazard maps
- Table 4 of this guidebook
- PCSD 05-250
- ECAN zones map
- M/PA/ CH map
- Zonation map
- Existing land uses multiple and buffer
zones DENR-PAWB, PAMB and
CLWUP LGU
- Results of community mapping from
BLUP (if available) and other from
other land use consultation
- FLUP
- ECAN Zones, PA/CH/ KBA zonation
- City/Municipal Zoning map (existing
and proposed) CLWUP LGU
- Allowable and prohibited land uses and
activities on ECAN zonation classes;
PA/KBA/CH/ FLU zonation classes
- Zoning regulations for each zone for
urban and general land uses Zoning
ordinance (existing and proposed)
LGU; PCSD Res. 05-250 and PCSD
environment-related polices
How to mainstream
Process and Methods of Mainstreaming13
demand and supply assessment
- Overlay existing land use map with ECAN
Map
- Overlay existing land use map with PA
and CH/AIBC map and zonation map
when available
- Assessment of potential impacts of
existing land use and spatial strategies
(preferred urban growth form) on
ecological services of ecosystems
- Identification of strategies and measures to
manage the impacts of urban and sectoral
development on ecosystems
- Stakeholders participation on spatial
strategy formulation and impact
assessment
- Overlay ECAN Core and Restricted
Zones, PA/CH/KBA in proposed land use
map
- Overlay existing land use in ECAN
Multiple, Traditional, Controlled Use
Zones and determine suitable land uses
(PCSD Res. 05-250 & PCSD Res. 06-270)
- Stakeholders participation in
determining proposed land uses in
multiple and buffer zones (controlled and
traditional)
- Overlay of ECAN zones; M/PA/ CH/
KBA zonation and city/municipal zoning
for integration. ECAN Core & Restricted
Use
- Integration of ECAN zoning regulations
(05-250 & 06-270) in the city/municipal
zoning ordinance and resolution of
conflicts or incompatibilities in other
zones
- Agreement between the ECAN Board and
Local Decision body (e.g.,Sangunian
Page | 20
 Entry Points
HLURB Planning Process
9 Conduct of Public Hearing
-Conduct of Public Hearings
and Consultation
-Refinement of Draft
CLWUP and ZO
10 CLWUP Review/Adoption
and Approval
-Endorsement for review of
appropriate body
*Conduct of review by
appropriate body
*Return of CLWUP to LGU
for refinement
*Refinement of CLWUP
*SB/SP Adoption of refined
CLWUP
11 Implementing the CLWUP
-Strict implementation of the
ECANized CLWUP / zoning
ordinance
Programs Identification
What to mainstream How to mainstream
Plan Chapter ECAN Concerns Data inputs needed and sources Process and Methods of Mainstreaming13
- ECAN Board composition and Bayan) on the zoning scheme and
responsibilities ordinance
- City/municipal Council composition - Identify allowable uses in multiple and
and responsibilities LGU buffer zones (controlled and traditional
zones)
Review and approval - Highlighting ECAN system as basis for - Proposed CLWUP and ZO with ECAN - Conduct of public hearing on proposed
of CLWUP and Zoning CLWUP concerns mainstreamed CLWUP and ZO with harmonized land
Ordinance use and zoning to get comments from
stakeholders
- Incorporate agreed changes in the CLWUP
and ZO
Review and approval - ECAN strategy is maintained in the - Revised proposed CLWUP and ZO with - Presentation to SP/SB for review and
of CLWUP and Zoning refinement, review and approval process inputs from stakeholders resulting from adoption integrating ECAN strategy
Ordinance - See flowchart (Annex A) approval is the public hearing - Refinement of CLWUP and ZO based on
dependent on the review and approval of the comments and suggestions of
SB/ SP/ PLUC PLUC/RLUC and HLURB for Highly
Urbanized Cities and Independent
Component Cities.
- Obtain approval of the Sangguniang
Panlalawigan or HLURB of the revised
CLWUP and ZO
CLWUP - Include ECAN strategy/programs - Proposed ECAN strategy programs - Coordinate with the ECAN Board on the
Implementation Plan identified at the ERMP that can be approved by stakeholders including implementation of the CLWUP and ZO
implemented by LGUs. DENR, HLURB and LGUs. - Conduct IEC for Barangay LGUs and
- Establish organization and coordination communities
mechanisms between LGU and PCSD/S to
implement CLWUP and ZO with ECAN
components
Sectoral development - ECAN Management programs in ERMP/ - ERMP, Catchment Management Plans, - Identification of programs to address
programs PSDSAP integrated into CLWUP Cave Management Plan, CH issues and problems including threats to
Cross-cutting programs Management Plan, River Management ecosystems
Plan and related documents - Incorporation of EZP (if available) in the
- PCSD 05-250, 06-270 and other PCSD Environmental Management Sector of the
programs CLWUP
- Participation of ECAN Board and
Sangunian Bayan in the identification and
selection of ecosystems conservation
Page | 21
 Entry Points
HLURB Planning Process
Projects Identification and
Prioritization
12 Monitoring, reviewing and
Evaluating the CLWUP
Establishing and
Implementing the M&E
system
What to mainstream How to mainstream
Plan Chapter ECAN Concerns Data inputs needed and sources Process and Methods of Mainstreaming13
programs
Proposed projects and - ECAN strategies are identified and - Proposed ECAN programs and projects - Identification of projects addressing
priority list prioritized for funding and implementation critical issues and problems
by LGUs - ERMP (if available), Caves - Criteria and rating for project prioritization
Management Plan, River, etc. - Identification of sources and establishment
of fund for identified ECAN projects (e.g.,
user charges and fees, payment for
ecological services, donors grants, etc.)
- Participation of Local Development
Council in the selection and prioritization
of projects
Monitoring and - Establish indicators for compliance and - Allowable activities per PCSD Res. 05- - Formulate M&E indicators and
Evaluation of CLWUP impact monitoring and evaluation of 250; ERMP (if available) implementation system for ECAN
and ZO ECAN concerns in the CLWUP and component
Zoning ordinance - Base the M&E indicators on the local
development indicators or local
development watch indicators of DILG
and EMES (to be developed)
- Establish partnership mechanism and
operational guidelines with ECAN Board
in the implementation of the M&E for
ECAN
Monitoring and - ECAN strategies are properly implemented - Monitoring and performance evaluation - Monitoring system for ECAN Zones
evaluation system system for ECAN programs and established and integrated into the
- Performance of ECAN programs and projects (05-250, River Management CLWUP implementation plan
projects are determined Plans, Catchment, CH, etc.) - Criteria for evaluating performance of
ECAN Strategy established and integrated
- Land use changes in ECAN are monitored - Benchmark data for M&E from existing into the CLWUP implementation plan
and regulated plans - Performance evaluation system measures
program success and effectiveness.
- Land use maps (historical record) - Tracking of land use changes, trends and
spatial directions
- Participation of LGU planners in the
design and implementation of the M&E
system
Page | 22
 Table 7. Template for Writing ECAN-Compliant CLWUP21
Topic Content Description (Sample thematic map)
PRELIMINARY PAGES
Messages
Resolution adopting the Ecanized
CLWUP and enacting the Ecanized
ZO

Foreword Explain purpose, context and limitations of the proposed

Ecanized CLWUP

Legal and enabling ordinance or guidelines adopted or complied

with in the preparation of the proposed CLWUP
a. Legal and institutional mandate for Land Use Planning
- Include RA 7611 and its legal implications. Refer to
Section 6 of RA 7611
b. Framework for CLWUP (provide section for ECAN as general
physical framework
- Framework or mainstreaming ECAN in CLWUP Guide
matrix
c. Planning standards, building codes, building permitting
process, and zoning requirements
- Include ECAN Regulations related to zoning PCSD Res.
05-250, 06-270, AO 12)

Significant(new) insights and areas adopted or included in the

new CLWUP compared to previous/existing CLWUP (i.e.
inclusion of climate change/disaster risk/threats; adoption of
integrated eco-systems approach (i.e. ridge-to-reef); Citizen
Report Card, and other significant changes not seen from
previous/existing CLWUP)
Acknowledgement
Table of Contents
List of Maps
List of Figures
List of Tables
List of Acronyms and Glossary of
Terms
I. BRIEF PROFILE OF CITY/MUNICIPALITY (GENERAL INFORMATION)
A. Brief History LGU legal and socio-cultural history
Inter-LGU and Inter-governmental bodies existing
Other significant local institutional and governance platforms
and programs adopted/innovations
- Include the creation and operation of ECAN Board as
management body implementing the SEP
Recent recognition and awards obtained from
international/national/regional or private award giving bodies
B. Demographic Profile Brief summary of the population: total, composition, distribution
and projection
C. Geographic location Brief profile of watershed/sub-watershed coverage, its equivalent
to ECAN system and locations under which the LGUs is part of
from its headwaters down to catchment and outflow areas in the
coastal/municipal waters
Significant national or regional/sub-national characteristics or
value (e.g. biodiversity, cultural-historical, traditional, or
functional) of local watershed/sub-watershed ecosystems of the
LGU
Watershed/sub-watershed map covering the political boundaries
of LGUs within the watershed at1:50,000; barangay political

21
CLUP Template of HLURB modified to conform with ECAN and SEP

Page | 23
 Topic
Territorial jurisdiction and
Barangay subdivision
A. Physical Features and
Environmental Condition
B. Existing Land Use and Land Use
Trends
C. Infrastructure, Facilities and
Utilities
D. Transportation/ Road Network
E. Social Services facilities/
utilities/ amenities
F. Agriculture and Agri- Industry
Facilities
G. Power, Water, Communication
Network
H. Waste Management
I. Economic Structure
Economic Base
a. Primary
b. Secondary
c. Tertiary
J. Development Constraints: Priority Issues, gaps, challenges and opportunities seen from the existing
issues and concerns
K. Comparative Advantages and
Competitive Edge
L. Functional Role of the
City/Municipality
I. THE COMPREHENSIVE LAND USE PLAN
A. Vision, Mission, Goals and
Objectives
B. Development Strategies
Content Description (Sample thematic map)
boundaries within the LGU and the watershed/sub-watershed
divide covered at1:20,000)
Note: Suggested scale for watershed/sub-watershed level
at1:50,000; within LGU jurisdiction at1:20,000 or at suitable
scale
Physical and locational characteristics, including land area,
boundaries, covered barangays, etc.
Summary description of the natural biophysical environment (see
content list in Vol.3 of the CLWUP document Sectoral and
Special Area Studies)
All relevant thematic and sectoral maps, ECAN map, vegetative
cover, contour, drainage/flooding, general land use, tenurial
conditions, hazards, climate risk/disaster risk projection maps,
etc. at suitable scale
Projection and expansion thematic maps and coverage areas, etc.
at suitable scale
Major trends/shifts in land tenure (i.e. CADC/CADT
issuance)/conversion arrangements (i.e. establishments of special
economic zones/industrial areas)
Report of level of CLWUP target outcomes reached in the
implementation of previous/current CLWUP
Impact of shift/trend in the ECAN zones
Issues, gaps, challenges and accomplishments achieved in
previous/current CLWUP implementation
Includes major physical infrastructure projects (i.e. major
dams/energy facilities, regional/sub-national transport/road
network and facilities, etc.)
Infrastructure and road network maps at 1:50,000 (provincial-
municipal); municipal/city-level local road network at 1:20,000
or suitable scale
Overlay of items C to I on the ECAN Zones
baseline levels and projection/estimates of key LGU conditions
and how the LGUs intended to address these
Benefits of complying to the standards of SEP/ ECAN
Nature of constraints/conflicts of development to ECAN Zones,
policies and regulations and suggested measures to address these
Land use-related impacts of major climate-related or geophysical
disaster events or occurrence during the current CLWUP
implementation period
Agreed upon CLWUP vision, goals, objectives and development
thrusts
Key new or significant elements of proposed CLWUP vision;
highlights and difference from current CLWUP
Inclusion of SD principles in the context of SEP and ECAN
Potential direct/indirect impacts of proposed national/ regional/
provincial plans and targets
Agreed upon CLWUP development outcome and output
indicators
Proposed development thrust and spatial strategies and options
Page | 24
 Topic
C. Development Concept and
Structure Plan (text and map)
D. The Land Use Plan (Text and Proposed Land Use Plan and Map
Map Format)
E. Land and Water Use Policies Policies that will govern the specific land and water uses in the
F. Major Development Programs
G. CLWUP and ZO Implementation Approved Institutional Structure and Systems and Procedures
Strategy/Arrangement
H. Monitoring Review and
Evaluation System
Content Description (Sample thematic map)
Analysis and evaluation of development thrusts and spatial
strategies and options
Proposed CLWUP Outcome and Output Indicators
Targeted Land Use Allocation and Proposed Expansion/
Recovery/ Rehabilitation Areas/ ECAN allocation per zone
Proposed Concept Map and Structure Plan (with several options)
Over-all land use allocation areas and expansion/threat areas (i.e.
bubble maps/ schematic maps)
Detailed land use allocation and sectoral maps including ECAN
map and its proposed revision (upgrading and downgrading)
Sectoral and special areas plans and maps such as ancestral
lands, cultural/heritage zones, biodiversity corridors, protected
areas/land and seascapes, eco-tourism/tourism estates/zones,
special economic zones, SAFDZs, Tribal Ancestral Zones,
resettlement/socialized housing areas, inter-nodal transport areas/
zones, etc.
entire city/municipality
SEP and ECAN policies and regulations (05-250, 06-270, etc.)
CCA and DRRM policies
Refers to major programs that has also gone through the
prioritization process of the cross and intersectoral analysis
meant to drive the development of the LGU. From this list, CDP
process will put it in the investment program LDIP
May include major program identified in the ECAN Resource
Management Program
Key priority development projects and areas, i.e. spatial
locations, expansion areas and targeted
communities/constituencies that will support the achievement of
the desired development goals and outcomes of the
Local investment and planning incentive areas/zoned maps/areas
Investment Programs
Information, Education and Communication (IEC) Plan
/Advocacy Links to other CLWUP implementation tools and
instruments
Targeted CLWUP Outcome and Benchmark Indicators
Creation of Municipal/City Monitoring Team or Oversight
Committee in the LDC or SB;
LGU technical monitoring working group
CLWUP Monitoring Report Card
Identified areas for co-management, convergence or inter-
LGU/inter-governmental partnership arrangements
Page | 25
Table 8. Template for Writing ECAN-Compliant Zoning Ordinance22
Chapter/ Description of Contents
Section
Introduction Benefits
Legal basis
Authority and Purpose of the Ordinance
Purpose
Definition o All legal and technical terms in the Ordinance should be defined to avoid
terms misinterpretation

Suggested terms to be defined

Absolute Majority Vote
Accessory Use
Actual Use
Adaptive Reuse
AFMA
Agricultural Activity
Agricultural Land
Agricultural Land Use Conversion
Agricultural Zone (AGZ)
Agri-Processing Activities
Agro-Forestry
Allowable Uses
Ancestral Domains
Ancestral Lands
Ancestral Domain Overlay Zone (AD-OZ)
Aquaculture Sub-Zone (Aq-SZ)
Aquasilviculture
Base Flood Elevation Base Zones
Basic R-2 Sub-Zone (BR2-SZ)
Basic R-3 Sub-Zone (BR3-SZ)
Billboards Overlay Zone (BB-OZ)
Buffer/Greenbelt Zone (B/GZ)
Building Height Limit (BHL)
Cemetery/Memorial Park Zone (C/MP-Z)
Certificate of Ancestral Domain Title
(CAD/T)
Certificate of Ancestral Lands Title
(CAL/T)
Certificate of Non-Conformance
Central Business District (CBD)
Civil Reservation Sub-Zone (CR-SZ)
Class "AAA" Slaughterhouse/Abattoir
Class "AA" Slaughterhouse/Abattoir
Class "A" Slaughterhouse/Abattoir
Climate Change
Climate Change Adaptation
Climate Change Mitigation
Commercial-1 Zone (C1-Z)
Commercial-2 Zone (C2-Z)
Commercial-3 Zone (C3-Z)
Commercial Garage
Compatible Uses
Comprehensive Land Use Plan (CLWUP)
Comprehensive Development Master Plan
(CDMP)
Commercial Fishing Sub-Zone (CF-SZ)
Conflicting Uses
Conforming Use
Critical Habitat Overlay Zone (CH-OZ)
Deed Restrictions
Industrial Forest Plantation Sub-Zone
(IFP-SZ)
Informal Settlers
Inland Fishery
Innovative Design
IPRA
Key Biodiversity Area Overlay Zone
(KBA-OZ)
Lake Sub-Zone (La-SZ)
Landslide Overlay Zone (LSD-OZ)
Local Zoning Board of Appeals (LZBA)
Locational Clearance (LC)
Locational Clearance (Variance) (LC-V)
Locational Clearance (Exception) (LC-E)
Mangrove Sub-Zone (Mn-SZ)
Man-made Hazards
Mariculture
Mariculture Zone and Park (MZP)
Maximum R-2 Sub-Zone (MR2-SZ)
Maximum R-3 Sub-Zone (MR3-SZ)
Mineral Land Zone (ML-Z)
Mineral Reservation Sub-Zone (MNR-
SZ)
Mining Act
Military Reservation Sub-Zone (MR-SZ)
Mitigating Device
Municipal Fishing Sub-Zone (MF-SZ)
Municipal Waters Zone (WZ)
National Park Sub-Zone (NP-SZ)
Natural Hazards
Navigational Lane
NIPAS Act
NIPAS: Multiple Use Sub-Zone (NMU-
SZ)
NIPAS: Strict Protection Sub-Zone (NSP-
SZ)
Non-Conforming Use
Non-NIPAS Areas
Notice of Non-Conformance
Network of Protected Areas for
Agriculture and Agro-Industrial
Development (NPAAAD)
Official Zoning Map
Open Space (OS)
Overlay Zones (OZ)
Parks and Recreation Zone (PR-Z)
PCSD
PCSDS
Planned Unit Development (PUD)
Port

22
Template of HLURB modified to conform with ECAN and SEP

Page | 26
 Chapter/ Description of Contents
Section
Delta/Estuary Sub-Zone (D/E-SZ) Pollutive industries
Disaster Risk Production Agricultural Sub-Zone (PDA-
Disaster Risk reduction or mitigation SZ)
Easement Production Forest
ECAN Board Protected Areas
ECAN Coastal/ Marine Area Protected Area Management Board
ECAN Core Zone (PAMB)
ECAN Buffer: Restricted Use Zone Protected Area Management Plan
ECAN Buffer: Controlled Use Zone (PAMP)
ECAN Buffer: Traditional Use Zone Protection Agricultural Sub-Zone (PTA-
ECAN Multiple Use Zone SZ)
ECAN Resource Management Plan Protection Forest
ECAN Terrestrial Area Quarry Sub-Zone (Q-SZ)
ECAN Tribal Ancestral Land/ Zone Quarrying
ECAN Zoning Certification Reclassification of Agricultural Lands
Established Grade Residential-1 Zone (R1-Z)
Ecotourism Residential-2 Zone (R2-Z)
Ecotourism Overlay Zone (ETM-OZ) Residential-3 Zone (R3-Z)
Environmentally Constrained Areas Residential-4 Zone (R4-Z)
Environmentally Critical Areas (ECA) Residential-5 Zone (R5-Z)
Environmentally Critical Areas Network Rezoning
(ECAN) Sealane Sub-Zone (SL-SZ)
Environmentally Critical Projects (ECP) Scenic Corridor Overlay Zone (SCD-OZ)
Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) SEP
System SEP Clearance
Estuary Small-Scale Mining Sub-Zone (SsM-SZ)
Exception Fault line Overlay Zone (FLT- Socialized Housing
OZ) Socialized Housing Zone (SH-Z)
Fisheries Code Soil lequifaction
Fishery Refuge and Sanctuary Sub-Zone Special Institutional Zone (SI-Z)
(FRS-SZ) Special Use Sub-Zone (SU-SZ)
Fishery Reserve Sub-Zone (FyR-SZ) Strategic Agriculture and Fisheries
Fish Pond Development Zone (SAFDZ)
Flood Overlay Zone (FLD-OZ) Sustainable Urban Drainage System
Flood Protection Elevation (SUDS)
Floor Area Ratio or FAR Tourism Act
Foreshore Land Sub-Zone (FL-SZ) Tourism Zone
Forest Transit-Oriented Development Overlay
Forest Buffer Sub-Zone (FB-SZ) Zone (TOD-OZ)
Forest Lands Tree Farm
Forest Reservation UDHA
Forest Reserve Sub-Zone (FR-SZ) Urban Corridor Overlay Zone (UCD-OZ)
Forest Zone (FZ) Urban Renewal
Forestry Code Utilities, Transportation and Services
General Commercial Zone (GC-Z) Zone (UTS-Z)
General Institutional Zone (GI-Z) Variance
General Residential Zone (GR-Z) Vulnerability
Grazing Land Sub-Zone (GZ-SZ) Warehouse
Gross Floor Area (GFA) Water Code
Heritage Act Wharf
Heritage Overlay Zone (HTG-OZ) Yard
Historic Center Zone/Sub-Zone
Impervious Surface Zoning Administrator/Zoning Officer
Industrial-1 Zone (I1-Z) Zoning Certificate
Industrial-2 Zone (I2-Z)
Industrial-3 Zone (I3-Z)
Zone Using ECAN Zones as base map, the following are the zones and sub-zones
Classification classification are suggested:
ECAN Zones Base Zone Sub-zone
Core Zone Forest Protection Forest Reserve Sub-Zone
National Park Sub-Zone

Page | 27
 Chapter/ Description of Contents
Section
NIPAS: Strict Protection Sub-Zone
Military Reservation Sub-Zone
Civil Reservation Sub-Zone
Buffer: Forest Protection Forest Reserve Sub-Zone
Restricted Use National Park Sub-Zone
Zone
NIPAS: Strict Protection and Special
Use Zone23
Watershed Sub-Zone
Military Reservation Sub-Zone
Civil Reservation Sub-Zone
Buffer: Production Forest NTFPs
Controlled Grazing Land Sub-Zone
Use Zone
NIPAS: Special Use Zone
Mineral Land Zone Quarry Sub-Zone
Mineral Reservation Sub-Zone
Tourism Zone Tourism Zone
Buffer: Production Forest ISF, CBFM, Sub-Zone
Traditional NIPAS: Multiple Use Zone and
Use Zone special Use Zone
General Residential Residential 1 Sub-Zone
Mineral Land Zone Quarry Sub-Zone
Mineral Reservation Sub-Zone
Tourism Zone Tourism Zone
Agro-Industrial Zone
Agricultural Zone Protection and Production
Agricultural Zone
Multiple Use General Residential Residential 1-5, Socialized Housing
Zone Sub-Zone
General Commercial Commercial 1-3 Sub-Zone
Agro-Industrial Zone
Agricultural Zone Protection and Production
Agricultural Zone
Industrial Zone Industrial 1-3 Sub-Zone
Institutional Zone General Institutional Zone
Special Institutional Zone
Parks and Recreation Zone
Cemetery/ Memorial Park
Zone
Buffer/ Greenbelt Zone
Utilities, Transportation
and Services Zone
Municipal Waters Zone
Core Zone Protection Zone Fishery Refuge and Sanctuary Sub-
Zone
Mangrove Sub-Zone
Fishery Reserve Sub-Zone
Delta/ Estuary Sub-Zone
Lake Sub-Zone
Multiple Use Production Zone Mariculture Zone and Park Sub-Zone

23
Limited to activities defined by NIPAS under Special Uses Zone

Page | 28
 Chapter/ Description of Contents
Section
Zone Aquaculture Sub-Zone
Commercial Fishing Sub-Zone
Municipal Fishing Sub-Zone
Sea Lane Sub-Zone
Zone Allowable, restricted and prohibited one base zone
Regulations
Regulations in overlay zones

Zoning incentives
General Height regulations
Regulations
Area regulations

Easement and buffer regulations

Specific provisions in the National Building Code

Advertising, Billboards and Business Signs

Performance Application of Performance Standards
Standards
Environmental Conservation and Protection Standards

Agricultural Land Conservation and Preservation Criteria

Network of Green and Open Spaces

Site Development Standards

Infrastructure Capacities
Zoning and Approved Zoning Maps (including the adopted and approved municipal
administration ECAN Map)

Locational Clearance

ECAN Zoning Certificate

Projects of National Significance

ECAN Zoning guidelines integrated in Zoning administration

Major and/or Innovative Projects

Subdivision Projects
Planned Unit Development Projects

Environmental Compliance Certificate

Building Permit

Etc. (may refer to HLURB Vol. 3 for detailed contents of this section

Page | 29
Bibliography

Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board (HLURB). 2013. CLUP Guidebook: A Comprehensive
Land Use Plan Preparation Vol. 1 The Planning Process.

Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board (HLURB). 2014. CLUP Guidebook: A Comprehensive
Land Use Plan Preparation Vol. 2 Sectoral Analysis and Tools for Situational Analysis.

Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board (HLURB). 2014. CLUP Guidebook: A Comprehensive
Land Use Plan Preparation Vol. 1 Model Zoning Ordinance.

PPC. City Zoning Ordinance No. 560: An Ordinance Revising the Zoning Regulations in the
City of Puerto Princesa.

Serote, E. M. (2004). Property, Patrimony and Territory: Foundations of Land Use Planning in
the Philippines. School of Urban and Regional Planning and the UP Planning and Development
Research Foundation, Inc. Diliman, Quezon City.

Office of the Municipal Tourism (OMT) 2015. Toursim Economic Zone Briefing Material.

BMB-DENR. 2014. Mainstreaming Biodiversty in the Local Land Use Planning Process of the
Local Government Units (LGUs): Framework and Methods. Bidiersity Management Bureau of
the Department of Enviroenemnt of Natural Resources under the Biodiversity Partnership Project
(BPP).

Page | 30
ANNEXES

Page | 31
ANNEX A: ECAN AS GENERAL LAND USE CATEGORY
OF TOURISM ECONOMIC ZONE (TEZ) OF SAN
VICENTE, PALAWAN

San Vicente shares 1.1% of Palawans tourism market. As of 2013, there were 9531 visitors. The
operation of its airport is expected to bring in more tourists. According to the tourism framework
study (2013), there will be 100,000 visitors annually by 2021; 400,000 by 2029; and 3 million by
2044. This will put the municipality as one of the top destinations in the province comparable to
its international counterparts.

The attractions are ready to be developed, however, support infrastructure are far from ready to
cater tourist. The municipality has existing accommodations ranging from island resorts to
pension houses. The difficulty of booking discourages tourist from staying. In addition, most of
the staff lacks formal training. The unreliable energy supply and the lack of banking facilities
limit businesses and tourist purchases. This is further hampered by poor transportation network.
Food items tend to be expensive. Local produced are rarely transported to the market due to poor
road accessibility. Fortunately, there is interest and efforts in infrastructure investment that will
improve connectivity between towns which will better facilitate the flow of people, goods and
services.

The whole municipality of San Vicente was chosen by the TIEZA as its flagship TEZ. It started
through the signing of a Memorandum of Agreement (MOA) between the LGU and TIEZA in
2013. While its coverage is the whole municipality, TEZ priority is on the 883 hectares covering
the 14.7-km stretch of long beach area encompassing the Brgys. of Alimanguan, San Isidro, New
Agutaya, Kemdeng and Poblacion.

A Tourism Master Plan was formulated in the forms of Integrated Tourism Master Plan (ITMP)
for the priority area and Conceptual Tourism Master Plan (CTMP) covering the remaining areas
in the municipality. It is note-worthy that the tourism themes were zoned according to the
inherent characteristics of the area. As such, there are sun and beach, leisure and entertainment,
recreational and sports tourism, eco-tourism and agri-tourism. The whole municipality was
divided into four (4) clusters. Cluster 1 is the priority area covering baragays stated above.
Cluster 2 covers Brgy. Port Barton. Cluster 3 encompasses barangays of Sto. Nino, New Canipo
and Binga. Cluster 4 focuses on the area of Brgy. Caruray.It is believed that the TEZ will
promote and foster viable and sustainable tourism development for the municipality.

Page | 32
 Figure 5. Tourism Framework Strategy (CTMP 2014)

The abovementioned plans also provided detailed physical framework plan for Cluster 1 and
indicative site plan for the remaining clusters. Support infrastructures are ensured to be erected at
proper places. It also outlined environmental management plan that provided a carrying capacity
for cluster 1 of 87,500 tourists per day. Mitigating measures were also suggested to address the
impacts of tourism development. Socio-cultural impacts were also evaluated and management
strategies addressing these impacts were proposed.

Business development plan is also in place where marketing strategy provided options for the
managers to go. These are: option 1 Low Volume, Predominantly High-End; option 2
Medium Volume, Balanced High-End and Mid-Range Market; and option 3 High Volume,
Predominantly Mid-Range Market. Lastly, Institutional and Management Plan was crafted to
provide the institutional, operational, and management scheme of the TEZ. This also outlined
Human Resources Development Plan framework for human development was charted. Training
designs to be implemented by the Product Development Unit of the Directorate for
Development.

Prior to the development of the Tourism Master Plan, meeting with the Palafox Associates were
conducted expressing PCSDS support on the endeavor and explaining the role of ECAN as a
land use planning tool and the policies anchored in it. The Plan that was developed has
considered the SEP and ECAN owing to environment as one of the jewel of San Vicente that
needs to protected and enhanced. The clusters of area were zoned in harmony with the ECAN,
where ECAN protected zones were also zone as such in the ITMP and CTMP. In addition, a 50m
Page | 33
set-back, greater than Boracays, was positioned to protect not only the coastal environment but
also human lives as well apart from maintaining the aesthetic value of the beach. This means
that no permanent structure shall be built 50-m from the average high tide mark. However, a
compromise agreement was set where in non-habitable and structures with no foundation can be
build at 30-50m easement set. The high regard for environmental protection was further
enhanced through the planned establishment of a centralized Sewerage Treatment Plant (STP)
that will service establishments along the grid of priority zone. Finally, a Deed of Restriction is
also being crafted to legalize the conditions in the Plan.

The Plan is currently being presented to both private and public stakeholders seeking to build a
consensual approval being undertaken by the LGU with the Palafox Associates and the TIEZA.

Page | 34
Figure 6. ECAN Map of TEZ Priority Area and the proposed Integrated Tourism Master Plan

Page | 35
Figure 7. Proposed 50-m easement along the TEZ Priority Area

Page | 36
ANNEX B: PROTECTED AREAS OF PALAWAN
1. Ursula Island Game Refuge and Bird Sanctuary

Legal Basis of Establishment: Administrative Order No. 14

Central coordinates: 8o 20' North 117o 31' East
Area: 20 ha (area of islet)

Page | 37
 2. El Nido-Taytay Managed Resource Protected Area

Legal Basis of Establishment: Presidential Proclamation 32

Area: approximately 90,321 hectares where 36,018 ha (terrestrial), while 54,303 ha (marine)

Page | 38
 3. Tubbataha Reef National Marine Park

Legal Basis of Establishment: Republic Act 10067

Area: 33, 2000 ha

Page | 39
 4. Puerto Princesa Subterranean River National Park

Legal Basis of Establishment: Proclamation No. 835

Area: 20,219 ha

Page | 40
 5. The Malampaya Sound Land and Seascape Protected Area

Legal Basis of Establishment: Presidential Proclamation # 342

Area:

Page | 41
 6. Coron Island Protected Area

Legal Basis of Establishment: Proclamation # 219, Proclamation # 1801, R04-CADC No.

134
Area: 22,248 has

Page | 42
 7. Calauit Game Preserve and Wildlife Sanctuary (CGPWS)

Legal Basis of Establishment: Presidential Proclamation No. 1518

Area: 3,659 ha

Page | 43
 8. Mt. Mantalingahan Protected Landscape

Legal Basis of Establishment: Presidential Proclamation No. 1815

Area: 121, 644 ha

Page | 44
 9. Palawan Flora and Fauna Watershed

Legal Basis of Establishment: Presidential Proclamation No. 2221

Area: 7, 832 ha

Page | 45
 10. Rasa Island

Legal Basis of Establishment:

Area: 1,980 ha

Page | 46
 List of Protected Areas in the Province of Palawan

Name of PA Legal Basis of Area Location

Establishment
1. Ursula Island Administrative Order 20 ha
Game Refuge and No. 14 on April 30,
Bird Sanctuary 1960
2. El Nido-Taytay Presidential 90,321 hectares
Managed Resource Proclamation 32 on
Protected Area October 8, 1998
3. Tubbataha Reef Proclamation No. 306
National Marine on August 11, 1998
Park RA 100671
4. Puerto Princesa Proclamation No. 835 20,202 ha.
Subterranean on March 26, 1971
River National
Park
5. The Malampaya July 12, 2000 per 200,155 hectares
Sound Land and Presidential
Seascape Protected Proclamation # 342
Area
6. Coron Island Proclamation # 219 on
Protected Area July 2, 1967
proclamation # 1801
Proclamation 2152
7. Calauit Game 3,760 hectares
Preserve and
Wildlife Sanctuary
(CGPWS)
8. Mt. Mantalingahan Presidential
Protected Proclamation No. 1815
Landscape
9. Palawan Flora and
Fauna Watershed
10. Rasa Island Presidential
Proclamation No. 2221

Page | 47
References

http://www.eoearth.org/article/Puerto-Princesa_Subterranean_River_National_Park,_Philippines

http://www.iapad.org/pa/coron.htm

http://www.pcsd.ph/protected_areas/calauit.htm

http://www.pcsd.ph/protected_areas/coron.htm

http://www.pcsd.ph/protected_areas/elnido.htm

http://www.pcsd.ph/protected_areas/malampaya.htm

http://www.pcsd.ph/protected_areas/stpaul.htm

http://www.pcsd.ph/protected_areas/tubbataha.htm

http://www.pcsd.ph/protected_areas/ursula.htm

DENR-PAWB. Protected Area Suitability Assessment Report - Malampaya Sound Land and
Seascape Protected Area

DENR-PAWB. Protected Area Suitability Assessment Report Mt. Mantalingahan Protected

Landscape

DENR-PAWB. Protected Area Suitability Assessment Report Coron Island Protected Area

DENR-PAWB. Protected Area Suitability Assessment Report Lake Manguao Managed

Resource Protected Area

Jose Rene F. Villegas. 2005. 2005 Calauit Profile. Palawan Council for Sustainable Development

48
ANNEX C: GENERAL STRATEGY FOR HORIZONTAL
INTEGRATION OF SEP ECAN RESOURCE
MANAGEMENT PLAN WITH CLUP
ECAN PLANNING DIVISION24
PALAWAN COUNCIL FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STAFF
PCSD Building, Sports Complex Road
Sta. Monica, Puerto Princesa City, 5300 Palawan

________________________________________________________________

This paper describes the general process of integrating the SEP with the municipal
Comprehensive Land Use Plan (CLUP). It prescribes steps and processes in the alignment of
local development plans, programs, and projects (PPPs) with the SEP as the comprehensive
framework for the sustainable development of Palawan. Specifically, it gives guidelines to ensure
that the CLUP and PPP are compliant with the tripartite features of the SEP (ecological
viability, social acceptability, and integrated approach), the ECAN zoning strategy, and the
municipal ECAN Resource Management Plan. The desired final output is the municipal ECAN-
Based Comprehensive Land Use Plan (E-CLUP).
________________________________________________________________________

Introduction

The Strategic Environmental Plan (SEP) is the comprehensive framework for the sustainable
development of Palawan (Section 4, Republic Act 7611). It shall serve as the guide of local
government of Palawan and the government agencies concerned in the formulation and
implementation of plans, programs and projects affecting the province.

By virtue of RA 7611 or the 1992 Strategic Environmental Plan for Palawan Act (SEP Law), the
whole of Palawan Province is to be subdivided according to a zoning strategy called the ECAN.
The ECAN (Environmentally Critical Areas Network) is a graded system of protection and
development control over the whole of Palawan. The need for ECAN Zoning arises from
Palawans characteristic as an area with natural resources of high conservation value and,
increasingly, as a center of economic development. Furthermore, Palawans ecosystems are
fragile and vulnerable to man-made threats, including pollution, environmental degradation, and
loss of resources.
The projected increase in Palawan population due to high birth rate and in-migration is also
expected to overshoot the carrying capacity of its natural systems. There is, therefore, a need to
plan ahead for the optimal use of resources and the segregation of Palawans land and water
territories into zones that will sustain the land use potential and life-support systems.

The SEP adopts as its philosophy the sustainable development of Palawan, defined as the
improvement in the quality of life of the present and future generations through the
complementation of development and environmental protection activities. As such, it prescribes
three complementary features: ecological viability, social acceptability, and integrated approach.

The Need for Plan Integration: SEP as a Positive Agent in Development

24
Contacts: Maria Luz A Martinez, email malu220@yahoo.com;
Ryan T Fuentes, email rtfuentes@gmail.com

Draft document (February 2012, revised July 2013)

49
The conformity of all projects and undertakings in Palawan with the SEP framework is an
important mainstreaming activity since the SEP has the distinction of being the master plan for
the sustainable development of the province. The enactment of the SEP Law has several legal
implications (Sec. 6, RA 7611)

i. The SEP shall serve as the framework to guide government agencies in the formulation
and implementation of plans, programs, and projects (PPPs) affecting the environmental
and natural resources of Palawan.
ii. The SEP shall be incorporated in the Regional Development Plan of MIMAROPA.
iii. All local government units (LGUs) and national government agencies (NGAs) shall
coordinate and align their projects and budgets with the projects, programs, and policies
of the SEP, as administered by the Palawan Council for Sustainable Development
(PCSD), the administrative machinery for the implementation of the SEP.

The adoption of the SEP as framework and prescriptive plan was already sanctioned by the law.
However, there remains the need for LGUs and line agencies to realign their policies and
programs to the realization of the SEPs goals and objectives. Under the rubric of SEP, all plans
and projects must conform to the zoning requirements of the ECAN. When it comes to
environmentally critical projects (ECPs) in environmentally critical areas (ECAs), the regulatory
function of the ECAN must be considered to rationalize the entrance of ECPs in the province.

Existing Local Land Use Planning and Regulatory Frameworks in Palawan

At the provincial level, the planning environment in Palawan is a preponderance of overlapping

and interconnected mandates, institutions, and plans governing land use. Figure 1 provides a
flowchart indicating the relationships of the several planning documents. It shows multi-
objective plans being implemented by multi-level institutions. The boxed portion highlights the
three possible areas of integration: (1) horizontal integration between the City/Municipal (C/M)
ECAN Resource Management Plan and the C/M CLUP, (2) horizontal integration between the
Provincial (P) ECAN Resource Management Plan and the P CLUP, and (3) vertical integration
from provincial to municipal plans.

50
 Figure 8. Hierarchy and linkages of plans (HLURB 2006. modified).

The ECAN Resource Management Plan

The ECAN Planning Division of PCSDS is currently developing a guidebook on ECAN

planning process, including the guidelines on incorporating the SEP ECAN strategy into the
CLUP. The primary objective of this guidebook is to support the strategy of ECAN by
introducing approaches to the preparation of a practical, planner-friendly management plan for
the ECAN zones. There are six sequential steps in management plan preparation, as shown in
Figure 2: (1) mapping, (2) plan development, (3) plan formulation, (4) plan integration, and (5)
plan implementation.

Figure 9. The ECAN zones management planning process.

51
The guidebook will focus on the description of a suite of methods for executing each of these
steps. The adaptive approach (i.e., incorporating feedbacks to the planning process to refine the
overall process) will be used as a guiding principle in prescribing the methods and procedures to
be followed in the planning process. The ultimate goal is to come up with a repertoire of
comprehensive strategies for each ECAN zone that will be responsive to the current situation of
Palawan.

The City/Municipal ECAN Resource Management Plan and the City/Municipal CLUP

The C/M ERMP is a stand-alone document prepared by the Municipal ECAN Board with the
assistance of PCSD Staff pursuant to the SEP Law and its guidelines. Its primary objective is to
guide the long-term sustainable management of the municipally adopted ECAN Zones. It uses
the ridge-to-reef general strategy of ECAN and applies it strategically over and above other
existing planning frameworks. It follows ECAN-based plans integration framework (figure 3)
which targets to integrate zonal and non-zonal strategies of legally mandated local plans
concerned with the use of natural capital into ERMP and eventually to the CLUP. The
ecanization will simplify and streamline the process of mainstreaming various sustainable
development concerns (IPs, biodiversity, climate change, disaster risks, ECAN, etc.) into the
CLUP by using the spatial strategy of ECAN across all spatially related plans, programs, and
projects.

Figure 10. ECAN-based plans integration framework.

The formulation, implementation, and institutionalization of the ERMP, as well as its integration
into the CLUP, are handicapped without the support of the LGU. The general strategy for
ECAN-CLUP integration must be a participatory process of integrating of SEP ECAN to local
governments CLUP. The latter plan must be compliant to Housing and Land Use Regulatory
Board (HLURB) rules and regulations and to the Local Government Code of 1991 (LGC or
Republic Act 7160).

The LGUs administrative and legislative powers are apparent from the LGC. With some powers
of the national government and DENR devolved to the LGU, a municipality or city is made into
a local autonomous district with its own government administration, tax appropriations, and law
enforcement.

The LGC mandates the LGU to co-manage with the state the environment and natural resources
within the LGUs administrative boundary. One important function devolved by the state to
LGUs is the enactment of municipal or city zoning ordinance based on the formulated

52
Comprehensive Land Use Plan (CLUP). The zoning ordinance and the CLUP are the primary
bases for the future use of land resources (LGC, Section 20(c)). The challenge for SEP is how
ECAN will be harmonized with or integrated into CLUP. The latest revised ECAN guidelines
(PCSD Resolution 05-250) have addressed most of the institutional aspects of the issue.

The ECAN Resource Management Plan (ERMP) shall serve as the general physical plan of every
municipality or city. Thus, it shall be the basis of other planning activities, such as land use
planning, tourism master planning and resource management planning as a whole (PCSD
Resolution 05-250, Section 30). The implementation of the ERMP is to be the joint responsibility
of LGU and PCSDS through the ECAN Board which is created to act in its city or municipal
jurisdiction in the same way the PCSD governs SEP concerns at the provincial level (Section
31). The composition of the ECAN Board (see Section 38) is practically the LGU with some
representatives from other sectors.

The integration of the ECAN into the CLUP is an ongoing strategy. The following figure
(Figure 4) shows the process of ECAN zoning institutionalization that is centered on CLUP.
Municipalities in Palawan are already undergoing efforts to achieve this full integration. In
undertaking such an enterprise, the important factors to consider are the experience and expertise
of land use planners, the development capacity of the LGU, the continuity of the development
programs, and a common grasp of the roles of both ECAN and CLUP in advancing the common
good and in maintaining a balanced ecology.

Figure 11. Institutionalization of the ECAN.

Maintaining a balanced ecology is possible by restraining the growth of the built-up (settlement
areas, infrastructure areas, production areas) area and at the same time protecting the unbuilt
environment (life support systems or protected areas) from premature, if not unnecessary,
conversion. This, in fact, is the main function of the CLUP (Serote 2004) which can be attained
through zoning.

The comprehensive in CLUP is not incompatible with the ECAN of ECAN Zones
Management Plan as both cover the entire area of any territorial unit (barangay, municipal,

53
provincial) within Palawan and both answer to the environmental requirements and economic
and societal needs. However, zoning classes in CLUP, as defined by the HLURB, focuses only
on urban and built-up areas and has only broad classes for other types of land uses that include
agriculture, forest, water, parks and recreation and tourist zones (Cabrido 2003). Although this is
the case, it must not deter land use planners and plan-makers to attempt complementation, if not
total harmony and integration, of ECAN zones sanctioned by SEP with municipally approved
land use zones.

Integration is defined here as the strategic inclusion of goals, objectives, and strategies of the
ECAN Resource Management Plan into the goals, objectives, and strategies of the local
government development plans. The need for integration is called for by the need for efficiency
and for optimizing the use of resources due to the limitation in financial resources, time, and
manpower. It contains any or a combination of the following characteristics.

1. Alignment of plans. This means that the CLUP closely follows the prescriptions of the
ECAN in terms of its zones, strategies, and prescribed courses of action.

2. Harmony of plans. This means that there is a convergence of initiatives contained in the
CLUP and the ECAN Resource Management Plan, in such a way that the strategies of the
two plans can be reconciled in various scales.

3. Complementation of plans. This means that the sustainable packages of the two plans
reinforce each other.

4. Coherency of plans. This means that the common interests of the two plans are translated
or expressed in similar terms.

Achieving alignment, harmony, complementation, and coherency between ERMP and CLUP
will require integration of plan elements of the two plans. The following table can be used as a
guide to correlate the planning process and written sections of the ERMP with the CLUPs.

Guidelines on Integrating the SEP, the ECAN Strategy, and the ECAN Resource
Management Plan Into the CLUP

The following guidelines are applicable for municipalities that have CLUPs in various
development stages. It can be followed even if the CLUP is still in the initial phase of
development, already in an advanced form or have substantive development strategies and
general land use zones, or already finalized and approved.

The SEP ECAN-CLUP integration process is called INTEGRATE (Incorporating the SEP and
ECAN Into Local Land Use Plans). The INTEGRATE process will ensure not only that the
CLUP document has incorporated the SEP ECAN strategy, but also that it is compliant to the
minimum standards set by HLURB. It has five interdependent steps, indicated in the figure
below. It will have six complementary stages, not necessarily sequential in application, with four
integration stages: physical integration, strategic integration, plan integration, and institutional
integration.

54
 Figure 12. INTEGRATE process.

Step 1 (ECAN Zones Mapping or Amendment) is a requirement for all succeeding steps. Steps 2,
3, and 5 can be performed simultaneously. Planners can proceed to Steps 5 and 6 ahead of Step 4
(Formulation of ECAN Resource Management Plan). The highest level of integration is the
institutional integration, i.e., the approval of CLUP that is compliant to ECAN and SEP.

1. ECAN Zones Mapping or Amendment

The mapping of ECAN zones is described in Appendix A while a guide toward the amendment
of ECAN zones is in Appendix B. The process of amendment of ECAN criteria is outlined in
Section 16 of PCSD Resolution No. 05-250, to wit:

Section 16. Modification of Criteria. Modification or amendment regarding an

approved criteria or guidelines can be initiated by any concerned group: government,
non-government or private in nature. Such move for modification or amendment shall be
submitted to the Council Staff for review and to the Council for approval. It should be
supported by official documents, to include

a) resolution by the concerned Sangguniang Bayan/Panglunsod

b) map of 1:50,000 scale with technical descriptions, and
c) rationale and objectives for the proposed modification.

2. Physical Integration

Physical integration will be the screening part of the CLUP. It involves a direct edge-by-edge
comparison of the proposed CLUP land use zones and the approved ECAN Zones Map. The
objective of Physical Integration is for the ECAN-CLUP planning group to seek a common
agreement between the two zoning maps. Note that this step can be done simultaneously with
Steps 3 to 5.

Method: Overlay of ECAN zones with HLURB land use zones using GIS
Inputs: ECAN zones map, HLURB general land use zones map and urban land use zones
map
Outputs: Zonal Conflicts Map for validation; Reconciled ECAN-CLUP zones
55
 The following table (Table 1) can be used as a guide in the overlay of ECAN zones into CLUPs
general land use zones. The fields marked by are those that are considered acceptable to
minimum ECAN standards.

Table 1. Comparison table for SEP ECAN zones and HLURB general land use zones.
Buffer Zone Multiple Use Zone

Multiple Use Zone

Coastal/Marine
Traditional Use
Controlled Use
Restricted Use
Core Zone

Core Zone

Sustainable/
General use
Buffer zone
Transition/
Detailed Zoning Classification (HLURB)

Zone

Zone

Zone

zone
1. General Residential Zone (GRZ) - An area
within a city or municipality for dwelling/ housing x x x x x x
purposes
2. Socialized Housing Zone (SHZ) - Shall be used
principally for socialized housing/ dwelling
purposes for the underprivileged and homeless as x x x x x x
defined in RA 7279
3. Low Density Residential Zone (R-1) - An area
WITHIN A CITY OR MUNICIPALITY
principally for dwelling/ housing purposes with a x x x x x x
density of 20 dwelling units and below per hectare

4. Medium Density Residential Zone (R-2) - An

area WITHIN A CITY OR MUNICIPALITY
principally for dwelling/ housing purposes with a x x x x x x
density of 21 to 65 dwelling units per hectare

5. High Density Residential Zone (R-3)- A

subdivision of an area principally for dwelling/
housing purposes with a density of 66 or more x x x x x x
dwelling units per hectare
6. General Commercial Zone (GCZ) -An area
within a city or municipality for trading/ services/ x x x x x x x
business purposes
7. Low Density Commercial Zone (C-1)-An area
WITHIN A CITY OR MUNICIPALITY
principally for trade, services and business x x x x x x x
activities ordinarily referred to as the Central
Business District
8. Medium Density Commercial Zone (C-2) -An
area WITHIN A CITY OR MUNICIPALITY with
quasi-trade business activities and service
industries performing complementary/ x x x x x x x
supplementary functions to principally
commercial zone (CBD)
9. High Density Commercial Zone (C-3)- An
area within a city or municipality intended for
regional shopping centers such as large malls and
other commercial activities which are regional in
scope or where market activities generate traffic
and require utilities and services that extend x x x x x x x
beyond local boundaries and requires metropolitan
level development planning and implementation.
E.g. high rise hotels, sports stadium or sports
complexes are also allowable in this zone

56
10. Light Industrial Zone (I-1) - A subdivision of
an area principally for the following types of
industries: x x x x x x x
a. non-pollutive/ non-hazardous
b. non-pollutive/ hazardous
11. Medium Industrial Zone I-2) - A subdivision
of an area principally for the following types of
industries: x x x x x x x
a. pollutive/ non-hazardous
b. pollutive/ hazardous
12. Heavy Industrial Zone (I-3) - A subdivision of
an area principally for the following types of
industries:
a. Highly pollutive/ non-hazardous
b. Highly pollutive/ hazardous x x x x x x x
c. Highly pollutive/ extremely hazardous
d. Pollutive/ extremely hazardous
e. Non-pollutive/extremely hazardous
13. General Institutional Zone (GIZ) - An area
WITHIN A CITY OR MUNICIPALITY
principally for general types of institutional
establishments e.g. government offices, schools, x x x x x x x
hospital/ clinics, academic/research, convention
centers
14. Special Institutional Zone (SIZ) - An area
WITHIN A CITY OR MUNICIPALITY
principally for particular types of institutional
establishments e.g. welfare homes, orphanages, x x x x x
home for the aged, rehabilitation and training
centers, military camps/ reservation/ bases/
training grounds, etc.
15. Agricultural Zone (AGZ) - An area WITHIN
A CITY OR MUNICIPALITY INTENDED for
cultivation/ fishing and pastoral activities (e.g. x x x x
fish, farming, cultivation of crops, goats/ cattle
raising etc.)
16. Agro-Industrial Zone (AIZ) - An area
WITHIN A CITY OR MUNICIPALITY
INTENDED primarily for integrated farm
operations and related product processing x x x x x x
activities such as plantation for bananas,
pineapple, sugar, etc.
17. Forest Zone (FZ) - An area WITHIN A CITY
OR MUNICIPALITY INTENDED primarily for x x
forest purposes
18. Parks and other Recreation Zone (PRZ) -An
area designed for diversion/ amusements and for
the maintenance of ecological balance of the x x x x x
community
19. Water Zone (WZ) - Are bodies of water
WITHIN CITIES AND MUNICIPALITIES
which include rivers, streams, lakes and seas x x
except those included in other zone classification
20. Tourist Zone (TZ) - Are sites within cities and
municipalities endowed with natural or manmade
physical attributes and resources that are * * *
conducive to recreation, leisure and other
wholesome activities
* soft impact tourism only as defined in PCSD Res. 06-270

The CLUP general land use zones boundaries that overlapped with other ECAN zones will form
part of the Zonal Conflict Map. The planning group may then assess/evaluate the conflict map
in two ways:

57
 i. Ground truthing validation of the conflict area through ocular inspection
ii. Social ground truthing validation of the conflict area through consultation with key
informants (those who are part of the mapping of CLUP land use zones and/or those who
are affected on the ground by the mapping of the same zones)

One issue to consider here is that the description of each HLURB general land use zones may be
applicable to several ECAN zones. Hence, there may be a need to separate or differentiate the
general land use zones further according to the specific activities in the zones.

3. Strategic Integration

Method: Comparison and review of ECAN strategies and CLUP strategies

Inputs: Results from thematic mapping, ECAN zones management guidelines, ERMP (if
available), CLUP strategies
Outputs: Strategic Conflict Map/Matrix for validation and action; Integrated ECAN-
CLUP strategies

This part of the INTEGRATE process is a review of strategic elements in the ECAN and
CLUP. It will consider both the zonal elements (allowable uses and identified activities in each
zone) and suprazonal elements (strategies and activities that are cross-cutting or that transcend
geographic zones).

This review process can be both quantitative and qualitative in nature and will be guided by the
SEP Law and its policies and guidelines, the LGC, and the HLURB policies and guidelines. Any
conflict that may be identified may be mapped or put in matrix form and will form an integral
part of the Strategic Conflict Map. This map/matrix will then be brought to the local planners
and administrators for their comments and a consensus will be sought in order to reconcile the
strategies in the plans. The satisfactory application of Strategic Integration will lead to an
integrated ECAN-CLUP strategies. A sample Zonal Conflict Matrix is shown in the table below.

Table 2. Issues generated and recommended actions from topology overlays of the ECAN Map and Existing Forest
Land Uses in Roxas (FLUP Roxas 2012, modified)

POSSIBLE LOCATION STATUS OF PROPOSED HOW TO RESPONSIBLE

CONFLICTING CLAIM RECOMMENDATIONS TO RESOLVE THE AGENCY
FOREST LAND RESOLVE THE PROBLEM PROBLEM
USES

IPs/ICCs Almaciga Tinitan With CALT Apply/comply requirements Follow existing NCIP, PCSD, LGU,
resin tapping in application for PCSD TAZ application and guidelines POs, IPs, ICCs
Core zone NCIP CADT/CALC
Jolo With CALT Apply/comply requirements Follow existing NCIP, PCSD, LGU,
application for PCSD TAZ application and guidelines POs, IPs, ICCs
NCIP CADT/CALC
San Miguel With CALT Apply/comply requirements Follow existing NCIP, PCSD, LGU,
application for PCSD TAZ application and guidelines POs, IPs, ICCs
NCIP CADT/CALC
N. Zabala With CALT Apply/comply requirements Follow existing NCIP, PCSD, LGU,
application for PCSD TAZ application and guidelines POs, IPs, ICCs
NCIP CADT/CALC
Abaroan Proclaimed TAZ Apply/comply requirements Follow existing NCIP, PCSD, LGU,
through PCSD for NCIP CADT/CALC guidelines POs, IPs, ICCs
Proclamation No.
13 (___ ha.)
Operational Bagongbayan (133 has.); Existing use Declare as special management Endorsement NCIP, PCSD, LGU,
watershed with Taradungan (114 has.); area for the protection of Core resolution, POs, IPs, ICCs
Core zone Magara (745 has.); zone by the LGU and DENR establishment,
Caramay (745 has.); declaration
Salvacion (745 has.);
Mendoza (687 has.);

58
 Sandoval (300 has.);
Tinitian (528 has.);
Tumarbong (30 has.);
Brgy. IV (61 has.);
Minara (600 has.)
Wateshed in Co-management of MOA (obligations Local Water
ancestral domain overlapping area by LGU, of every party), Assocation, LGU,
(anticipated) DENR, and IPs identify or delineate DENR, NCIP,
and mark PCSD, POs, NGOs,
overlapping areas IPs, Barangays, and
others to be
identified during
planning

The prescribed strategies and land use options for each of the three components of ECAN are
found in Appendix C.

4. Formulation and Approval of ECAN Resource Management Plan

ECAN planning for sustainable development requires an integrated approach involving social,
economic, cultural, ecological, and governance variables. This means that developing an ERMP
requires an investigation into a variety of data, information, and plans. In Section 25 of PCSD
Resolution 05-250, the considerations in the preparation of the ECAN Resource Management
Plan are the following:

Section 25. Preparation of the ECAN Resource Management Plan. After the approval of
the ECAN Map, the LGU through its ECAN Board and with the assistance of the
PCSDS, shall prepare an ECAN Resource Management Plan taking into consideration the
following:

Stakeholders' participation in the protection conservation, development,

exploitation and restoration of natural resources in the area
Encroachment of commercial fishing vessels on municipal waters
Treatment of protected areas under the NIPAS
Inter-agency participation
Protection of coastal/marine areas and enforcement of fishery laws
Monitoring and evaluation schemes to include coastal pollution monitoring and
control to understand water pollution of the area and to institute measures
complementary to the PCSDS environmental quality regulation
Regulatory measures or permitting system
Application of resource rents or user charges
Management of funds from proceeds of license fees
Allowable activities for each zone
Development activities in small islands
Waste disposal and sewage
Provision of alternative livelihood projects
Protection of the access rights of the community to the natural resources
Migration and settlement within the coastal areas
Appropriation of funds for the implementation of the plan and the management of
the ECAN zones
Others identified to be necessary and relevant

The ECAN Resource Management Plan shall contain, among others, the following sections:

i. Description of the Area

ii. Goals/Objectives
iii. Zoning Strategy (priorities, methodologies for marking zone boundaries)
iv. Zone Management (activities, regulatory measures policy directions)
v. Administration
vi. Monitoring and Evaluation

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 vii. Annexes (maps and references)

The recommended steps in coming up with a detailed ERMP are the following:

1. Building of a sustainable development planning database (ECAN Data

Infrastructure Development).

2. Determination of the exact boundaries of ECAN Zones and administrative

boundaries.

3. Identification of Special Management Areas (SMAs)

4. Development of thematic and integrated planning modules and indicators.

5. Stocktaking of local environmental governance initiatives

6. Development of an ECAN-based land use spatial optimization algorithm using

Multi-Criteria Analysis (OPTIONAL)

7. Integrated threats analysis

8. Formulation of ECAN zones and resources plan

Appendix D provides the details in each of the above steps. It is adapted and modified from
Appendix 4: Development of a Detailed Management Plan of the Strategic Environmental Plan
for Palawan Towards Sustainable Development (1987). It may require a combination of ad hoc,
Delphi process (round table discussions), GIS analysis, and the use of decision-support systems.
A major step of ERMP is the conduct of an integrated threats analysis which will be the basis for
the drafting of beneficial, timely, responsive, and adaptable courses of action within the ERMP.

An indicator of the success of this Step is the production of the ECAN Resource Management
Plan by the municipal ECAN Board with the assistance of the PCSD Staff.

5. Plan Integration: Development of ECAN-Based CLUP

Method: Planning workshops/sessions, consensus building, conflict resolution during

meetings and roundtable discussions
Inputs: Integrated zonal and strategic elements of ECAN-CLUP (outputs of Physical
Integration and Strategic Integration); technical assistance to ECAN Board and to
Municipal Planning and Development Office (MPDO)
Outputs: Draft modules/sections of Municipal ECAN-based CLUP

After the Physical and Strategic Integration steps, planning for municipal ECAN-based
Comprehensive Land Use Plans can now proceed. Appendix E provides a ridge-to-reef
management framework for the ECAN zones, including zonal goals and objectives, which can be
adapted in the formulation of ECAN-based PPPs in the CLUP. Appendix F contains the
suggested outline of the Municipal ECAN-based CLUP

6. Institutional Integration: Approval of ECAN-Based CLUP

This stage of integration is concerned with social acceptability of the ECAN-CLUP integrated
plan. The District Management Office (DMO) and the ECAN Planning Team will work closely
with LGU in the institutionalization of the ECAN-compliant CLUP. This may require attendance
to Municipal ECAN Board meetings, municipal council legislative sessions, and public hearings.

60
The final output is the approved ECAN-Based CLUP with institutional support from executive
and legislative institutions. The approval of the plan is four-fold:

1. approval of the ECAN-based CLUP by the ECAN Board and endorsement to the
municipal council;
2. approval of the CLUP by the municipal council and endorsement to the provincial
council;
3. approval of the CLUP by the provincial council (through the Provincial Land Use
Committee) and endorsement to the HLURB; and approval of the CLUP by the PCSD.

The yardsticks of the success of this step are the incorporation of the essential elements of the
ECAN Resource Management Plan document into the CLUP document and the institutional
support for the municipal ECAN-based CLUP

APPENDIX A
THE ECAN ZONING STRATEGY

The ECAN zoning is the central strategy of the SEP Law. It is a zoning system that
encompasses the whole province. It has similar configuration as the biosphere reserves of
UNESCO. Zoning of biosphere reserves is aimed at the protection of environmentally critical
habitats, the zoning scheme being typified by concentric circles (Figure A).

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Figure A. Configuration of biosphere reserve zones.

Generally, the core area is strictly protected to meet conservation objectives. Around the core
area, the buffer zone is delimited for non-extractive uses, while the transition area is where
sustainable development activities with local communities are organized (Batisse 1992). A
network of such reserves is often created inside a management or conservation unit called a
corridor, an ecoregion, or a protected landscape and seascape.

An ECAN zoning map is produced from biophysical and socio-economic criteria that include
the elevation of the land, its slope, its forest cover, watershed properties, presence of habitat of
threatened species, land classification, and the existing land uses. As with biosphere reserves,
the management zones range from the Core Zone or the maximum area of protection, the
Buffer Zone surrounding the Core Zone, and the Multiple Use or multi-purpose zone. All 23
municipalities of Palawan and the City of Puerto Princesa have adopted their ECAN zones
maps for their respective planning and regulatory agenda.

The adoption of the zoning maps is done through the approval of local government resolutions.
The Palawan ECAN zones, aside from being an on-ground implementation of Palawan BR,
serve as the blueprint for the provinces sustainable development since the municipal
Comprehensive Land and Water Use Plans (CLWUPs) are to be aligned with the ECAN map.
The regulatory function of the map is evident as each zone, from the Core Zone to the Multiple
Use Zone, is prescribed with allowable and prohibited activities.

The ECAN Zones as a management unit

The designation of the ECAN zones as a management unit is implied by the use of the ECAN
zones map as the basis for finding suitable sites for plans, programs, and projects that will be
introduced in Palawan. It is expected that a locality which adopts its own scientifically prepared
ECAN Map and implements its development objectives based on it will be better guided in
developmental planning and decision making.

The process of ECAN management in Palawan is called ecanization, which is defined as the
process of delineating and marking the boundaries of the different zones in both land and sea,
the identification of prescribed activities and resource use for each zone, together with the
enforcement of regulatory measures to prevent practices that are destructive of the
environment (PCSD Resolution 94-44). To that end, the Palawan Province has come up with
the following ECAN Map (Figure B).

62
Figure B. Terrestrial ECAN zones map of Palawan Province (Kalayaan Municipality, also in
Palawan, is not shown).

Components of the ECAN zones

The ECAN zoning strategy has three (3) components: the Terrestrial component, the
Coastal/Marine component, and the Tribal ancestral zones (SEP Law, Sections 8-11).

The terrestrial component: This component covers the mountains, low hills, and lowland
areas of the whole province. It shall be further divided into three ECAN management zones:
Core zone, Buffer zone, and Multiple use zone. The Buffer zone is further subdivided into three
sub-zones: Restricted use area, Controlled use area, and Traditional use area. The zoning of this
component is guided by the criteria in the SEP Law and in PCSD Resolution 05-250. For the
texts of these laws, see http://pcsd.ph/sep_law/ra7611.htm (SEP Law) and
http://pcsd.ph/resolutions/resolutions/sep/res05-250.htm (PCSD Resolution 05-250 - The
Revised Guidelines in Implementing the ECAN).

Coastal/Marine component: This component covers the whole coastline up to the open sea. A
simplified zoning scheme is used in the management of this component due to its geographical
characteristics, critical nature, and patterns of resource use. This component is divided only into
two zones: Coastal/Marine Core zone and Coastal/Marine Multiple use zone. The latter is
further subdivided into Transition/Buffer zone and Sustainable/General use zone. The zoning of
this component is guided by the criteria in the SEP Law and PCSD Resolution 05-250.

63
 Tribal ancestral zone: This last component is a special zone in the land and sea that is allotted
for indigenous cultural communities. This special zone will fulfil the material and cultural
needs of the indigenous peoples (IPs). It shall be delineated according to the criteria for
terrestrial and coastal/marine components. Hence, the tribal ancestral zone may transcend all
ECAN zones. The only difference is the strong emphasis on cultural considerations.

The identification and delineation of this component is guided by Joint NCIP-PCSD

Memorandum Circular No. 2005-01 (Harmonization of the Implementation of the Indigenous
Peoples Rights Act (IPRA) and the Strategic Environmental Plan for Palawan Act), as
amended.

Joint NCIP-PCSD Memorandum Circular No. 2005-01 is available from

http://pcsd.ph/resolutions/resolutions/ancestral/joint%20ncip-
pcsd%20memo%20circular%20no.%202005-01.htm while PCSD Resolution No. 08-375 (A
Resolution Amending Section V, 4.2 (B) of the Joint NCIP-PCSD Memorandum Circular No.
2005-01): is available from http://pcsd.ph/resolutions/resolutions/ancestral/res08-375.htm.

Criteria and parameters in the delineation of the ECAN zones

The following two tables is a summary of criteria and parameters used in the delineation of
terrestrial and coastal/marine ECAN zones. A parameter is a distinct geographic, biological, or
physical feature of the area. Examples are elevation, slope, and land cover. A criterion is a
specific range of quantitative values or qualitative descriptions of the area. Thus, for the
parameter of elevation, the criteria can be above 1,000 meters, below 300 meters, etc.

Table A. Parameters and criteria in the delineation of terrestrial ECAN zones (from SEP Law
and PCSD Resolution 05-250)

ECAN zone Description Elevation Land cover Slope Habitat Others

Core zone Area of maximum > 1,000 m Virgin forest or > 50 % Other areas
protection primary growth (> 26.57 degrees) Critically which may be
forest threatened/endangered identified and
habitats and habitats of designated by the
rare endangered species or Council
habitat of Palawan local
endemic species of flora
and fauna

Buffer zone - Generally 500 to Poor, stunted and 36-50 % In areas where
Restricted use surrounds the Core 1,000 m sparse stands of (19.80-26.57 Areas designated as the criteria of
zone and provides a semi-deciduous degrees) biodiversity hotspots and elevation, slope,
protective barrier; forest which has a highly threatened by or critical
low regeneration human activities based on watershed do not
Critical watersheds capacity scientific studies apply, a 200-
which were meter belt in the
identified, mainland and
classified or 100-meter belt in
declared as such by the islands
the government surrounding the
Core zone

Buffer zone - Encircles and 300 to 19-35 % Areas within the

Controlled provides the outer 500 m (10.20-19.80 criteria of the
use barrier to the Core degrees) Restricted use
zone and Restricted zone where there
use zone is a community

Buffer zone - Edges of intact Open, brushland > 18% slope All other areas
Traditional forests where or grassland areas (> 10.20 degrees) with elevation
use traditional land use that are still AND below 300 below 300 meters
is already stabilized classified as meters elevation
is being stabilized timberland or
public land with
elevation below
300 meters

Multiple use Areas where the Built-up or < 18% slope Areas classified
zone landscape has been settlement areas (< 10.20 degrees) as Alienable and
modified for located in AND below 300 Disposable lands
different forms of lowlands (less meters elevation
land use such as than 18% slope)
intensive timber
extraction, grazing

64
 and pastures,
agriculture and
infrastructures
development

ECAN zone General description Criteria

Coastal/Marine This area shall be designated free i. Coral reefs with good to excellent coral cover condition or 50%-
core zone from any human activity. This 100% coral cover
includes sanctuaries for rare and ii. Coralline sites containing at least 50% of coral genera found in
endangered species, selected coral the management unit of live coral cover ranging from 25-50%
reefs, seagrass and mangrove iii. Seagrass beds serving as link habitat of the coral core zones
ecosystem reserves. and/or providing habitat to rare, threatened and endangered
species
iv. Seagrass beds with at least 50% cover of more than one species of
seagrass
v. Seagrass beds with sightings or feeding tracks of Dugong dugon
vi. Coastal/marine habitat of endangered species declared by IUCN
or CITES, DA or DENR or the PCSD
vii. Primary growth mangrove areas and all areas with standing
mangrove forest cover except areas allocated for MSA,
CBMFMA, ISF and FLA
viii. Fish sanctuaries, spawning areas, nursery areas, breeding/feeding
grounds, etc., identified/declared by PCSD, Bureau of Fisheries
and Aquatic Resources (BFAR) or under local government
zoning ordinance

Coastal/Marine The multiple use zones are other

multiple use zone coastal/marine areas outside of the
core areas where compatible
resource uses may be carried out.
The multiple use zone shall
further be subdivided into two
major sub-zones (described
below): the buffer zone and the
sustainable (general) use zone.

Coastal/Marine multiple use zone i. Uninhabited islands or undeveloped portions thereof not subject
- Transition/Buffer zone to private rights shall be classified as transition zone except when
identified/declared as ancestral coastal/marine waters
ii. Uninhabited islands or islets with an area of less than 500
hectares
iii. Degraded small islands with an area of less than 500 hectares
iv. Released areas for fishpond development which were utilized and
abandoned including those not utilized for 5 years from the date
of the release
v. Degraded habitats of endangered marine species
vi. Denuded mangrove forest
vii. Areas identified as contributing to important ecological processes
such as spawning, nursery areas, breeding/feeding grounds that
otherwise could have been classified as coastal-marine core zone
but during the approval of these guidelines, these areas are
occupied or have been released by virtue of existing laws or due
to inappropriate management of local coastal marine areas. These
areas shall be maintained for their existing use or a phase-out
strategy shall be implemented in these areas reverting them to
their natural state or for their appropriate uses. No further
development, growth or expansion shall be allowed in these areas
to encourage habitat enhancement or maintenance of the resource
to increase production level or ecosystem maintenance

Coastal/Marine multiple use zone It is the development area of the coastal/marine zone where different
- Sustainable/ compatible and sustainable development activities may be carried out. The
General use zone zone shall cover all coastal/marine areas not classified/delineated as core
zone, buffer zone and ancestral coastal/marine waters. The LGU, if it so
desires, may further classify/divide this zone into the following sub-zones:
Communal Fishing Ground, Tourism Development Area, Visitor Use Area,
Sustainable Development Area and etc.

Table B. Parameters and criteria in the delineation of coastal/marine ECAN zones

Allowable activities in the ECAN zones

The allowable uses of ECAN zones (summarized in Table C) are identified according to the
level of impact of activities and the appropriateness and suitability of the activity to the zone.

65
 The Core zone and the Restricted use area, or the protection zones, are limited to non-
consumptive and soft-impact activities, with the indigenous peoples given special
consideration. The principle behind limiting a specific activity in a zone follows the SEP
philosophy of sustainable development that maintains life-support systems, restores exploited
areas, and supports developmental growth.

The PCSD Resolution 06-270 further expands the allowable activities in the Core zone and
Restricted use buffer zone by including ecotourism projects. The rationale behind this are
enumerated in the resolution, to wit: (i) ecotourism can be a tool for environmentally managing
ecologically sensitive areas; (ii) ecotourism is believed to be compatible with environmental
protection considering that its activities are generally non-consumptive and therefore do not
pose environmental hazard; (iii) ecotourism is a growing industry in Palawan which can
generate alternative sources of livelihood; and (iv) in order to promote and develop ecotourism
industry in the province, ecotourism activities may be permitted in ecologically sensitive areas
subject to strict monitoring and regulation.

It should be noted that certain sustainable development activities to be allowed in the Buffer
zone and Multiple use zone may be subjected to the EIA System and to other laws and rules
which regulate development projects. As part of the EIA System and the SEP Clearance
System, necessary environmental precautions (such as periodic multipartite monitoring) are
imposed on these activities.

Table C. Activities allowed in the ECAN zones

(from PCSD Resolution 05-250 and PCSD Resolution 06-270)

Component ECAN zone Allowable activities within the management zone

Terrestrial Core zone None, except for:
(i) traditional uses of tribal communities for minimal and soft impact gathering of forest
species for ceremonial and religious purposes, and
(ii) ecotourism activities as per PCSD Resolution 06-270.

Buffer zone - Limited and non-consumptive activities which include:

Restricted use gathering of wild honey;
almaciga tapping;
soft-impact recreational activities (hiking, sight-seeing, bird watching);
research;
sustainable activities of indigenous peoples;
ecosystem restoration or rehabilitation; and
ecotourism activities as per PCSD Resolution 06-270.

Buffer zone - Strictly controlled mining;

Controlled use strictly controlled logging which is not for profit (i.e., communal forest, CBFM, etc.);
almaciga tapping;
tourism development;
research;
grazing;
gathering of honey, rattan, and other minor forest products.

Buffer zone - Upland stabilization program;

Traditional use catchment management;
hillside farming;
industrial tree plantation;
reforestation;
integrated social forestry;
community-based forest management.

Multiple use zone Timber extraction with community-based forest management;

grazing and pastures;
agriculture;
infrastructure and industrial development;
recreation;
education;
research;
and other sustainable activities.

Coastal/Marine Coastal/Marine core None, except for:

zone navigation purposes of the local fishing communities where there are no alternative routes;
emergency situations such as navigational routes to save life and property;
researches previously authorized by PCSD; and
ecotourism activities as per PCSD Resolution 06-270.

Coastal/Marine Habitat restoration, rehabilitation and enhancement activities;

multiple use zone soft-impact activities (swimming/snorkeling; non-motored boating (row boats, kayaks,
Transition/Buffer zone canoes, wind surfing, etc.);
guided scuba diving;
fishing using highly-selected gears (i.e., hook & line and gill net) with specification to be
determined by studies;

66
 pre-approved visit or educational activities;
installation of environmental information boards);
and resource enhancement activities.

Coastal/Marine All sustainable human activities, with certain development endeavors subject to the EIA
multiple use zone system and to other policies regulating development projects.
Sustainable/General
use zone

Tribal ancestral Activities based on the material and cultural needs of the indigenous peoples.
lands

Delineation of the ECAN zones using GIS

The mapping of ECAN zones in Palawan has been the responsibility of the GIS Unit of the
ECAN Monitoring and Evaluation Division (EMED) of PCSDS. Aside from the GIS staff,
technical project consultants have been hired to make mapping studies, to develop methods for
ECAN zoning implementation, and to train the PCSD Staff (Ofren 1999; Cabrido 2003;
Vinluan 2004). The latest mapping guidelines on ECAN zoning were instituted in 2005 through
PCSD Resolution 05-250. Several versions of the ECAN map were produced through the years,
each version using updated and ground-validated ECAN parameters.

GIS and remote sensing technologies were now routinely used in the mapping of ECAN zones.
Various spatial and non-spatial datasets are needed to perform the task (Table D). Spatial
datasets include thematic layers derived from thematic mapping and used as input layers in
producing ECAN maps. Thematic mapping is the process of preparing the required map layers
for ECAN overlay analysis and presenting them using a standard mapping system. The most
dynamic of these layers is the land cover-land use (LC-LU). Mapping land and coastal habitat
types had direct contribution to the configuration of ECAN zones. They formed the major
resource base of PCSDS geographic information.

The spatial data are geo-referenced information in the map projection UTM Zone 50, Luzon
Datum, Clarke Spheroid 1866. They are available in hardcopy and in digital format in the
PCSDS database.

Table D. Spatial and non-spatial data sources related to ECAN mapping

Data source Type Description Date acquired,

produced, or
written
ECAN zones spatial in various editions (preliminary, 1993, 1998,
revised, updated, refined) 2001, 2004,
2005-06
Satellite images spatial Landsat TM, Landsat ETM+, Spot 5, c.1998,
and IKONOS color images 2002-2006
Land and coastal spatial based on commercial satellite images; c.1998,
cover produced by JAFTA, PTFPP and 2003-2006
SEMP-NP
Relevant thematic spatial elevation, slope, habitat of endangered 1950 onwards
layers and species, land classification, land use
thematic maps
Literature non-spatial reports, books and articles by staff and 1983-2006
consultants of PIADP, SPIADP,
PCSDS, PTFPP, and SEMP-NP

67
 APPENDIX B
AMENDING ECAN ZONES

Note: This section is based on the ECAN Policy and Research Division (PRD) draft resolution titled
Implementing Guidelines of Section 22. Map Revision/Modification of the PCSD
RESOLUTION NO. 05-250 [Revised Guidelines in Implementing the ECAN, the Main Strategy of
the Strategic Environmental Plan (SEP) for Palawan, Amending PCSD Resolution Nos. 94-44 and
99-144].

INTRODUCTION

68
At present, the procedure for the revision/modification of ECAN zones map is guided by
Section 22 of PCSD Resolution No. 05-250, the Revised Guidelines in Implementing the
ECAN, amending PCSD Resolution Nos. 94-44 and 99-144. The section reads:

Subsequent revisions and updating of the ECAN Zoning Map may be undertaken by
the Council staff upon acquisition of new and relevant information, in consultation
with the local government units and concerned sectors in the province.

Further, Section 23 of the same PCSD Resolution provides that:

The same map shall be subject to progressive review and update by the PCSD Staff
and the LGU through its ECAN Board upon acquisition of more information on the
environmental condition of the terrestrial and coastal/marine areas for review and final
approval of PCSD. After PCSD approval of the ECAN Zones Map, the LGU shall
support the PCSD action through adoption of the ECAN Zones Map by local
resolutions and ordinances.

To facilitate the process of ECAN map revision and modification, this section of the guidebook
prescribes Interim Guidelines on the amendment of ECAN zones.

SCOPE AND GROUNDS FOR REVISION AND MODIFICATION

All ECAN zones maps adopted by the municipality/city and sustained by the PCSD and the
Sangguniang Panlalawigan can be revised or modified if there are valid grounds for doing so.

The revision and modification may only be considered upon acquisition of new and relevant
information. The following may be considered as valid grounds for starting the revision
process:

1. Conflict between private titled lands and the ECAN zone

2. Updating of Municipal/City Comprehensive Land and Water Use Plan (CLWUP) of the
Local Government Unit (LGU)
3. Identified critically threatened/endangered habitats and habitats of rare endangered species
4. Identified habitat of Palawan endemic species of flora and fauna
5. Existence of sustainable development activities not in conformity with the existing adopted
zones (per Section 9. Special Concerns of PCSD Resolution No. 05-250)
6. Other areas which may be identified and designated as Core Zone by the PCSD (per Section
7 of PCSD Resolution No. 05-250)
7. The zoning of tribal ancestral lands in Palawan (per Section 8 of PCSD Resolution No. 05-
250)

PROPONENT

Any proposal for revision or modification of ECAN Zone Classification of the municipality
shall be made by the concerned Local Government Unit-Sangguniang Bayan/Lungsod (LGU-
SB/L) upon the recommendation of the ECAN Board or equivalent body. The equivalent body
is defined as entities having the same function and composition as that of the ECAN Board.
The PCSD, on its own, may initiate such amendment in consultation with the concerned LGU.

PERIOD OF ACCEPTANCE OF PROPOSAL FOR MODIFICATION

Acceptance of proposal for modification is allowed anytime as long as there one of the valid
grounds enumerated above applies. Grounds for revision and modification must also comply
with step 1 Section 5. Procedure/Process of Modification

PROCEDURE FOR MODIFICATION

69
The following sequential steps shall guide the ECAN map revision. The entire process flow is
shown in the diagram (Table A).

1. The Municipal Mayor of concerned LGU shall submit formal request to the PCSDS seeking
for the amendment/revision of ECAN map accompanied by a Sangguniang Bayan/Lungsod
resolution.

The resolution shall contain the following information/attachments:

a) The rationale and objectives of the proposed amendments;

b) Specific areas within the territorial jurisdiction of the concerned municipality for
reclassification and/or modification indicated on the map with a 1:50,000 scale with
corresponding technical descriptions;

c) Land use change studies, extended/green cost-benefit analysis (CBA), economic

valuation of environment and natural resources, ECAN Zones impacts assessment,
geologic hazard studies, biodiversity assessment, feasibility studies of proposed
development projects, archaeological and cultural mapping studies, and other relevant
scientific studies;

d) Evidence of existing land use for mis-classified areas; and

d) Proof of social acceptability as manifested by strong support of the concerned

communities to the amendment of ECAN Zones. The proof may come in the form of
proceedings or documentation of public/community consultations or public hearing,
documentation of participatory processes such as community-based ECAN Zones
management planning, other resolutions, position papers, and relevant visual materials
from affected stakeholders like barangay LGUs, indigenous communities, or other
concerned entities.

2. The PCSDS, together with the ECAN Board or equivalent body, SB and Sangguniang
Barangay and other stakeholders, shall conduct ground validation of the submitted resolution
and documents and field validation.

3. The PCSDS, together with the ECAN Board or equivalent body, SB and Sangguniang
Pangbarangay and other stakeholders, shall generate a detailed proposed revised ECAN Map
for submission to the Municipal/City LGU.

4. The Municipal/City LGU shall review the proposed revised ECAN Map. Such review may
include the process of revalidation and consultation with the local stakeholders as deemed
necessary by the Municipal/City LGU.

5. The Municipal/City LGU shall endorse and present the revised ECAN-Map to the PCSD for
approval.

6. The PCSD shall deliberate en banc and take action on whether to accept or deny the
proposed revised ECAN Map and communicate the decision to the Sangguniang
Bayan/Panglunsod.

7. In case the PCSD accepted the proposed revised ECAN Map, the Municipal/City LGU shall
adopt the revised ECAN Zoning Map through a resolution or ordinance.

8. The Municipal/City, thereafter, shall submit the PCSD-approved revised ECAN map to the
Sangguniang Panlalawigan for concurrence, and then incorporate the revised ECAN Map in the
municipal/city Comprehensive Land and Water Use Plan (CLWUP).

9. Immediately upon adoption and integration into the CLWUP, an information dissemination
drive shall be undertaken by the concerned LGU for the information and appropriate action of
all concerned agencies, communities and other stakeholders affected by the reclassified areas.

DECISION RULE

70
Regarding amendments of ECAN zones, the PCSD shall base its decision on the ECAN zoning
criteria as prescribed by RA 7611, its IRR, and PCSD Resolution 05-250.

Table A. Process flow of ECAN zones map amendment

Step / Action Responsible entity Required documents / Output

Specific actions / Action

1. Submission of formal Sangguniang Bayan (SB)

request for amendment/ revision
of ECAN Map to PCSD
with recommendation from SB Resolution, plus the
ECAN Board or equivalent following documents:
Body
(a) Land Use Change
Studies or Green CBA
for proposals for land use
change and re-zoning,

(b) Evidence of existing

land use for mis-
classified areas

(c) Proposed ECAN map

revision (Draft Map 1)

(d) Proof of social

acceptability

2. Evaluation and ground Documents required in Validation report

validation of the submitted PCSDS + ECAN Step 1 with
resolution and documents Board or equivalent body, recommendations
Sangguniang Barangay
3. Generation of a detailed PCSDS + ECAN Validation report Detailed proposed
proposed revised ECAN Board or with revised ECAN
Map (Draft Map 2) equivalent body, recommendations map (Draft Map 2)
Sangguniang Barangay
4. Review and approval of SB Detailed proposed revised SB Resolution
the proposed revised ECAN map ECAN map (Draft Map approval, and
2) request for LGU-SP
to approve

5. Submission and presentation SB Detailed proposed PCSD decision

of the proposed revised ECAN revised ECAN
map to PCSD map

6. Accept/deny the proposed PCSD Detailed proposed Approval or denial

revised ECAN Map (Draft Map revised ECAN of the proposed
2) map revised ECAN
Map
SB Approved revised
7. Municipal/City LGU to adopt ECAN Map
the PCSD approved ECAN Map SB Ordinance
and integrate into the CLWUP or Resolution and
integration or
amended ECAN Map
into the CLWUP
8. LGU-Municipality/City to SB SB Ordinance or Concurrence by the
submit revised ECAN Map to Resolution SP
the SP for concurrence

9. Conduct of IEC Municipal Local Approved Revised Programs and projects

Government ECAN Map aligned with the
revised ECAN Map

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 APPENDIX C
ECAN STRATEGIES AND LAND USE OPTIONS

STRATEGIES AND LAND USE OPTIONS IN THE TERRESTRIAL CORE

ZONE

Since the Core zone showcases ecologically outstanding areas, its management will focus on
Biodiversity Conservation, which includes conservation of both natural diversity and cultural
diversity of the area. There are no intensive activities to be undertaken in Core Zones. Only
minimal and soft impact uses of tribal communities may be allowed.

72
All allowable developmental activities in the Core Zone are subject to the EIA System, the SEP
Clearance System, and to other laws and rules regulating development projects.

Any other proposed activity not mentioned here must require conflict resolution with the PCSD
and other concerned stakeholders and must be subject to the EIA System.

Application for the building of telecommunication facilities (cell sites, towers, powerhouse) is
subject to application for the SEP Clearance, evaluation by PCSD Staff, and PCSD
deliberation.

The land use options and activities in terrestrial Core zones are as follows:

1. Ceremonial, religious, and livelihood support activities of tribal communities

The livelihood support activities for IPs include soft impact gathering of forest species and non-
timber forest products (NTFPs) like almaciga resin, honey, and rattan. This may require the
application of SEP Clearance.

Indigenous knowledge systems and practices and indigenous rituals are also allowed for IPs.

2. Ecotourism

As per PCSD Resolution 06-270, the allowed ecotourism activities in both land and sea are:

Regulated botanical tours

bird watching
picture taking
trekking
mountaineering
caving
dolphin and whale watching
swimming
scuba diving
canoeing
kayaking
boardwalking
tree climbing

All these activities are subject to strict restriction embodied in a code of conduct yet to be
formulated by the PCSD with the assistance of the Department of Tourism (DOT). The SEP
Clearance will also be required prior to the conduct of some of the abovementioned activities.

3. Research

While the ECAN guidelines do not explicitly include research-related activities in Core zones,
such may be allowed provided the research is non-destructive and the research proponent will
secure the SEP Clearance from the PCSD.

4. Ecological restoration

Like research, ecological restoration is not explicitly included as an activity in the Core zones.
This may be allowed in exceptional circumstances provided that the activities will be limited to
non-destructive monitoring activities. This requires an SEP Clearance from the PCSD.

STRATEGIES AND LAND USE OPTIONS IN THE TERRESTRIAL BUFFER

ZONES

Certain developmental activities in the three terrestrial Buffer zones may be subjected to the
EIA System, the SEP Clearance System, and to other laws and rules regulating development
projects.

RESTRICTED USE AREA

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Since the Buffer Zone - Restricted Use Area delineates the critical watersheds, the management
scheme for this ECAN zone will be watershed or catchment management. As with the Core
Zone, the biodiversity conservation activities may be undertaken in this particular buffer zone.

Like the Core Zone, there are only soft impact activities to be undertaken in the Restricted Use
Areas. The major activities here are watershed support and ecological restoration. The
enrichment of ecosystems through forest planting and regeneration in this ECAN buffer zone,
as well as in downstream zones, can serve as future environmental bonds or surety whose future
value is only expected to rise. Economic growth through new development based primarily
on the exploitation of new resources and territories is giving way to growth via restorative
development based on expanding our resources and improving our existing assets. Restoration
is a process of development that adds value to natural ecosystems or built assets, returning them
to their previous condition, transforming them into a healthier and more functional condition
(Cunningham, 2002).

Similar to the Core zone, the application for the construction of telecommunication facilities
(cell sites and towers) is subject to application for the SEP Clearance, evaluation by PCSD
Staff, and deliberation by the PCSD.

The activities in Restricted use buffer zone area are the following:

1. Harvesting of NTFPs

These NTFPs include wild honey and almaciga tapping.

2. Soft-impact recreational activities

This includes hiking, sight-seeing, bird watching, and the like.

As with Core zones, the enumerated ecotourism activities cited in PCSD Resolution 06-270
also apply to Restricted use areas.

3. Research

The research is subject to the SEP Clearance System.

4. Sustainable activities of IPs

The activities include almaciga resin tapping. In addition, traditional indigenous activities like
rituals and the practice of indigenous knowledge systems are allowed in Restricted use area,
just like in the Core zone.

5. Ecosystem restoration and rehabilitation

This will be the major watershed support activity in this ECAN zone. Following the concept of
the PalTREES (Palawan Trees for the Restoration of Ecology, Economy, and Society) Program
of PCSD, the Restricted Use Areas and in the downstream zones will define restoration as the
return of an ecosystem to a closed approximation of its condition prior to disturbance (U.S.
National Research Council, 1992).

The specific kind of restoration called for is ecological restoration, defined as the process of
assisting the recovery of an ecosystem that has been degraded, damaged, or destroyed and is
intended to repair ecosystems with respect to their health, integrity, and self-sustainability.

In a broader context, the goal is to recover resilient ecosystems that are not only self-
sustaining with respect to structure, species composition and functionality but also integrated
into larger landscapes and congenial to low impact human activities (Society for Ecological
Restoration (SER) International Science and Policy Working Group 2004, in TEEB 2009).

6. Other watershed support activities

These proposed activities may require conflict resolution with the PCSD and other concerned
stakeholders. It may also require the application for ECC and SEP Clearance.

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CONTROLLED USE AREA

The Buffer Zone - Controlled Use Area is a critical buffer zone enveloping the protected
ECAN core and restricted use zones. Ideally, it still contains a sizeable volume of forest along a
relatively steep gradient. Upland forest management will be the prescribed strategy in this zone.

The activities here necessitate a rational and sustainable use of land. The forest cover will be
maintained; any harvesting or utilization of forest resources will be replaced.

The activities in this particular buffer zone, subject to existing permit regulations, are:

1. Strictly controlled mining

Following existing national, provincial, and local guidelines and issuances on mining, strictly
controlled mining may be allowed. This may include metallic and non-metallic mining
activities.

2. Strictly controlled logging which is not for profit

Subject to existing forest management guidelines, this logging activity may fall under forest
management schemes like communal forest and CBFM.

3. Almaciga tapping

4. Tourism development

5. Research

6. Grazing

7. Gathering of NTFPs (honey, rattan, and other minor forest products)

TRADITIONAL USE AREA

The Traditional Use Area management strategy will be Upland Stabilization in addition to the
strategies for the upstream ECAN zones. As the outer buffer or barrier, it will be devoted to
land and livelihoods stabilization. The activities here center on forest livelihood projects and
agricultural food production.

1. Upland Stabilization Program (USP)

2. Catchment management

3. Hillside farming

4. Industrial Tree Plantation (ITP)

5. Reforestation

6. Integrated Social Forestry (ISF)

7. CBFM

STRATEGIES AND LAND USE OPTIONS IN THE TERRESTRIAL

MULTIPLE USE ZONE

The Multiple Use Zone management strategy will focus on Lowland and Urban Area
Management. Where applicable, this outermost ECAN zone will also employ the strategies of
the other ECAN zones.

Certain developmental activities in the terrestrial Multiple use zone may be subjected to the
EIA System.

75
The management and control shall be strictly integrated with the support programs of the SEP
and shall be in accord with the LGU and community-indorsed CLWUP.

The activities in this zone will focus on urban and lowland development.

1. Timber extraction with CBFM

2. Grazing and pastures;

3. Agriculture

4. Infrastructure and industrial development

5. Recreation

6. Education

7. Research

8. Other sustainable activities

STRATEGIES AND WATER USE OPTIONS IN THE COASTAL/MARINE

ECAN ZONES

Due to the critical nature of coastal zones, the SEP Law recognizes the distinct management
framework in these areas. The law prescribes a simplified scheme of management zonation
due to its geographical characteristics, critical nature, and patterns of resource use (Sec. 10).
Hence, the two management philosophies in this component shall be:

i. equity in access to resources, and

ii. management responsibility by the local community.

The PCSD guidelines recognize the jurisdiction of the LGU over their coastal areas. As such,
PCSD Resolution 05-250 (Sec. 14) specifies that the LGU shall exercise general supervision
and control over the management of their coastal/marine areas subject to prior clearance from
PCSD in accordance with their existing laws, rules, regulations and agreements.

The guidelines also provide that, in cases of areas whose management is awarded to entities by
virtue of agreements/contract, they shall be properly marked with buoys provided by the
grantees/awardees with the assistance of PCSDS. In addition, billboards or signages regarding
the management of the area shall be posted by the grantees/awardees for public information.

Activities in Coastal/Marine Areas

The activities that may be allowed in the coastal zone are those enumerated in the last columns
of Table 32. These activities may be subjected to the EIA System and the SEP Clearance
System.

The development activities may be further supplemented by other programs, project, and
activities that maybe identified in any local Coastal Resource Management Plan or Marine
Protected Areas Management Plan, subject to review of the PCSD pursuant to the ECAN
Zoning guidelines.

Other activities that may be allowed in Coastal multiple use zone shall be governed or
determined by the following:

i. resource distribution patterns,

ii. appropriate uses and management strategies and/or restrictions for each sub-zone
subject to the review of the PCSD pursuant to the ECAN guidelines.

76
Other strategies and land/water use options in the coastal/marine zone may be determined
through participative and consultative processes such as Community-Based ECAN Zones
Management Planning which the PCSD Staff have piloted in selected CRM Learning Centers
throughout Palawan.

STRATEGIES AND LAND/WATER USE OPTIONS IN THE TRIBAL

ANCESTRAL ZONES

Selected areas in Palawan were declared as ancestral zones for indigenous peoples by virtue of
any of the following instruments.

i. Tribal Ancestral Zone (TAZ) through PCSD Proclamation

ii. Certificate of Ancestral Domain Title (CADT) and Certificate of Ancestral Domain
Claim (CADC)
iii. Certificate of Ancestral Land Title (CALT) and Certificate of Ancestral Land Claim
(CALC)

The declaration and management of TAZs follow the integrated/harmonized guidelines of the
NCIP and PCSD.

The activities in these areas are primarily those based on the material and cultural needs of the
indigenous peoples. The management strategies in TAZ may be identified through consultative
processes and cultural mapping. The Ancestral Domains Sustainable Development and
Protection Plans (ADSDPP) to be formulated must be able to take into account these activities
and management strategies.

APPENDIX D
GUIDELINES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF A DETAILED ERMP

1. Build a sustainable development planning database (ECAN Data Infrastructure

Development).

The objective of this undertaking is to produce a database of sustainable development

indicators of Palawan. The said database will be used to come up with local sustainable
development plans, with the ECAN map as a provincial/municipal road map, through the
synthesis of all the available information (ecological, physical and socio-economic

77
infrastructures and other attributes). This activity will ensure continuous flow of up-to-date
quality information in ECAN management planning.

The following is a checklist of primary and secondary data needs to be collected in hardcopy or
softcopy.

1. Physical Environment (Municipal profile)

Municipal and Barangay Areas

Geology
Soils
Climate
Oceanography
Geologic Hazards
Infrastructure roads, schools, ports, churches, bridges, etc.

2. Biological Environment

Forest Resources
Wildlife Resources and Biodiversity biodiversity hotspots (habitat of endangered species,
KBA, priority wetlands)
Water bodies/wetlands
Coastal and Marine Resources (other than those in the CRA) - Coral Reefs, Reef Fish,
Marine Mammals and Sea Turtles, Seagrass, Invertebrates, Mangroves
Fish cages
MPAs (fish sanctuaries)
Municipal waters
Communal fishing grounds (areas)
Offshore energy service contracts (SCs)

3. Socioeconomic Profile

Population - Population and Demographic Characteristics, Urbanization and Migration

Patterns
Social Condition - Dependency Ratios, Religious Affiliation and Ethnicity, Health and
Nutrition, Education Status (Literacy Rate), Housing and Basic Utilities,
Economic Condition - Poverty Incidence, Employment, Agriculture, Fisheries, Trade and
Industry, Tourism
- Mining applications (large scale and small scale mining, quarry)
- Tourism projects (resorts, bathing establishments)

4. Land Use Profile (Map and statistics)

Land Classification
FLUP
CLUP Zones existing land use (urban and forest land use) and proposed land use
Land/Sea Cover Classification
Watersheds (priority watersheds; critical watersheds)

5. Special Management Areas (with declarations or proposed)

Ancestral domains/CADC/Tribal lands

CBFM, CBMFM, ISF, communal forest, other forest-related tenurial instruments
Almaciga and rattan concessions
Watershed reserves of Forest reserves
Habitats/sanctuaries of rare and endangered species
Areas of cultural, historical, geological, and anthropological interest (including significant
caves)
Tourism development areas (TDAs) potential tourism sites (where?)
NIPAS areas
Municipal parks (terrestrial and coastal)

78
2. Determine the exact boundaries of ECAN Zones and administrative boundaries.

With the assistance of the GIS Unit, the DMO will determine the extent of ECAN Zones of
three components (terrestrial, coastal/marine, and TAZ).

3. Identify Special Management Areas (SMAs)

Prior to actual planning, the site managers/planners should identify first the special
management areas in their area of operation. These areas are still subject to ECAN zonation
but their management may entail special treatment owing to specific management plans and
management authorities intended for the areas.

These special areas may include the following:

1. Habitats of rare and endangered species

Selected areas in Palawan were already designated as habitats of endangered species by virtue
of local resolutions. Examples are portions of Dumaran Island and Barangay Culasian (Rizal)
for the critically endangered Philippine Cockatoo (Cacatua haematuropygia).

2. Legitimate areas for tribal ancestral zones

Selected areas in Palawan were declared as ancestral zones for indigenous peoples by virtue of
any of the following instruments.

- Tribal Ancestral Zone (TAZ) through PCSD Administrative Orders

- Certificate of Ancestral Domain Title (CADT) and Certificate of Ancestral Domain Claim
(CADC)
- Certificate of Ancestral Land Title (CALT) and Certificate of Ancestral Land Claim (CALC)

79
3. Areas of cultural, historical, geological, and anthropological interest

Areas of historical and anthropological significance include the Tabon Cave Reservation in
Lipuun Point, Quezon; the Taut Bato Reservation in Singnapan Valley, Barangay Ransang,
Rizal; the Ile Caves in El Nido; the walled fortresses in Balabac, Cuyo, Linapacan, Taytay,
Agutaya, etc.; and other similar sites.

4. Tourism development areas

5. NIPAS areas

These refer to protected areas declared under the National Integrated Protected Areas System.
The following table is a list of large-scale protected areas in Palawan.

NIPAS areas of Palawan Province

Protected Area Municipality Location
Calauit Game Preserve and Busuanga Calauit Island
Wildlife Sanctuary (CGPWS)
Coron Island Protected Coron Coron Island
Landscape
El Nido-Taytay Managed El Nido, Taytay Portions of El Nido
Resource Protected Area and Taytay

80
 Municipalities
Malampaya Sound Protected Taytay Taytay
Landscape and Seascape
Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park Cagayancillo Sulu Sea
Puerto Princesa Subterranean Puerto Princesa City Northwestern Puerto
River National Park (PPSRNP) Princesa City
Palawan Flora, Fauna and Puerto Princesa City Barangay Irawan
Watershed Reserve (PFFWR) /
Irawan Watershed Reserve
Rasa Island Wildlife Reserve Narra Rasa Island
Mount Mantalingahan Protected Quezon, Rizal, Mantalingahan
Landscape (MMPL) Espaola, Brookes Mountain Range
Point, Bataraza
Ursula Island Bird Sanctuary Bataraza Ursula Island, Sulu
Sea

6. Other management units

Terrestrial zone

a. Watershed reserves or forest reserves

b. Municipal parks (terrestrial)
c. Community Based Forestry Management Area (CBFMA)
d. Communal Forest areas
e. ISF and other forest-related tenurial instruments

Coastal/Marine zone

a. Marine Protected Areas (MPAs), marine parks, fish sanctuaries, or marine ecosystem
reserves may cover different benthic habitats, such as coral reefs, seagrass, and mangroves
b. Communal fishing grounds
c. Municipal waters covering the 15 kilometer limit from the shoreline
d. Community Based Mangrove Forest Management Area (CBMFMA)
e. Sanctuaries of rare and endangered species e.g., turtle nesting sites

Planning for these Special Management Areas cannot be monopolized by one agency or one
group of stakeholder. A consultative and participative planning process is advised for SMAs in
order for the plan to gain total acceptance by the affected communities and management
authorities.

4. Develop thematic and integrated planning modules and indicators.

Method: GIS mapping overlays, spatial and non-spatial modelling

Input: GIS layers and files, baseline data on environment and socio-economics
Output: thematic maps and indicators

An integrated development planning analysis necessitates a consolidation of essential planning

elements. Hence, there is a need to look at the actual condition of the area prior to laying out
the land use plans and designating activities. To do this, the planners need to produce several
thematic and cross-cutting determinants of physical geography, ecology, and socio-economics.

The logical next step after defining the planning area is a systematic collation of scientific
information about a site, area, or community needs to be undertaken. The framework for a
combinatory analysis of all collected information the multi-criteria evaluation is described
in the next step.

This step then is mainly the multi-processing/analyses part of ECAN Plan development to come
up with integrated thematic planning modules. It primary includes studies on land use
suitability, capability, and sustainability mapping using GIS overlay analyses. It will also

81
develop land use profiles and thematic maps in order to ascertain the economic development
potentials and biophysical baseline maps of the land.

The intensity of data collection and data processing will depend on the situation of a
municipality or site. Some areas already have advanced materials and data and will only
require the validation of the integrity of the information.

The table below (Table X) shows the broad classification of thematic planning modules and
indicators and the respective examples for each. Each thematic planning module has its own
data processing design and data needs focus, but collectively their interconnection is expected
to reveal broad patterns of resource use and consumption.

The biophysical determinants are the sites biological and physical resource maps.

Socio-cultural determinants pertain to socio-economic and demographic information of the

municipality or site.

Economic determinants pertain to existing and potential sustainable economic industries.

The governance and institutional determinants refers to the political and institutional
situation of the municipality or site.

The integrated determinants are the interfacing or overlap of any of the above determinants.
They are usually produced from a combinatory processing or overlays of the above. Two
integrated land use determinants (land management units and ecological footprint) are
described and presented below with examples.

Table X. Thematic planning modules for use in ECAN planning.

Sustainable Sample Description

Development Planning Source or Reference
Determinant / Indicator
1. Biophysical Precipitation Map PCSDS, PAGASA
determinants Map showing the amount
of rainfall in mm in
selected areas in Palawan

Geological DENR-MGB
Prospectivity of Map showing that the
Palawan Island total area that is
considered prospective
for metallic mineral
resources

Map showing the survey; community

ECAN Resource Map distribution of natural mapping
resources in Palawan
Broad classification of BSWM
Land Management Unit soils, slope, and
(LMU) landforms, and land
capability
2. Socio-cultural Population Density Map Map showing the NSO
determinants and Population Growth population density and
Rate Map growth rate per
municipality of Palawan
ECAN Threats Map; Map showing natural and various
Climate Change anthropogenic threats to
Hotspots the integrity of
ecosystems

3. Economic ECAN Livelihoods Map showing the survey; community

determinants Map populations existing and mapping; secondary
potential sources of literature
income

Infrastructure Map of Map showing the location survey; community

Palawan of roads, ports, airports, mapping; secondary
schools, markets, literature
hospitals, and the like

82
4. Governance and CBFM Areas Map showing the areas survey,
institutional determinants allotted for community
forest management

Ancestral domains Maps showing the

habitation and domain of
indigenous peoples IPRA Law

5. Integrated ECAN Zones Map A graded system of SEP Law

determinants sustainable development
over Palawan

Ecological footprint Wackernagel and

The area (global hectares) Rees 1996
of productive ecosystems
outside a city that is
required to support life in
the city (Odum and
Barrett 2005)

The next table is a list of thematic planning modules in terms of major development sectors.
The GIS layers, data sources, and spatial objectives are also indicated.

Table X. A sector-based list of spatial data needs for sustainable development planning
(adapted from Loterte-Avillanosa, unpub.)

A B C D E F G
Development Minimum Spatial Data Thematic Data Sources General Spatial Issue Addressed
Sector Needs and Layers Objectives
Security
Demands
Agriculture essential food, Crops Agricultural NGA, LMU, Suitability to food security
and Fisheries arable land Suitability area soil fertility agricultural
map production
Water clean water Hydrology River Hydrology, Access to water Sustainable water
(surface, Network, LMU, supply supply
groundwater, Coastlines topography
rain)
Sanitation drainage, wastes Topography Elevation, Topography, Least risk terrain and Health issues
disposal Slope LMU variations
Energy fuel, power Vegetation Vegetation Satellite image Suitability/Proximity Energy
supply , power (land cover), to woods for fuel sufficiency
grid PALECO
Infrastructure shelter/housing, Settlement, Built-up Area, Land Proximity to Markets Provision of basic
roads, schools, Development Road cover/land use, or rural center services
health centers, Projects Network, Infrastructures
technology Development survey
Projects
Environment clean air, healthy Climate, Rainfall, Soils, PCSDS, Suitability/Proximity Ecological
and natural ecosystems, Geology, Geohazard, DENR-MGB, to natural benefits ; viability /
Resources stable uplands Geohazard, Protected LMU flow of ecological environmental
Forest cover Areas, Land goods and services integrity
use/cover
Health clothing, Service Health Infrastructure Proximity to basic Mortality and
remedies, relief Distribution Stations survey social services morbidity
goods
Education and school supplies, Service School Infrastructure Proximity to markets Social
social welfare books, skills Distribution Facilities survey or rural center articulation
trainings, values
formation
Income and crop cultivation, Vegetation Vegetation, Land cover, Availability of Employment
livelihoods handicrafts, Road Network LMU, insensitive raw
subsistence vegetation, materials
interview
Cultural folklores, Heritage sites Ancestral CADC/T, Define domain Culture,
heritage and customs, Domains, ECAN boundaries and aesthetics, and
tourism patrimony, folk cultural secure land titles income source
arts zoning
Fiscal financial Administrative Basic layers Basic Proximity to the Eco-governance;
assistance, geographical fiscal and responsiveness
credits, revenue layers government centers
shares
Legal recognition of Political Basic layers Basic Proximity to socio- Justice
tenurial rights, boundaries/ geographical political and legal
security of Taxation layers services
tenure, territorial

83
 provisions
Community participation: Demography Population NSO, Palawan Proximity to socio- Social
organization consensus Census CBMS, CBFM political and mobilization;
building, government services empowerment
mobility,
cohesion,
resource
stewardship,
women
empowerment

Land Management Units

One of the good indicators of land use suitability is the soil map. The soils of Palawan are
categorized into land management units (LMU) under the 1988 Land Resources Evaluation
Project (LREP) of Bureau of Soils and Water Management (BSWM) and Palawan Integrated
Area Development Project Office (PIADPO). LREP is a pioneering whole-island soil survey
that attempts to differentiate between varied soils of hills and mountainous areas.

The output LMU Map is published in scale of 1:250,000 and is useful for broad scale planning.
LMU are delineations of land capability in terms of geology, topography, and soils. Below is a
sample map (Figure X) and tabular descriptions of the LMU in Barangay Pamantolon (Taytay),
the pilot site of Community-Based ECAN Zones Management Planning in 2006. A total of
eight LMU are identified in Pamantolon. Their soil characteristics are listed in Table X. The
LMU extent and the soil type-land capability matrix are tabulated in Table XX.

84
Figure X. Land management unit (LMU), Pamantolon, Taytay (BSWM-DA and PIADPO,
1988)

85
 Table X. LMU categories, Pamantolon, Taytay

LMU / Beach Broad alluvial Infilled valley Mangrove/nipa Metamorphic hill, Metamorphic hill, Narrow alluvial Residual terrace
Soil ridges/swales valley high relief low relief plain
parameters
Hydrology Well drained Somewhat poorly Moderately well Under water, very Well drained soils Well drained soils Somewhat poorly Moderately well
(External drained to poorly drained to poorly drained drained to poorly drained to
drainage) drained poorly drained drained somewhat poorly
drained

Water holding Low Medium Medium Medium Medium Low Low

capacity
Soil texture Sandy clay loam Sandy clay loam Silty clay loam to Sandy clay loam
Sandy to silt loam to clay to clay Loamy sand to clay Sandy clay loam to Sandy clay loam to clay to clay
clay loam clay loam
Organic matter Medium to low Medium to low Medium Medium to low Medium to low Medium
and Nitrogen Medium to low Medium to low
content
Phosphorous Deficient Deficient Deficient Very deficient Deficient Deficient Deficient Somewhat
content deficient
Soil depth Shallow Deep Deep Deep Shallow Shallow Deep
Moderately deep
Soil internal Somewhat Moderately well Moderately well Poorly drained Well drained Well drained Moderately well Well drained to
drainage excessively drained drained to poorly drained to poorly drained to poorly somewhat poorly
drained drained drained drained

Soil chemistry / Optimal Maximum Marginal Maximum Maximum Maximum Maximum Maximum
Availability of
nutrients
Soil pH 4.7-7.9 4.2-5.6 4.1-6.8 4.2-5.2 4.2-4.9 4.1-4.9 4.6-5.9 4.0-5.9

86
 Table X. Soil Type Land Suitability and Capability Matrix, Pamantolon, Taytay

Land management unit Land suitability and capability Area Percentage

(has.)

Beach ridges/swales Coconut is moderately suitable in the area. Rice and other diversified crops are rated 69.0 1.5
marginal to unsuitable due to coarse soil texture, drought, and salinity.
Broad alluvial valley The land is highly to moderately suitable to agricultural crops. It is limited by low fertility, 60.5 1.3
possible toxicity of micro-nutrients and moderate flooding hazard.
Infilled valley Agricultural crops are highly to moderately suitable in these areas. Moderate fertility is due 221.9 4.8
to low fertility and possible toxicity of micro-nutrients and flooding hazard in some
depression areas.
Mangrove/nipa The area is highly suitable for fishpond development but limited by high salinity. 242.1 5.3

Metamorphic hill, high relief Tree or perennial crops are marginally suitable in the area due to very steep slope, shallow 2690.2 58.7
soils, erosion hazard, and low fertility. Other crops is not economically suitable.

Metamorphic hill, low relief The land is moderately to marginally suitable to both annual and perennial or tree crops due 953.1 20.8
to slope gradient, erosion hazard, shallow depth of soils, and low fertility.

Narrow alluvial plain This land is highly to moderately suitable to agricultural crops. It is limited by low fertility, 299.2 6.5
possible toxicity of micro-nutrients, and moderate flooding in some areas.
Residual terrace Agricultural crops are moderately to marginally suitable in this area because of low fertility, 50.8 1.1
possible toxicity of metallic elements, and shallow soils of some areas.
TOTAL 4586.8 100.0

87
Ecological Footprint

(This section based on: Wackernagel and Rees (1996), Roque and Fuentes (unpub.) Securing
Sustainable Food, Water, and Wood Supply for the Future, presentation, and computations by
PCSDS ECAN Planning Division.)

Ecological Footprint (EF) is a quantitative measure of human demand (resource consumption

and waster assimilation) on the ecosystems. It is the area of productive land and water that is
required to support a defined human population and material standard indefinitely. EF analysis
uses the combined demand for ecological resources (wherever they are located) and presents
them as the global average area (global hectares) needed to support a specific human activity.

A preliminary study of the ecological footprint of Palawan Province in terms of basic needs
resource requirements is undertaken to determine the sufficiency or deficiency of resources at
present and in the future. The objective of the study is to determine whether there will be
enough food, water, and wood for the population of Palawan. Specifically, the study aims to:

1. Determine the current and future population consumptions for food, water, and wood
supply based on land use types (cropland, fishing ground, grazing, and forest lands) in
terms of global hectares.

2. Compare the population consumptions and the biocapacity based on land use types
(cropland, fishing ground, grazing, and forest lands) in terms of global hectare to
determine food and water sufficiency and wood supply.

In land use planning, the results of ecological footprint study are important in allocating for
certain areas of the land for specific land uses. It can also assist in making decisions about
selecting and prioritizing land development options. The conceptual or consciousness-raising
value of the EF analysis also has implications to policies that will be crafted to mitigate factors
that can contribute to non-sustainable trends of economic activities and environmental
deterioration.

The calculation of EF has the following general procedures (Wackernagel and Rees 1996):

1. Estimate of the average persons annual consumption of particular items from aggregate
regional or national data by dividing total consumption by population size. For various
categories, the national statistics provide both production and trade figures from which
trade-corrected consumption can be computed, using the following formula.

trade-corrected consumption = production + imports - exports

2. Estimate the land area appropriated per capita (aa) for the production of each major
consumption item i. This is done by dividing the annual consumption of that item as
calculated in #1 [c, in kg/capita] by its average annual productivity or yield [p, in kg/ha].

aai = annual demand / annual yield = ci / pi

3. Compute the total ecological footprint of the average person, the per capita footrpint
(ef), by summing all the ecosystem areas appropriated (aai) by all the goods and services
(n) consumed by the person.

n
ef aai
i 1
 4. Obtain the ecological footprint (EFP) of the study population by multiplying the average
per capita footprint by population size (N).

EFP = N(ef)

In cases where the total area used is available from statistics, the per capita footprint can
be computed by dividing by population.

The following table shows one of the initial calculations of the Ecological Footprint of
Palawan. It presents the deficient and reserve areas per municipality (in global hectares) of
forest for timber and fuelwood. The computation for other land uses (cropland for food, forest
for water, built up area, fishing ground, and grazing lands) are also available.
 Table X. Existing, required, and needed forest area for timber and fuelwood (in gha) of Palawan Province (Source: Preliminary results of Ecological Footprint analysis,
PCSDS, 2011, updated 2013)
Existing Terrestrial Required Forest Area for Timber & Fuelwood (bc = 0.09) Deficit/Reserve Fraction of land area
Municipality & Mangrove Forest (ha) 2005 2013 2015 2020 2013 2015 2020 Land Area (ha) 2013 2015 2020
Aborlan 43,709 3,390 3,764 4,886 40,319 39,946 38,823 72,251.72 0.56 0.55 0.54
Agutaya 84 1,238 1,364 1,736 (1,154) (1,280) (1,652) 3,127.18 0.37 0.41 0.53
Araceli 2,946 1,363 1,428 1,606 1,583 1,518 1,340 17,427.28 0.09 0.09 0.08
Balabac 22,899 3,983 4,591 6,549 18,916 18,308 16,350 56,229.56 0.34 0.33 0.29
Bataraza 22,770 7,034 8,067 11,360 15,736 14,703 11,410 72,563.29 0.22 0.20 0.16
Brooke's Point 25,192 6,056 6,444 7,527 19,136 18,747 17,664 58,345.27 0.33 0.32 0.30
Busuanga 16,871 2,287 2,567 3,429 14,584 14,304 13,442 45,149.73 0.32 0.32 0.30
Cagayancillo 87 706 754 887 (620) (667) (801) 6,318.89 0.10 0.11 0.13
Coron 28,702 4,223 4,480 5,194 24,479 24,222 23,508 65,805.40 0.37 0.37 0.36
Culion 17,455 2,034 2,242 2,857 15,421 15,214 14,598 43,439.14 0.36 0.35 0.34
Cuyo 140 2,186 2,345 2,798 (2,046) (2,206) (2,658) 5,134.44 0.40 0.43 0.52
Dumaran 13,999 2,226 2,451 3,121 11,773 11,547 10,878 51,788.72 0.23 0.22 0.21
El Nido 26,266 3,976 4,542 6,334 22,289 21,724 19,932 56,607.20 0.39 0.38 0.35
Kalayaan 0 95 270 3,653 (95) (270) (3,653) 7,303.12 0.01 0.04 0.50
Linapacan 6,198 1,590 1,842 2,658 4,607 4,356 3,540 16,079.35 0.29 0.27 0.22
Magsaysay 125 1,144 1,192 1,319 (1,020) (1,067) (1,195) 3,899.78 0.26 0.27 0.31
Narra 37,373 6,164 6,365 6,898 31,209 31,008 30,475 78,655.58 0.40 0.39 0.39
Puerto Princesa City 165,031 21,837 23,123 26,679 143,195 141,909 138,353 216,110.68 0.66 0.66 0.64
Quezon 46,154 5,382 5,681 6,502 40,773 40,474 39,652 95,448.64 0.43 0.42 0.42
Rizal 76,368 4,721 5,410 7,606 71,647 70,958 68,762 129,930.91 0.55 0.55 0.53
Roxas 51,067 6,678 7,605 10,525 44,389 43,462 40,541 97,962.04 0.45 0.44 0.41
San Vicente 55,577 3,484 4,047 5,885 52,093 51,531 49,692 72,441.43 0.72 0.71 0.69
Sofronio Espanola 8,734 2,834 2,927 3,172 5,901 5,808 5,562 49,586.75 0.12 0.12 0.11
Taytay 56,992 7,439 8,244 10,662 49,553 48,747 46,330 133,416.21 0.37 0.37 0.35
726,742 104,083 113,759 145,863 622,667 612,993 580,894 1,455,022
 5. Stocktaking of local environmental governance initiatives

This step takes into account the considerations in the preparation of the ECAN Resource
Management Plan, as enumerated in Section 25 of PCSD Resolution 05-250. The data can be
collected from local planners through a questionnaire produced below.

QUESTIONNAIRE FOR STOCKTAKING OF

MUNICIPAL ENVIRONMENTAL INITIATIVES
(for ECAN Zones Management Planning)

For Head/Staff of MENRO, MAO, and MPDO Offices:

PCSD Resolution No. 05-250, Section 25. Preparation of the ECAN Resource Management Plan. After the approval
of the ECAN Map, the LGU through its ECAN Board and with the assistance of the PCSDS, shall prepare an ECAN
Resource Management Plan taking into consideration the following:

Municipality: ________________ Barangay: _______________

Date & Time of KII:______________________Interviewer: ________________________

I. Personal details of respondent

1. Name (Pangalan): _____________________________

2. Address (Sitio, Barangay): ___________________________

3. Occupation (Trabaho): ________________________________

4. Position and Agency (Posisyon at Ahensya): _______________________________

5. Number of years in position (Bilang ng taon sa kasalukuyang posisyon): _____________

What are the efforts of the municipality in addressing the following development issues?

1. Stakeholders' participation in the protection conservation, development, exploitation and

restoration of natural resources in the area;

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
_________________________

2. Encroachment of commercial fishing vessels on municipal waters;

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
_________________________

3. Treatment of protected areas under the NIPAS; [include barangay/municipal declared PAs]

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
_________________________

4. Inter-agency participation;

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
_________________________

5. Protection of coastal/marine areas and enforcement of fishery laws;

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
_________________________

6. Monitoring and evaluation schemes [to include coastal pollution monitoring and control to
understand water pollution of the area and to institute measures complementary to the PCSDS
environmental quality regulation];

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
_________________________

7. Regulatory measures or permitting system;

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
_________________________

8. Application of resource rents or user charges;

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
_________________________

9. Management of funds from proceeds of license fees;

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
_________________________

10. Allowable activities for each zone; [CLUP land use zones and/or ECAN zones]

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
_________________________

11. Development activities in small islands;

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
_________________________

12. Waste disposal and sewage; [solid and liquid waste]

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
_________________________

13. Provision of alternative livelihood projects;

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
_________________________

14. Protection of the access rights of the community to the natural resources;

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
_________________________

15. Migration and settlement within the coastal areas; and

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
_________________________
16. Appropriation of funds for the implementation of the plan and the management of the ECAN
zones.

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
_________________________

17. Others identified to be necessary and relevant

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
_________________________

6. Integrated threats analysis

(This section based on the Rapid Rural Appraisal studies of PSU-CSPGI, 2013)

Rationale for threats analysis

An integrated threats analysis is a comprehensive investigation and analysis of various existing

and projected problems confronting a locality. It is thus one way of analyzing the complex
problems and issues within the area. It is also one priority-setting mechanism that can aid
planners and decision makers in: (1) identifying the type of project intervention to be introduced
and (2) allocating resources to invest in a priority area. This is because threats analysis may
reveal subtle patterns and causations of issues and problems.

In areas of high ecological and economic interest such as the Palawan Biosphere Reserve, threats
analysis constitutes a good practice on the part of a project team or an organization, especially
during the stage of project conceptualization and development. If done prior to the full blown
implementation of a project or program, the results of such undertaking can positively influence
the course of project actions and can directly offer optimal solutions to the identified problems.

A further rationale for threats analysis is dictated by the inherent complex nature of threats
themselves, especially those generally arising in developing countries and specifically, in
hotspot areas. There is a need to investigate the compounding or reinforcing effects of the
ecological, socio-economic, cultural, and political challenges to development and conservation.
The call for sustainable development in the hotspot areas necessitates the use of a holistic or
integrated approach to problem solving.

Objectives of threats analysis

The general objective for the threats analysis is to recommend new potential high impact and
cost effective programs and projects for the local area (municipality) of interest. The programs
and projects are expected to contribute to sustainable development of the target localities, at both
the barangay and the municipal levels. We recommend these programs for the concerned
stakeholders to pursue in the selected barangays in the next five years. They are also geared
toward satisfying the development needs and gaps of the target localities and fishing families.
The specific objectives of the analysis are to:

Identify the threats/problems in the target coastal communities

Analyze threats relationships (problems/opportunities)
Prepare a generic list of projects to address the threats/problems
Serve as basis of ECAN guidelines, programs, and projects in the ERMP

Theoretical context

Definitions

In the context of biodiversity, a threat is defined as a cause of species decline (IUCN, 2006).
Threat per se is usually defined as a status, condition, or level of threat or conservation.

An operational definition of threat can be the historical, potential, or existing danger, stress or
pressure to a target in the environment (Ona et al. 2007). The target of the threat is any one of a
species (organism), an area (habitat or ecosystem), or a macro-level area (MPA, corridor,
ecoregion). In this study, the target is the entire municipality. The propagation of threat gives
injury or harm to the target coastal community or to its aspiration toward sustainable
development.

The following definitions are relevant to this study. Although the terms pertain to biodiversity
as the general target of threat (Salafsky et al. 2008), they can be generalized to the sustainable
development of the locality:

Direct threats: The proximate human activities or processes and natural events that have
caused, are causing, or may cause unsustainable development and/or the destruction,
degradation, or impairment of biodiversity.
Contributing factors: The ultimate factors (social, economic, political, institutional, or
cultural) that enable or otherwise add to the occurrence or persistence of proximate direct
threats.
In a situation analysis, contributing factors or underlying causes are subdivided into
indirect threats (factors with a negative effect) and opportunities (factors with a
positive effect).
Sustainable development actions: Interventions undertaken by project staff or partners
designed to reach the projects objectives and sustainable development goals.

Conceptual framework

The general framework used to ascertain the threats to local sustainable development is the
causal chain or cause-and-effect analysis. The normative causation of threat usually propagates
from the domain of the environment to social, economic, and political arenas.

Careful planning and intervention for project success can be integrated into the causal chain by
directly specifying activities/actions and monitoring their outcomes. A general model of a project
intervention chain must recognize that the action to solve or address threats can be applied not
only to the direct threats but also to underlying causes and to the targets themselves (Salafsky et
al. 2008).

This paper proposes the following framework (Figure A) for the integrated threats (plus
solutions) analysis. This is a modification of the model of conservation action by Salafsky et al.
(2008), wherein conservation actions are generalized as sustainable development actions to
highlight not only the role of conservation but also of economic development in providing
concrete solutions to addressing problems and threats. Moreover, the biodiversity target is
generalized to the entire target locality of the project team (MFI).

Figure A. A proposed general model of a sustainable development project. (Salafsky et al.

2008, modified)

The determination of solutions, strategies, or new projects to break the hierarchical chain of
threats requires a situational analysis of threats. Situational analysis is another term for integrated
threats analysis. The algorithm for the integrated threats analysis is adapted from Open
Standards for the Practice of Conservation, Version 2.0 (Conservation Measures Partnerships
2007). The framework entails the following assumptions:

1. Threats are the same as the problems of and (negative) issues in the community.
2. The needs and priorities of the community are the combination of threats and
opportunities existing in that community.
3. Identifying threats/problems/issues in a community and evaluating them side by side with
needs/priorities and opportunities will lead to the identification of new projects to solve
or address the threats/problems/issues.
4. The desired new projects are sustainable social development (SD) actions and solutions.
To be sustainable, these recommended projects are expected to be (1) high impact and (2)
cost-effective, and as per the Strategic Environmental Plan for Palawan Act (SEP Law):
(3) ecologically viable, (4) socially acceptable, and (5) holistic in approach.

Method

The following table summarizes the major steps involved in the conduct of integrated threats
analysis based on the above proposed framework and assumptions.

Table 5.1. Major steps of threats and solutions analysis.

Step Action Instrument Outputs
1 Develop a threats analysis literature review Figure A
model
2 Locate and identify critical field observation guide photographs, field
needs and threats/problems and literature review notes
through reconnaissance
3 Identify critical needs and (i) key informant filled up
threats/problems, interview (KII) questionnaires,
opportunities, and questionnaire specific to problem trees
(possible) solutions to threats analysis,
these threats/problems (ii) generic household
interview questionnaire
(can be sourced out from
CBMS data),
(iii) focus group
discussion (FGD)
mechanics specific to
threats analysis
4 Analyze threats KII and FGD processed
 relationships problem trees
5 Prepare generic list of KII, and FGD opportunities
projects matrix, solutions
matrix
6 Social validation of results validation of findings revised report

For Steps 2 to 5, we can engage the local key stakeholders, individually and collectively, through
various interviews and workshops designed to identify and characterize threats and their
interrelationships.

The field instruments (KII threats questionnaire and FGD mechanics for problem tree) are
reproduced below. The target informants for KII are the key ECAN planners and stakeholders
based on the nine stakeholder groups identified in (and modified here) Chapters 23 to 32 of
Agenda 21.

Women
Children and Youth
Indigenous Peoples and Indigenous Cultural Communities (IPs/ICCs)
Workers, Trade Unions, and Peoples Organizations
Farmers, Small Forest Landowners, and Fisherfolks
Non-governmental Organizations
Local Authorities (LGUs and NGAs) MPDC and MPDO staff, MENRO and MENRO
staff, MAO and MAO staff, Tourism officer, School principal or head teacher
Business and Industry
Scientific and Technological Communities and the Academe

Field instrument 1: KII threats questionnaire

ECAN Resource Management Planning

Key Informant Interview Questionnaire (ECAN Needs + Projects)
Questionnaire No.: _______

The needs and priorities of the municipality often depend on the kinds of problems and issues that occur in it. Before
we are able to introduce new projects, we must be able to identify first the threats and opportunities in our area.
Since the problems and issues that confront us are often complex, we must also be able to analyze what are the
causes and the impacts of our major problems. The analysis will help us prioritize our needs and also the resources
we must apply to solve our problems. For the identified needs/problems/issues/opportunities, we will specify the
solutions and actions that will address them.

Target Respondents for Municipal KII Mayor, Municipal Councilor (committee chair on agriculture, fisheries,
environment and livelihood), MAO and staff, MPDC and staff, MENRO and staff, Tourism officer, NGO, PO
representative, Business and Industry (2), Church, school (principal or head teacher), IP leader, Women, Children
and Youth, Workers and Trade Unions (MFARMC), Scientific and Technological Communities, Farmers and Small
Forest Landowners

Municipality: ________________ Barangay: _______________

Date & Time of KII:______________________Interviewer: ________________________

I. Personal details of respondent

6. Name (Pangalan): _____________________________

 7. Address (Sitio, Barangay): ___________________________

8. Occupation (Trabaho): ________________________________

9. Position and Agency (Posisyon at Ahensya): _______________________________

10. Number of years in position (Bilang ng taon sa kasalukuyang posisyon): _____________

II. Critical Sustainable Development Needs and Priorities of the Community

6. What do you think are the 3 critical or major environmental/social/economic/institutional needs and
priorities of your municipality (Dumaran)? These needs and priorities must be those that you think have
not yet been addressed or have not been given attention.

(Ano sa palagay nyo ang 3 kritikal o pangunahing mga pangangailangan at prayoridad

pangkapaligiran/pangsosyal/pang-ekonomiya/pang-institusyonal ng inyong munisipalidad na hindi pa
natutugunan o hindi pa masyadong nabibigyang pansin?)

7. Which entity/entities should provide support to address the identified needs and priorities?

6. Needs and Priorities 7. Entities who should 14. Actions, Solutions, and Remarks
provide support New Projects (Cause/Effect)
(Answer to Question # 14)
a.

b.

c.

8. What other critical needs are not yet being addressed? (Meron pa ba kayong gustong idagdag na mga
kritikal na pangangailangan?)

9. Which entity/entities should provide support to address the identified needs and priorities?

8. Other critical needs 9. Entity who should 14. Actions, Solutions, and Remarks
not yet addressed provide support New Projects (Cause/Effect)
(Answer to Question # 14)
d.

e.

f.

(Note: Needs/priorities, problems/issues/threats, and opportunities can have more than one
action/solution/project.)

III. Critical Sustainable Development Problems, Issues, and Threats

(Note: Ang problema, isyu, o banta ay maaring nangyayari sa kasalukuyan, nangyari na sa nakalipas na
3 taon, o maaaring mangyari sa susunod na 3 taon. Ang alamin lamang ay ang mga critical threats
ang mga pinakaimportanteng dapat bigyang pansin)

10. What do you think are the 3 critical or major problems, issues, or threats to
environment/society/economy/institutions of your municipality?

(Ano sa palagay nyo ang 3 kritikal o pangunahing problema, isyu, o mga banta sa
kapaligiran/lipunan/eokonomiya/institusyon nyo dito sa bayan ng Dumaran?)

10. Problems, Issues, and Threats 15. Actions, Solutions, and New Projects Remarks
(Answer to Question # 15)
 a.

b.

c.

11. Do you have other major problems, issues, or threats in your barangay (or municipality)? (Meron pa
ba kayong iba pang kritikal na problema, isyu, o banta dito sa inyong lugar?)

11. Problems, Issues, and Threats 15. Actions, Solutions, and New Projects Remarks
(Answer to Question # 15)
d.

e.

IV. Opportunities (in some cases, the opposite of a threat)

12. What do you think are the 3 opportunities (or factors that have a positive effect on the community)
that can assist in the sustainable development and livelihood of your municipality once these are
developed or utilized?

(Ano sa palagay nyo ang 3 oportunidad (o mga bagay na may positibong epekto sa komunidad) na
pwedeng makatulong sa pangmatagalang kaunlaran at kabuhayan ng inyong munisipyo sakaling ito ay
ma-develop o magamit?)

12. Opportunities 16. Actions, Solutions, and New Projects Remarks

(Answer to Question # 16)
a.

b.

c.

13. What other opportunities do you have here? (Bukod sa nabanggit, meron pa ba kayong iba pang
oportunidad dito sa lugar nyo?)

13. Opportunities 16. Actions, Solutions, and New Projects Remarks

(Answer to Question # 16)
d.

e.

V. Sustainable Development Actions, Solutions, and (New) Projects

14. What do you think are the most effective actions, solutions, or new projects that can answer/address
the needs that you have mentioned?

(Ano sa palagay nyo ang mga pinakaepektibong aksyon, solusyon, o bagong proyekto na tutugon sa mga
pangangailangan na inyong nabanggit?)

15. What do you think are the most effective actions, solutions, or new projects that can answer/address
the problems and issues that you have mentioned?

(Ano sa palagay nyo ang mga pinakaepektibong aksyon, solusyon, o bagong proyekto na tutugon sa mga
problema at isyung inyong nabanggit?)
16. What do you think are the most effective actions, solutions, or new projects that can take advantage of
the opportunities that you have mentioned?

(Ano sa palagay nyo ang mga pinakaepektibong aksyon, solusyon, o bagong proyekto na
makakapagsaalang-alang ng mga oportunidad na inyong nabanggit?)

VI. Additional Actions and Projects

17. Other than those mentioned, what in your opinion are other actions and projects that can assist the
municipality of Dumaran once they were undertaken here?

(Bukod sa mga nabanggit, ano pa sa palagay nyo ang mga aksyon at proyektong maaaring makatulong
kapag naisagawa (o naisakatuparan) dito sa bayan ng Dumaran ? )

17. Additional Actions, Solutions, and New Projects

a.

b.

c.

Field instrument 2: FGD mechanics for problem tree analysis

Workshop mechanics adapted from Facilitators Handbook to Mainstream MEAs at the

Barangay Development Plan (BDP) (in prep.), published through the UNDP-GEF project
entitled Strengthening Coordination for Effective Environmental Management (STREEM).

ECAN Resource Management Planning

Focus Group Discussion for Threats and Opportunities
Workshop No. ____

Municipality: _____________________ Barangay: _________________ Purok: _________________

Date & Time of FGD:______________________Facilitator: ________________________
Recorder: ____________________________

Workshop on Problem-Finding Exercise

Introduction: The needs and priorities of the community often depend on the kinds of problems and
issues that occur in it. Before we are able to introduce new projects in the community, we must be
able to identify first the threats and opportunities in our area. Since the problems and issues that
confront us are often complex, we must also be able to analyze what are the causes and the impacts
of our major problems. The analysis will help us prioritize our needs and also the resources we must
apply to solve our problems.

Objectives:
-and-effect relationships of critical threats and problems.

impact on their socio-economic well-being.

 ed solutions and actions to respond to the critical problems and issues identified by
the community in the Problem Tree exercise.

Outputs:

Materials:

Suggested composition of workshop participants

At the minimum: 11 participants
-leaders
-leaders

General Procedure:

A. Problem Tree Analysis --> B. Problem Prioritization --> C. Community Opportunities and
Strengths Identification --> D. Actions/Solutions Identification

A. Problem Tree Analysis

1. Provide a brief background on the problem-finding exercise.

2. Determine the core or major problems/issues/threats existing in the community. The facilitator
will provide a set of pre-identified core problems written on metacards from which the participants
will choose those that they think are major issues/threats in their locality.

(Note: Some pre-identified core problems may include: (i) inability to provide for basic needs, (ii)
threat to food security, (iii) biodiversity loss, (iv) unsound waste management practices, (v) lack of
livelihood opportunities, (vi) lack of industry support, (vii) political issues, (viii) health problems, (ix)
unemployment, (x) lack of potable water source, (xi) lack of electricity, (xii) poor fish catch, and
(xiii) lack of tourism facilities.)

3. Determine the problems/issues/threats that are direct causes of the identified core
problem/issue/threat. Write the direct cause in the metacard and place them below the metacards of
each of the selected core threat.

(Note: The facilitator will provide a sample Problem Tree so that the participants can easily follow
the process. Two sample Problem Trees are shown below.)

4. Determine the corresponding causes by asking the question Why did it happen? until you reach
very specific root causes.

5. Above the core problems/issues/threats will be the corresponding effects or impacts. Ask the
participants to identify and write the effects/impacts on the metacards by asking the question So
what? or What will happen? Place the cards above the corresponding core
problems/issues/threats.

6. Review the Problem Tree showing interrelationships of the causes-core problem-effects

relationship and rearrange the cards accordingly.

7. Discuss and summarize the results.

 the Problem Tree?

aspects and implications of climate change, biodiversity, land degradation, fisheries, coastal
issues, and sustainable development. Also, summarize the results of the Problem Tree by
specifying key environmental problems/issues/threats in the coastal areas which affect the
socio-economic well-being of the community.

8. Document the problem tree and take a photograph of it.

B. Problem Prioritization

9. Based on the Problem Tree, identify the root causes that generated the most number of problems
and issues. These root causes are the ones that will be given priority in the solution-finding exercise.

C. Community Opportunities and Strengths Identification

10. Ask the participants to write on metacards the community opportunities and strengths by
asking the question, What are the characteristics of the community that can be tapped to implement
solutions to the identified problems/issues/threats? The characteristics may be biophysical, socio-
economic, or governance/institutional in nature.

11. Ask also: How much are they willing to cooperate in solving the identified problems?

D. Solutions Identification

12. For each of the prioritized root causes in Process B, the group will be asked to recommend or
suggest doable solutions or actions to resolve/address these core problems.

(Note: A sample Solutions Table is shown below.)

13. Congratulate and thank the participants on the success of the exercise.
SAMPLE PROBLEM TREE 1
 SAMPLE PROBLEM TREE 2

SAMPLE SOLUTIONS TABLE

THREAT TO SUSTAINABLE SAMPLE ACTIONS/SOLUTIONS/

DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES

Inability to provide for basic needs Livelihood support

Threat to food security Conservation and sustainable use

Biodiversity loss Protection and preservation

Restoration
Rehabilitation

Natural processes Climate change adaptation

 Disaster risk reduction
Land-based stresses/ pressures Conservation and sustainable use

Unsound waste management Solid waste management

practices
Strong market demand for Law enforcement
resources Permitting system
Lack of livelihood opportunities Livelihood support
Land use conversion
Lack of industry support Industry support
Market creation
Uncertainty in coastal/ land tenure Conflict resolution
(property rights)
Low level of sustainable IEC
development awareness

Political issues Capacity building

7. Formulation of ECAN zones and resources plan

Method: Planners planning workshop

Inputs: Integrated threats analysis; CLUP (if available)
Outputs: ECAN Management Plan with zonal and suprazonal (cross-cutting actions)

This final stage of planning is concerned with determining the sustainable development actions
in the ECAN zones and resources therein. The planning framework will be guided by the
tripartite features of SEP and the ECAN guidelines, as well as the strategies/actions in the
CLUP and the findings of the integrated threats analysis.

The workshop facilitator has to reiterate that the core philosophy or principle of the planning
activity is sustainable development and the primary strategy is ECAN Zoning. The steps are
as follows:

7.1. Agree on a set of sustainable development core themes (or systems of interest) and
prepare log frame for each.

The core themes can be ecosystems, resources, or sectors present in the municipality. It can also
be the ongoing threat identified in the integrated threats analysis. (As an alternative, the
planners may decide to focus on the ECAN zones as the systems of interest and disaggregate
the resources found in each zone.)

The following is a sample log frame for the forestry sector.

Source: Philippine Council for Sustainable Development, 2013.

The themes can be further classified into three clusters: Environment, Socioeconomic,
Governance. The following is a sample set of core themes for Palawan at the provincial level.

Cluster Core theme/ecosystem/resource/sector

Environment Fisheries (including CRM, pearl farms, LRFF)
Forest Environment (including Catchment Management
and Development)
Mining and Mineral Resources Development
Water Resources
Agriculture, Land, and Soil (Lowland Resources
Development)
Wildlife and Biodiversity
Cave and Cave Resources
Tourism
Power and Energy (including offshore/oil and gas,
renewable energy)
Urbanization (Sustainable City and Urban Centers)
Sustainable Industries (including ICT, green jobs
creation)
Ancestral Domains
Basic Services Delivery (Food, Health, Education,
Housing, Work/Employment)
Infrastructure (Water, Transport, Communication)
Waste
Socioeconomic Population and Migration
Governance Climate Change Adaptation
Disaster Risk Reduction and Management
Institutional Arrangements for SD and GE
Partnerships/Linkages/Participation (how to maximize)

Mechanisms:
Environmental Education
Environmental Monitoring and Evaluation
R&D
7.2. Identify applicable SEP criteria for each core theme.

This step makes sure that the actions for each core theme are compliant to the SEP as the
overarching planning framework. The minimum sustainability criteria for projects in Palawan,
as defined in the SEP Law, are ecological viability, social acceptability, and integrated
approach.

Additional criteria can be introduced to enhance the SEP criteria and make it compliant to a
desirable goal (e.g., fulfillment of the requirements for a smooth transition toward a green
economy). The following is a list of criteria and corresponding indicators that can be used in
the ECAN planning process. The first three are required while the next three are recommended
for inclusion.

Criteria (how to make sure the core theme actions are compliant to principles of
SEP and Green Economy)

1. Ecological viability (intact physical and biological cycles, enhanced/restored

natural capital and environmental stock and quality; sustainable resource stock)
2. Social acceptability (participatory; commitment; equity in
access/distribution/benefits)
3. Integrated approach (holism; coordination and sharing; political will)
4. Rights-based development (poverty alleviation; protection, fulfillment, and respect
for social and economic rights)
5. Climate-smart (reduced carbon emissions; enhanced carbon stock; decreased
vulnerability to climate change impacts; efficiency in production and resource use)
6. Good governance (increased knowledge and capacity for environmental
stewardship; transparency and accountability)

7.3. Identify courses of action and indicators for each principle.

The courses of action per criteria are policy covers, plans, programs and projects (PPPP). They
may be existing actions, partially implemented, or proposed. Indicators, on the other hand, are
objectively verifiable and measurable.

Below is a sample of the arsenal of PPP for the establishment of a green economy in the sector
of forest and biodiversity. The selected principles are given as the heading of columns 2 to 4.
 7.4. Identify applicable ECAN zone for each course of action.

This is applicable for zonal actions only, which are actions that fall on only one or several
specific zones in the terrestrial, coastal/marine, or tribal ancestral lands. The assignment of
ECAN zones will be based on allowable and prohibited uses per ECAN zone as specified in the
ECAN policies and guidelines.

7.5. Identify the coverage (municipality, barangay, sitio, or any applicable management unit)
of each course of action.

The results of the municipal integrated threats analysis can be interfaced or integrated with this
step. The peculiarities of intervention per coverage/site must be discussed further in the plan.

Principle: Sustainable Development

Strategy: ECAN Zoning
If
Criteria (how zonal Coverage
to make sure action: (Provincewide;
Core theme/ the core theme ECAN Municipality,
ecosystem/ actions are Courses Zone Barangay,
resource/ compliant to of (T- Sitio,
sector/ SEP and GE Actions C/M- management
Cluster ECAN zone features) Indicators (PPPP) TAZ) area)
References for Appendix D

Agenda 21. United Nations Conference on Environment and Development. Rio de Janeiro, 3-14
June 1992. Available from
http://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/index.php?page=view&type=400&nr=23&menu=35
(accessed June 2013).

Conservation Measures Partnerships. 2007. Open Standards for the Practice of Conservation,
Version 2.0.Available from http://www.conservationmeasures.org/wp-
content/uploads/2010/04/CMP_Open_Standards_Version_2.0.pdf (accessed June 2013).

Looijen, J., N. Pelesikoti, and M. Staljanssens. 1995. ICOMIS: a spatial multi-objective decision
support system for coastal resource management. ITC Journal 1995-3.

Odum, E.P., and G.W. Barrett. 2005. Fundamentals of Ecology, 5th ed. Singapore: Thomson
Learning.

Ona, R.E.A., R.T. Fuentes, P.A. Regoniel, O.T. Alfonso, J.F.A. Pontillas, M.D. Pido, A.V.
Regalo, T.L. Salva. 2007. An Analysis of Threats to Biodiversity in the Balabac Strait
Corridor. Palawan State University - Center for Strategic Policy and Governance, Inc.

Philippine Council for Sustainable Development. 2013. Assessment of the Philippine Agenda 21,
The Prospects for a Green Economy, and the Institutional Framework for Sustainable
Development.

Salafsky, N., D. Salzer, A.J. Stattersfield, C. Hilton-Taylor, R. Neugarten, S.H.M. Butchart, B.

Collen, N. Cox, L.L. Master, S. OConnor, and D. Wilkie. 2008. A standard lexicon for
biodiversity conservation: unified classifications of threats and actions. Conservation
Biology, 22: 897911. doi: 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.00937.x Available from
http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/Salafsky_et_al._2008_Unified_Classifications_of_T
hreats_and_Actions.pdf (accessed June 2013).

Wackernagel, M., and W. E. Rees. 1996. Our Ecological Footprint: Reducing Human Impact on
the Earth. B.C. Canada: New Society Publishers.
 APPENDIX E
RIDGE-TO-REEF ECAN ZONES GOALS, OBJECTIVES,
AND MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK

The ECAN Zones management approach will be holistic and will follow the strategic ridge-to-
reef approach shown in the table below. This means that the management options and strategies
are designated from the upland to the sea. The Core Zone will mainly use the strategy of
biodiversity conservation due to its limited activities. The strategy, however, is still flexible
and not limiting because biodiversity conservation still allows strategic activities and options
that could be introduced in the Core Zones.

The buffer zone management strategies will range from biodiversity conservation in areas that
are pristine (as with Core zones), watershed management (in Restricted use areas), upland
forest management (in Controlled use areas), and upland stabilization (in Traditional use
areas). In addition to all these strategies, the Multiple use zone will focus on lowland and
urban area management.

The coastal zone will be managed through coastal resource management and MPA
management in appropriate areas. Since the strategies in the upland will impact the lowland
and coastal areas, the whole gamut of strategies in the upland areas will be a factor in managing
the areas below it.

The ridge-to-reef framework is a strategic approach to the ECAN management and allows for
cross-cutting strategies to be applied across the ECAN zones on the ground.

Note that some commercial activities (or projects) will require the SEP Clearance.

Ridge-to-reef management framework of ECAN zones

COMPONENT ECAN ZONE UPLAND BUFFER ZONE LOWLAND AND URBAN COASTAL
AREAS (UPLAND AND LOWLAND AREAS
MANAGEMENT)
Terrestrial Core Biodiversity
zone conservation

Restricted Biodiversity Watershed

use area conservation Management

Controlled Biodiversity Watershed Upland forest

use area conservation management management

Traditional Biodiversity Watershed Upland forest Upland

use area conservation management management stabilization

Multiple use zone Biodiversity Watershed Upland forest Upland Lowland and urban area
conservation management management stabilization management
Coastal/ Coastal core zone Biodiversity Watershed Upland forest Upland Lowland and urban area CRM + MPA
Marine conservation management management stabilization management Management
Coastal transition Biodiversity Watershed Upland forest Upland Lowland and urban area CRM + MPA
zone conservation management management stabilization management Management

Coastal Biodiversity Watershed Upland forest Upland Lowland and urban area CRM + MPA
sustainable use conservation management management stabilization management Management
zone

Tribal Tribal ancestral

ancestral zone Cultural mapping + management of ancestral domains
lands

The ECAN Zones management guidelines are founded on environmental, socio-economic, and
governance objectives to attain the overall goal of sustainability of resource uses. These
objectives should be satisfied in the formulation of guidelines to manage the ECAN zones.

Each of the ECAN zones can be thought of as responding to basic needs and sustainable
development objectives. As a tool for land and water use planning, the ECAN ensures the
objectives enumerated in the last column of the following table.
 Zonal goals, management framework, and objectives of ECAN zoning

ECAN Zones Zonal goals Zonal management framework Objectives of ECAN

zones management
(SEP Law, Section 7)

Core zone Ecological Integrity Biodiversity conservation; Coastal 1. forest conservation and
(land and water) resource and MPA management protection,
(for coastal/marine component)
2. protection of watersheds,
Buffer zone: Water Sufficiency Watershed management
Restricted use area 3. preservation of biological
diversity,
Buffer zone: Food Security Upland forest management;
Controlled use areas and Upland stabilization 4. protection of indigenous peoples
Traditional use areas and preservation of their culture,

Multiple use zone Food Security and Lowland and urban area 5. maintenance of maximum
(land and water) Sustainable Industries management; Coastal resource sustainable yield,
and Services and MPA management (for
coastal/marine component) 6. protection of rare and
endangered species and their
habitat, and

7. provision of areas for

environmental research, education,
and training, and

8. provision of areas for tourism

and recreation.

Although this way of looking at the ECAN zones can be reductive since the whole network of
the ECAN aims to satisfy all the zonal goals in the second and third columns it is instructive
in showing how the ECAN is a holistic strategy to achieve human well-being.

The figure below illustrates the positive reinforcing impacts of SEP-ECAN to achieving
societal well-being and holism. The balance of ecological stability and economic
development is the main driver of water sufficiency and food security, which in turn are
driven by our increased knowledge capacity and maturing governance.

Figure 1. The positive reinforcing benefits of SEP-ECAN.

Thus, the expected lasting benefit of SEP, through the management of ECAN Zones, is the
continuous build-up of necessary ecological, economic, and social infrastructures to realize a
self-sustaining green economy. The guidelines delineating the allowable activities and sample
strategies within the ECAN zones are enumerated in the table below.

Table X. Activities allowed in the ECAN zones (from PCSD Resolution 05-250 and PCSD
Resolution 06-270) vis a vis general and specific strategies in each zone
 Component ECAN zone General Specific Allowable activities within the
strategies strategies management zone
Terrestrial Core zone Biodiversity Protection and None, except for:
conservation preservation
(i) traditional uses of tribal
Conservation communities for minimal and
and sustainable soft impact gathering of forest
use species for ceremonial and
religious purposes, and
Livelihood
support (ii) ecotourism activities as per
PCSD Resolution 06-270.

Buffer zone - Biodiversity Protection and Limited and non-consumptive

Restricted use conservation preservation activities which include:

Watershed Restoration gathering of wild honey;

management
Rehabilitation almaciga tapping;

Conservation soft-impact recreational

and sustainable activities (hiking, sight-seeing,
use bird watching);

Livelihood research;
support
sustainable activities of
indigenous peoples;

ecosystem restoration or
rehabilitation; and

ecotourism activities as per

PCSD Resolution 06-270.

Buffer zone - Biodiversity Protection and Strictly controlled mining;

Controlled use conservation preservation
strictly controlled logging which
Watershed Restoration is not for profit (i.e., communal
management forest, CBFM, etc.);
Rehabilitation
Upland forest almaciga tapping;
management Conservation
and sustainable tourism development;
use
research;
Livelihood
support grazing;

gathering of honey, rattan, and

other minor forest products.

Buffer zone - Biodiversity Protection and Upland stabilization program;

Traditional use conservation preservation
catchment management;
Watershed Restoration
management hillside farming;
Rehabilitation
Upland forest industrial tree plantation;
management Conservation
and sustainable reforestation;
Upland use
stabilization integrated social forestry;
Livelihood
support community-based forest
management.

Multiple use Biodiversity Protection and Timber extraction with

zone conservation preservation community-based forest
management;
Watershed Restoration
management grazing and pastures;
Rehabilitation
Upland forest agriculture;
management Reclamation or
conversion to infrastructure and industrial
Upland other uses development;
stabilization
Conservation recreation;
Lowland and and sustainable
urban area use education;
management
Livelihood research;
 support
and other sustainable activities.

Coastal/Marine Coastal/Marine CRM + MPA Protection and None, except for:

core zone Management preservation
navigation purposes of the local
Conservation fishing communities where there
and sustainable are no alternative routes;
use
emergency situations such as
Livelihood navigational routes to save life
support and property;

researches previously authorized

by PCSD; and

ecotourism activities as per

PCSD Resolution 06-270.

Coastal/Marine CRM + MPA Protection and Habitat restoration,

multiple use Management preservation rehabilitation and enhancement
zone activities;
Transition/Buffe Restoration
r zone soft-impact activities
Rehabilitation (swimming/snorkeling; non-
motored boating (row boats,
Conservation kayaks, canoes, wind surfing,
and sustainable etc.);
use
guided scuba diving;
Livelihood
support fishing using highly-selected
gears (i.e., hook & line and gill
net) with specification to be
determined by studies;

pre-approved visit or educational

activities;

installation of environmental
information boards);

and resource enhancement

activities.

Coastal/Marine CRM + MPA Protection and All sustainable human activities,

multiple use Management preservation with certain development
zone endeavors subject to the EIA
Sustainable/Gen Restoration system and to other policies
eral use zone regulating development projects.
Rehabilitation

Reclamation or
conversion to
other uses

Conservation
and sustainable
use

Livelihood
support
Tribal ancestral Management Management Activities based on the material
lands strategies that strategies that and cultural needs of the
may be identified may be identified indigenous peoples.
through through
consultative consultative
processes and processes and
cultural mapping cultural mapping
Ancestral Management Management Cultural activities performed by
coastal/marine strategies that strategies that IPs according to their religious
waters may be identified may be identified rites and heritage
through through
consultative consultative IP activities related to their
processes and processes and subsistence and tradition
cultural mapping cultural mapping
 APPENDIX F
SUGGESTED OUTLINE OF THE MUNICIPAL
ECAN-BASED CLUP

The integrated ECAN Plan-CLUP is to be called the municipal E-CLUP (ECAN-based CLUP).
The recommended structure and contents by the HLURB Guidebook (Volume 1) will be the
template for the E-CLUP and will be intersected with the chapters of the ECAN Plan and the
minimum requirements provided for in the Provincial Administrative Code.

Those highlighted in yellow are the additional requirements for Municipal CLUP as prescribed
by the Provincial Administrative Code. Most of the additions that only provide details on major
elements are excluded. Those highlighted in dark green are proposed additional
sections/chapters.

In the HLURB Guidebook (Vol. 1, 2006), the CLUP document is to be presented and packaged
in three (3) volumes:

Volume I The Comprehensive Land Use Plan

Volume 2 Zoning Ordinance
Volume 3 Sectoral Studies (a documentation of the supporting studies undertaken to arrive at
the final CLUP)

The following is the suggested outline for E-CLUP.

VOLUME 1 The COMPREHENSIVE LAND USE PLAN

This comprises the formal and substantive elements of the CLUP/ZO. It has the following
outline:

PRELIMINARY PAGES
RESOLUTION adopting the ECAN-based CLUP and enacting the ZO
FOREWORD
Acknowledgement
Table of Contents
List of Maps
List of Figures
List of Tables
List of Abbreviations

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

INTRODUCTION

Purpose and Scope of the E-CLUP

Legal Bases of the E-CLUP

BRIEF PROFILE OF CITY/MUNICIPALITY (GENERAL INFORMATION)

Brief History
Human Resource
Population (size, growth rate, density, distribution, labor force)
Current population (urban and rural)
Projected population
Urbanization and migration patterns
Population by average monthly income
Tenurial status (if there are leaseholder or EP/CLOA holder within the area)
Geographic Location
Territorial jurisdiction
Physical Environment
Barangay subdivision
Topography and Slope
 Present Use of Land
Climate
Geology
Soils
Hydrology
Oceanography
Surface Water
Total Land Area
Biological Environment
Forest Resources
Wildlife Resources and Biodiversity
Coastal and Marine Resources
Social Condition
Dependency Ratios
Religious Affiliation and Ethnicity
Health and Nutrition
Education Status
Housing and Basic Utilities
Physical/Infrastructure Resources (Inventory of Maps and Tables)
Transportation Network (internal and external linkages)
Social Services facilities/utilities/amenities
Utilities: Power, Water, Communication Network, Waste Management
The Economic Structure
Revenue sources (Industries, agriculture, fisheries, tourism, etc.)
Employment
Average Family Income and Expenditure vis--vis Poverty Level
Existing Land Use and Land Use Trends
ECAN Zones
Comparative/Competitive Advantages
Weaknesses: Priority issues and concerns
Functional Role of the City/Municipality

THE ECAN-BASED COMPREHENSIVE LAND USE PLAN

Vision / Mission
Goals, Objectives, Strategies
Guiding Principles
The Concept/Structure Plan (text and map)
The ECAN-based Land Use Plan (Text and Map Format)
Priority Programs and Projects

GLOSSARY OF TERMS

REFERENCES

THE CLUP BROCHURE

Suggested as a one-page information material containing Vision/Mission, Goals, Objectives,
ECAN-based Land Use Plan Map and ECAN-based Priority Programs and Projects

VOLUME 2 The ZONING ORDINANCE (ZO)

This volume presents the locally enacted ordinance embodying, among other things, the
regulations affecting uses allowed or disallowed in each zone or district.

Volume 2 has two parts:

A. The Zoning Ordinance (text)

1. SB/SP Resolution enacting the ZO
2. Title and objectives of the Ordinance
3. Substantive elements comprising articles on the following:
Definition of Terms
ECAN-based Zone Classifications
ECAN-based Zone Regulations and Guidelines
 General District Regulation
Innovative Techniques
Miscellaneous Provisions
Mitigating Devices
Administration and Enforcement

B. The ECAN-based Zoning Map

This is the Official ECAN-based Zoning Map enacted by the LGU and duly ratified and
authenticated by the approving body (Sangguniang Panlalawigan/HLURB) which is an integral
part of the Zoning Ordinance. It is the graphic presentation of the zone
classifications/designations, location and boundaries of the districts/zones that were duly
established in the zoning ordinance.

VOLUME 3 THE SECTORAL STUDIES

This volume provides the detailed documentation of the sectoral studies conducted to serve as
bases for the CLUP preparation. The presentation and documentation have the following major
sections:

1. Demography
2. Physical/ environment
3. Social sector
Housing
Health
Education
Protective Services
Sports and Recreation
Social Welfare

4. Economic Sector
Industry
Commerce and Trade
Agriculture
Fisheries
Livestock and Poultry
Forestry
Mining
Tourism

5. Infrastructure and Utilities Sectors

Transportation
Power
Water
Communication

6. Land Use
Land Classification
Existing Land Use
Land/Sea Cover Classification

7. Environmental Management
Environmentally Critical Areas
Environmentally Critical Projects
Solid Waste Management
Resource Assessment and Management
ECAN
Ecological Footprint