33

...
:
2
:
:
:
:
:
FCE-93-MEF-10 :

2
FCE-93-MEF-10 1393
.1 13 ..................................................
.1-1 13 ...............................................................................
.2-1 15 ........................................................................
.2 19 ..............................................................................................
.1-2 23 .................................................................................................
.2-2 25 ......................................................................................................... NEDC FTP 75
.3-2 26............................................................................... PEMS
.4-2 29 ............................................................................... (PEMS)
.3 40 .............................................................................................................
.1-3 40 ......................................................................
.2-3 41 ..........................................................................................................
.3-3 43 .......................................................................................................................................
.1-3-3 44 ...............................................................................................................
.2-3-3 63 .......................................................................................................
.3-3-3 64 .............................................................................................................
.4-3-3 64 .............................................................................................................................
.4 69...........................................................................................................................
.1-4 69..................................................................
.2-4 72 .................................................................
.3-4 75 .....................................................................
.4-4 78 ...........................................
.5 81 ..........................................................................................
.1-5 81 .............................................................
.2-5 82 ........................................................................................
.1-2-5 85 ..........
.2-2-5 87 ........
.3-5 88 ..................................................... )VSP(
.1-3-5 88 .................................................................................................................. VSP

.2-3-5 88 ................................................................................................................... IVE
.3-3-5 89 ..............................................................VSP
.4-3-5 91 ...........................................IVE
.5-3-5 IVE 100 ...................
.6 102 ....................................................................................
.1-6 2 102.................................................................................................... 4
.2-6 106 ...........................................................................................
.3-6 107...............................................................................................
.7 109 .........................................................................................................................
.1-7109...........................................................................................................................................
.1-1-7 109 .................................................................
.2-1-7 110 ..............................................................................................................
.2-7 110............................................................................. 2
.3-7 113........................................................................................
.4-7 113..........................................................................
.5-7 114..............................................................................
.6-7 115...............................................................................................
1-1 14.......................................
2-1 ( )
15...........................................................................................................................
3-1 16 ..........................
4-1 ( )
17..............................................................................................................
1-2
1392 ECE
FTP
/ 22.............................................................. .
2-2 23............................. 2
.3-2
( )24.........................................................
.4-2
( ) 24.............................................
.5-2
( ) 25.............................................
6-2 405 104000
26 ............................................................................................................................ NEDC FTP75
7-2 31...................................... CO2
8-2 31................................ CO
9-2 32.............................. NOX
10-2 32.............................. HC
11-2 33.....................
12-2 33..................................................... CO2
13-2 34............................................... CO
14-2 34............................................. NOX
15-2 35............................................... HC
16-2 35......................................
17-2 37...2
18-2
1392 ECE
FTP 7-2 38.......
1-3 44.............................................................
2-3 46 ...................................................
3-3 49................................................................
4-3 CO2 51
5-3 CO 51.
6-3 HC
52...............................................................................................................................................
7-3 NOX
52...............................................................................................................................................
8-3
53...............................................................................................................................................
.9-3 CO CO2 .
.
55...........................................
.10-3 NOX HC . HC

. NOX
EXTREME VALUE 56 ........ .
11-3 CO CO2 .
. T LOCATION SCALE
. CO
57................................................................................................... .
12-3 NOX HC . HC
EXTREME VALUE . NOX
LOGNORMAL 58............................................................ .
13-3 .
CO2
59................................................................. .
.1-4 69 ............................................................................
.2-4 69 ...........................................................................
.3-4 70..................................................................
.4-4 70........................................................................
.5-4 70.....................................................................................
.6-4 72......................................................
.7-4 72.....................................................
.8-4 73............................................
.9-4 73..................................................
.10-4 73.............................................................
.11-4 74.....................
.12-4 75..................................................
.13-4 75.................................................
.14-4 76 ........................................
.15-4 76 ..............................................
.16-4 76 ...........................................................
.17-4 77............................
.18-4 78..............................
.19-4 78.....................
.1-5 82...................................
.2-5 82.........................................
.3-5 83........................
.4-5 83..............................
.5-5 83............................................
.6-5 ( ) 84...................
.7-5 ( 4) 84.................
8-5 VSP
( /) 90...........
.10-5 IVE
92.........................................................................
.11-5 IVE
93......................................................................
.12-5 IVE
94.......................................................................
. .13-5 IVE
95...........................................................
. .14-5 IVE
96 .............................................................
. .15-5 IVE
97.........................................................
.16-5 IVE
98....................................................................
.17-5 IVE
99................................................................
.18-5 60 IVE
( / /) 100 ...............................................
1-6 2 103 .................................. 4
2-6 2 104 ......................... 4
3-6 CO 2 104 .................... 4
4-6 HC+NOX 2 105 ............ 4
.5-6 TRL 107 ....................................
.1-7 110 ....................................................................................
.2-7 110 ................................................................................
3-7 ECE 112 ............................................. .NEDC
.4-7 114 .....................
.5-7 115 ............................
.6-7 TRL 116 ....................................
1-1 13......................................................
2-1 15.....................................................
1-2 ( )
) (BAG 1392
1382 19......................................... 2
2-2 21..........................
3-2 21.............
4-2 405 104000 25 NEDC FTP75
5-2 27.. AVL
6-2 28......................................................... PEMS
7-2 29.........................................................................
8-2 7-2
36 .....................................................................................................
1-3 .
40.................................................................................. .
2-3 .
42.................................................................................. .
3-3 45..................................
4-3 46 .................................
5-3 47..................................
6-3 49......................................
7-3 .
53................................................................................................... .
8-3 .
54................................................................................................... .
9-3 .
60 ........................................................................................... .
10-3 .
60 ........................................................................................... .
11-3 . 61 .......................
12-3 . 61 .............................
13-3 . 62 ....................
14-3 . 62 ..........................
15-3
63 ...........................................................................................................
16-3 63 ......................................................................... AVL DICOM 4000
17-3 64 ................................
18-3
65 ..........................................................................................................................................
19-3
67 .................................................................................................
20-3
67 ................................................
.1-4 71.........................
.2-4 ( ) 71............................................................... 2
.3-4 75.......................
.4-4 77...........................................................................................
.5-4 77.........................
.1-5
85................................................ .TRL
.2-5 ( )
.1 :.2 .3 .4 87........
.3-5 ( / ) 91.................VSP
1-6 102 .......................................
.2-6 .1 :
.2 106 .............................
.3-6 .1 :
.2 106 ..............................
.1-7 109 ....................................................................
9

2-7 110 ...........

3-7
111 ........................................................................................................................................
.4-7 ( ) 113 ............................................................. 2
.5-7 114 ..............................................................
.6-7 115 .....................
10

20
30 1000
. :
2
HC+NOx CO 2.36 2 2 .
2.

.
(
) 2.

NOx HC CO
40 40 -5 34 120 104 80 120
.
)CO (g/km )6.952 2.564 (95%

)HC (g/km )0.394 0.019 (95%
)NOX (g/km )1.309 0.569 (95%
)Fuel Cons. (lit/100 km )13.333 1.574 (95%
11
:
12
:
.1
.1-1
.
.

.
.
32
1382 .
. 65
10 1382
( ) ( )
2 .
.
. 1-1
. 1
.
1-1 . 2-1
.
.
1-1
)(CC ()km
1 91 14000
2 90 20000
3 89 43000
Siemens 1323 9.7
4 89 44000
5 88 78000
6 86 200000
7 EF7 1657 11 92 4700
8 89 23000

9 XU7 JPL3 1761 9.3 90 40000
10 88 80000
13
:
)(CC ()km
11 XU7 JPL3 1761 9.3 89 97400
12 XU7 JP4 1989 10.4 83 113000

13 91 30000
405 XU7 JPL3 1761 9.3
14 89 72000
15 90 47000
16 90 55000
17 XU7 JPL3 1761 9.3 89 69000
18 89 95000
19 89 173000
20 206 TU5 1657 10.8 91 33000
21 10.8 89 35000
22 TU5 1657 10.8 89 92000
23 10.8 89 94000
206
24 88 111000
25 TU3 1396 10.2 88 115000
26 88 129000
27 90 56000
OHV 1596 9.5
28 90 75000
29 OHV 1596 9.5 83 300000
30 90 26000
31 90 K4M 1598 10 91 30000
32 88 115000
1-1
14
:
2-1 ( )

.2-1
20 . 2-1
.
3-1 .
4-1 .
.
2-1
)(CC ()km
1 XU7 JPL3 1761 9.3 90 45000
2 405 XU7 JPL3 1761 9.3 89 104000
3 XU7 JPL3 1761 9.3 90 49000
4 Siemens 1323 9.7 91 26000
5 OHV 1596 9.5 88 65000
6 XU7 JPL3 1761 9.3 89 193000
7 206 TU5 1657 10.8 87 70000
15
:
8 S81 1500 9.7 90 23000
9 206 TU3 1396 10.2 88 100000
10 S81 1500 9.7 90 77000
11 132SX M13 1323 9.7 89 95000
12 90 K4M 1598 10 90 50000
13 EF7 1657 11 87 92000
14 90 K4M 1598 10 89 44000
15 405 XU7 JPL3 1761 9.3 90 53000
16 90 K4M 1598 10 90 17000
17 XU7 JPL3 1761 9.3 87 68000
18 XU7 JPL3 1761 9.3 89 47000
19 Siemens 1323 9.7 91 63000
20 206 TU5 1657 10.8 89 31000
3-1
16
:
4-1 ( )

17
:
18
:
.2
( ) bag
. 3 . 1-2

. .
1-2 ( )
) (bag 1392
1382 2
Engine Odometer Driving CO2 CO HC NOx Fuel Cons HC+NOx

No. Vehicle Name
Type )(km Cycle )(g/km )(g/km )(g/km )(g/km )(Lit/100km )(g/km
1 SAMAND LX XU7 45000 NEDC 194.0 2.906 0.175 0.431 8.38 0.606
FTP7
200.1 5.363 0.375 1.358 8.14 1.733
2 PEUGEOT 405 XU7 L3 104000 5
NEDC 178.8 4.081 0.404 1.447 7.85 1.851
PEUGEOT
3 XU7 L3 49000 NEDC 181.5 6.578 0.789 2.109 8.18 2.898
PARS
Siemen FTP7
4 PRIDE 26000 150.6 1.097 0.125 0.228 5.93 0.354
s 5
FTP7
5 ROA OHV 65000 196.8 2.325 0.052 0.529 7.80 0.715
5
PEUGEOT FTP7
6 XU7 193000 221.7 5.337 0.157 0.822 8.95 0.980
PARS 5
PEUGEOT 206 FTP7
7 TU5 70000 170.8 1.522 0.020 0.143 6.72 0.164
SD 5
FTP7
8 TIBA S81 23000 155.7 2.828 0.093 0.371 6.23 0.464
5
9 PEUGEOT 206 TU3 100000 NEDC 146.0 0.471 0.079 0.073 6.18 0.151
10 TIBA S81 77000 NEDC 142.3 1.877 0.099 0.409 6.12 0.508
11 PRIDE 132 SX M13 95000 NEDC 138.8 1.813 0.254 0.894 5.99 1.148
12 TONDAR 90 K4M 50000 NEDC 159.8 0.390 0.094 0.046 6.76 0.140
13 SAMAND LX EF7 92000 NEDC 189.1 3.831 0.242 0.382 8.24 0.624
14 TONDAR 90 K4M 44000 NEDC 152.2 0.496 0.123 0.138 6.45 0.261
15 PEUGEOT 405 XU7 53000 NEDC 188.9 6.350 1.036 1.924 8.51 2.960
16 TONDAR 90 K4M 17000 NEDC 162.9 0.204 0.044 0.034 6.87 0.077
17 SAMAND LX XU7 68000 NEDC 188.5 1.250 0.174 0.185 8.03 0.359
19
:
18 SAMAND LX XU7 47000 NEDC 192.4 1.929 0.155 0.424 8.24 0.579
19 PRIDE 141 M13 63000 NEDC 131.4 3.176 0.902 1.634 5.86 2.536
PEUGEOT 206
20 TU5 31000 NEDC 156.9 0.915 0.071 0.241 6.67 0.312
SD
1-2 NEDC
FTP 75 . 405
.
2 . CO
. 1-2 NOx HC
2 HC+NOx CO 2
.
2
( 30 ) . CO HC
.
2
.
1-2
1392 .
1000 .
2 .
1-2 8 20 40
2 - .
2-2 .
(
) . 2-2
2 .
20
:
2-2
CO2 CO HC NOx Fuel Cons HC+NOx
)(g/km )(g/km )(g/km )(g/km )(Lit/100km )(g/km
Average 171.4 2.607 0.260 0.658 7.24 0.925
Standard deviation 23.5 1.9 0.3 0.6 1.0 0.9
Average after deletion of outlier

171.4 2.408 0.193 0.586 7.24 0.612
data
20
:
3-2
Emission Factor (With 95% 171.4 2.408 0.193 0.586 7.24 0.612
)Confidence 40.6 3.037 0.296 0.961 1.72 0.865
21
7
Peugeot pars-49
PEUGEOT 405-53
Peugeot Pars-193 Peugeot 405 -FTP -104
4 Peugeot 405-NEDC -104

SAMAND LX-92
pride 141-63
)CO (gr/km
3 SAMAND LX-45
TIBA-23
ROA-65
22
2 SAMAND LX-47
TIBA-77 Pride 132sx-95
Peugeot 206 sd-70
SAMAND LX-68
Pride -26
1 PEUGEOT 206 SD-31
Peugeot 206-100
Renault L90-44
Renault L90-50 )HC+NOx (gr/km
RENAULT L90-17
0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5
1-2 1392
ECE FTP /
.
:
3.0 8
Chassis Results
Average
7
2.5
)Fuel consumption (lit/100 km

Euro 2 limit 6
2.0
)Emissions (gr/km
1.5 4
3
1.0
2
Euro 2 limit
0.5
1
0.0 0
2-2 2
.1-2
3-2 5-2
. NOx HC CO .
23
:
)CO Emission (gr/km 4
0
0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000
)Odometer (km
.3-2
( )
0.45
0.4
0.35
)HC Emission (gr/km
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000
)Odometer (km
.4-2
( )
24
:
1.6
1.4
)NOx Emission (gr/km

1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 120000
)Odometer (km
.5-2
( )
.2-2 NEDC FTP 75

NEDC FTP75 405 104000
. 4-2
CO FTP 24 NEDC NOx HC
NEDC FTP . 6-2

.

.
4-2 405 104000 NEDC FTP75

Driving Cycle
FTP75 200.1 5.363 0.375 1.358 8.14 1.733
NEDC 178.8 4.081 0.404 1.447 7.85 1.851
%Difference 10.6 23.9 -7.7 -6.6 3.6 -6.8
25
:
6
FTP NEDC
5
4
gr/km
0
CO HC NOx HC+NOx
6-2 405 104000 FTP75
NEDC
.3-2 PEMS
AVL DiCom 4000 NDIR1
2
NOx HC .
AVL .
) (PEMS . AVL
. 5-2
. AVL 20
.

AVL .
1
Nondispersive infrared sensor
2
Response Time
26
:
AVL 5-2
Vehicle CO2 CO HC NOx Fuel Cons

Vehicle Name Test Type Phase
Number (g/km) (g/km) (g/km) (g/km) (Lit/100km)
PEMS 228.0 4.350 0.080 1.048 7.41
PEUGEOT 405
2 Chassis phase 1 230.6 6.236 0.929 1.501 10.24
(NEDC)
ratio 1.01 1.43 11.67 1.43 1.38
PEMS 207.0 4.274 0.065 0.728 6.74
PEUGEOT 405
2 Chassis phase 2 215.7 4.696 0.268 1.084 8.69
(FTP75)
ratio 1.04 1.10 4.10 1.49 1.29
PEMS 151.3 5.411 0.060 1.680 5.04
3 PEUGEOT PARS Chassis total 181.5 6.578 0.789 2.109 8.18
ratio 1.20 1.22 13.20 1.26 1.62
PEMS 118.5 1.266 0.018 0.235 3.80
4 PRIDE Chassis phase 3 131.4 1.408 0.149 0.352 5.20
ratio 1.11 1.11 8.34 1.50 1.37
PEMS 167.0 4.943 0.039 0.573 5.51
6 PEUGEOT PARS Chassis phase 3 193.9 6.450 0.180 0.897 7.94
ratio 1.16 1.30 4.65 1.56 1.44
PEMS 134.8 1.958 0.015 0.422 4.35
8 TIBA Chassis phase 3 143.3 3.249 0.105 0.522 5.77
ratio 1.06 1.66 7.05 1.24 1.33
PEMS 133.2 0.379 0.013 0.045 4.22
9 PEUGEOT 206 Chassis total 146.0 0.471 0.079 0.073 6.18
ratio 1.10 1.24 6.28 1.61 1.46
PEMS 111.1 1.677 0.017 0.311 3.59
10 TIBA Chassis total 121.7 2.211 0.053 0.469 5.27
ratio 1.10 1.32 3.21 1.51 1.47
PEMS 123.9 1.371 0.022 0.564 3.98
11 PRIDE 132SX Chassis total 138.8 1.813 0.254 0.894 5.99
ratio 1.12 1.32 11.56 1.58 1.51
PEMS 134.2 0.275 0.011 0.021 4.2
12 TONDAR 90 Chassis total 159.8 0.390 0.094 0.046 6.8
ratio 1.19 1.42 8.36 2.15 1.59
PEMS 150.4 0.401 0.027 0.096 4.8
14 TONDAR 90 Chassis total 152.2 0.496 0.123 0.138 6.5
ratio 1.01 1.24 4.56 1.43 1.35
PEMS 112.0 0.174 0.017 0.022 3.5
16 TONDAR 90 Chassis phase 2 135.2 0.203 0.020 0.027 5.7
ratio 1.21 1.17 1.20 1.23 1.61
PEMS 248.4 1.433 0.051 0.156 7.9
17 SAMAND LX Chassis phase 1 263.9 2.145 0.387 0.309 11.3
ratio 1.06 1.50 7.63 1.98 1.43
PEMS 190.2 1.615 0.023 0.293 6.1
18 SAMAND LX Chassis total 192.4 1.929 0.155 0.424 8.2
ratio 1.01 1.19 6.83 1.45 1.36
27
:
Vehicle CO2 CO HC NOx Fuel Cons

Vehicle Name Test Type Phase
Number )(g/km) (g/km) (g/km) (g/km) (Lit/100km
PEMS 154.1 3.687 0.121 0.935 5.1
19 PRIDE 141 Chassis phase 1 177.4 4.541 1.365 1.425 7.9
ratio 1.15 1.23 11.31 1.52 1.57
PEMS 145.7 0.691 0.026 0.163 4.6
20 PEUGEOT 206 SD Chassis phase 2 156.9 0.915 0.071 0.241 6.7
ratio 1.08 1.32 2.68 1.48 1.44
5-2 6-2
. .
PEMS .
1.1 CO2 1.27 CO 6.63 HC 1.48 NOx 1.45 .
6-2 PEMS
Correction Factors
Vehicle Number
CO2 CO HC NOx Fuel Cons
)2(NEDC 1.01 1.43 11.67 1.43 1.38
)2(FTP 1.04 1.10 4.10 1.49 1.29
3 1.20 1.22 13.20 1.26 1.62
4 1.11 1.11 8.34 1.50 1.37
6 1.16 1.30 4.65 1.56 1.44
8 1.06 1.66 7.05 1.24 1.33
9 1.10 1.24 6.28 1.61 1.46
10 1.10 1.32 3.21 1.51 1.47
11 1.12 1.32 11.56 1.58 1.51
12 1.19 1.42 8.36 2.15 1.59
14 1.01 1.24 4.56 1.43 1.35
16 1.21 1.17 1.20 1.23 1.61
17 1.06 1.50 7.63 1.98 1.43
18 1.01 1.19 6.83 1.45 1.36
19 1.15 1.23 11.31 1.52 1.57
20 1.08 1.32 2.68 1.48 1.44
Average 1.10 1.30 7.04 1.53 1.45
Standard deviation 0.07 0.14 3.45 0.23 0.10
Average after deletion
1.10 1.27 6.63 1.48 1.45
of outlier data
28
:
.4-2 )(PEMS

( )4 .
.
4
. 7-2 7-2 11-2 .
CO2
CO . HC
NOx .
12-2 16-2
.
. .
7-2
)Emission Factors (gr/km) & Fuel Cons. (Lit/100km
Vehicle Milage
No. Test type CO2 CO HC NOx Fuel Cons. HC+NOx
Name )(km
Chassis 45000 194.0 2.906 0.175 0.431 8.38 0.606
1 SAMAND LX PEMS 40000 298.5 8.86 0.424 1.246 17.8 1.670
%difference 35.0 67.2 58.6 65.4 52.8 63.7
Chassis 104000 200.1 5.332 0.375 1.358 8.14 1.733
PEUGEOT
2 PEMS 72000 241.8 6.86 0.383 0.978 14.4 1.361
405
%difference 17.2 22.3 2.1 -38.8 43.4 -27.3
Chassis 104000 178.8 4.081 0.404 1.447 7.85 1.851
PEUGEOT
2 PEMS 72000 241.8 6.86 0.383 0.978 14.4 1.361
405
%difference 26.0 40.5 -5.5 -47.9 45.4 -36.0
Chassis 49000 181.5 6.578 0.789 2.109 8.18 2.898
PEUGEOT
3 PEMS 47000 190.9 9.04 0.558 2.602 11.5 3.159
PARS
%difference 4.9 27.2 -41.4 18.9 28.8 8.3
Chassis 65000 196.8 2.325 0.186 0.529 7.80 0.715
5 ROA PEMS 65000 222.1 2.20 0.366 0.397 11.2 4.781
%difference 11.4 -5.6 49.1 -33.4 30.3 85.0
Chassis 193000 221.7 5.337 0.157 0.822 8.95 0.980
PEUGEOT
6 PEMS 173000 230.8 11.18 0.426 1.047 14.1 1.473
PARS
%difference 4.0 52.3 63.1 21.5 36.4 33.5
Chassis 23000 155.7 2.828 0.093 0.371 6.23 0.464
8 TIBA PEMS 23000 189.3 5.29 0.117 0.975 11.2 1.092
%difference 17.7 46.6 20.9 61.9 44.6 57.5
10 TIBA Chassis 77000 142.3 1.877 0.099 0.409 6.12 0.508
29
:
Emission Factors (gr/km) & Fuel Cons. (Lit/100km)

Vehicle Milage
No. Test type CO2 CO HC NOx Fuel Cons. HC+NOx
Name (km)
PEMS 77000 218.4 3.15 0.079 0.507 12.7 0.586
%difference 34.8 40.4 -25.6 19.4 52.0 13.3
Chassis 95000 138.8 1.813 0.254 0.894 5.99 1.148
PEMS 44000 185.7 3.94 0.237 0.348 10.9 0.585
11 PRIDE 132SX
-
%difference 25.2 54.0 -7.4 45.2 -96.2
156.6
Chassis 44000 152.2 0.496 0.123 0.138 6.45 0.261
14 TONDAR 90 PEMS 44000 243.9 1.51 0.063 0.147 14.1 0.210
%difference 37.6 67.1 -94.7 5.7 54.2 -24.5
Chassis 17000 162.9 0.204 0.044 0.034 6.87 0.077
16 TONDAR 90 PEMS 3200 181.4 0.24 0.125 0.025 10.4 0.150
%difference 10.2 14.8 65.1 -32.1 34.2 48.7
Chassis 47000 192.4 1.929 0.155 0.424 8.24 0.579
18 SAMAND LX PEMS 47000 247.4 4.94 0.030 0.746 14.5 0.777
%difference 22.2 61.0 -407.6 43.2 43.3 25.5
Chassis 63000 131.4 3.176 0.902 1.634 5.86 2.536
19 PRIDE 141 PEMS 63000 171.2 5.63 0.605 2.749 10.2 3.353
%difference 23.2 43.6 -49.1 40.5 42.8 24.4
Chassis 31000 156.9 0.915 0.071 0.241 6.67 0.312
PEUGEOT
20 PEMS 31000 239.2 3.12 0.142 0.360 13.9 0.502
206 SD
%difference 34.4 70.6 50.2 33.0 52.1 37.9
30
:
350
Chassis pems
300
250
)CO2 (gr/km
200
150
100
50
7-2 CO2
12
Chassis pems
10
8
)CO (gr/km
8-2 CO
31
:
3
Chassis pems
3
2
)NOx (gr/km
9-2 NOx
1.0
Chassis pems
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
)HC (gr/km
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
10-2 HC
32
:
20
Chassis pems
18
16
14
)Fuel Cons. (Lit/100 Km
12
10
11-2
250
y=x
)Chassis CO2 emission (g/km
200
150
150 200 250 300
)PEMS CO2 emission (g/km
12-2 CO2
33
:
6 y=x
)Chassis CO emission (g/km
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
)PEMS CO emission (g/km
13-2 CO
3.0
y=x
2.5
)Chassis NOx emission (g/km
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
)PEMS NOx emission (g/km
14-2 NOx
34
:
1.0
y=x
0.8
)Chassis HC emission (g/km
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
)PEMS HC emission (g/km
15-2 HC
14
13
y=x
)Chassis Fuel Cons. (lit/100km
12
11
10
5
10 12 14 16 18
)PEMS Fuel Cons. (lit/100km
16-2
8-2 12
. 17-2
2 . CO
35
:
1.8 2.4 2
HC+NOx 1.2 2.4 2 .

.
.
18-2 2 .
. ( )
.
. 18-2 2 12
17 2 3 12
25 2 .
8-2 7-2

Average Chassis 171.8 2.555 0.178 0.672 7.27 0.769
Average PEMS 215.7 5.20 0.281 0.797 12.6 1.053
36
:
5.5 14
5.0
Chassis Results Average 12
4.5
)Fuel consumption (lit/100 km

PEMS Results Average
4.0 10
)Emissions (gr/km
3.5
8
3.0
2.5
Euro 2 limit 6
2.0
1.5 4
1.0
2
Euro 2 limit
0.5
0.0 0
17-2 2
37
12
6-PEMS
10
1-PEMS 3-PEMS
2-PEMS
3-Chassis
6 6-Chassis 19-PEMS
8-PEMS )2-Chassis (FTP
18-PEMS
)CO (gr/km
4 11-PEMS )2-Chassis (NEDC
20-PEMS
38
10-PEMS 19-Chassis
8-Chassis 1-Chassis
5-Chassis
5-PEMS
2 18-Chassis 11-Chassis
14-PEMS 10-Chassis
20-Chassis
16-Chassis 14-Chassis
16-PEMS
0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
)HC+NOx (gr/km
18-2 1392
ECE FTP 7-2 .
:
39
:
.3
.1-3
1-1 1-3 .
g/kg fuel g/km .
.

.
1-3 .
.
Milage Fuel Cons.
Vehicle Name Unit CO2 CO HC NOx
)(km )(Lit/100km
g/km 150.5 2.69 0.030 0.658
PRIDE 14000 6.7
g/kg Fuel 3119.3 40.97 0.580 13.369
g/km 165.9 4.85 0.036 0.523
PRIDE 20000 7.4
g/kg Fuel 3112.8 83.88 0.638 9.201
g/km 180.5 6.64 0.043 0.644
PRIDE 43000 8.3
g/kg Fuel 3002.1 106.76 0.708 11.577
g/km 168.8 3.03 0.034 0.228
PRIDE 44000 7.5
g/kg Fuel 3087.2 52.46 0.652 4.301
g/km 161.2 2.06 0.048 0.698
PRIDE 78000 7.1
g/kg Fuel 3107.5 38.99 0.991 13.831
g/km 229.2 6.94 0.037 0.487
SAMAND LX 4700 10.4
g/kg Fuel 3027.4 90.89 0.509 7.173
g/km 271.3 6.82 0.060 0.815
SAMAND LX 40000 12.2
g/kg Fuel 3053.4 75.05 0.627 9.294
g/km 347.3 16.86 0.228 2.280
g/kg Fuel 2938.6 145.04 2.010 20.760
g/km 248.6 8.09 0.062 0.649
SOREN 97400 11.4
g/kg Fuel 3026.6 91.08 0.723 8.387
g/km 364.9 6.44 0.057 0.101
SARIR 113000 16.3
g/kg Fuel 3090.6 57.58 0.518 0.814
g/km 219.8 5.28 0.054 0.639
PEUGEOT 405 72000 9.9
g/kg Fuel 3059.6 70.55 0.748 8.772
PEUGEOT PARS 47000 g/km 173.5 6.95 0.079 1.700 7.9
40
:
Milage Fuel Cons.

(km) (Lit/100km)
g/kg Fuel 3004.2 118.85 1.479 28.859
g/km 187.7 2.64 0.047 0.768
PEUGEOT PARS 55000 8.3
g/kg Fuel 3101.4 43.23 0.806 12.746
g/km 210.6 6.46 0.024 0.590
g/kg Fuel 3012.4 97.04 0.367 8.496
g/km 221.1 5.82 0.041 0.650
g/kg Fuel 3050.4 76.18 0.564 8.922
g/km 230.9 11.18 0.43 1.047
g/kg Fuel 3293.7 145.04 5.96 15.207
g/km 225.6 7.87 0.037 1.563
PEUGEOT 206 SD 33000 10.3
g/kg Fuel 3007.5 103.65 0.478 23.034
g/km 184.3 10.03 0.031 0.492
PEUGEOT 206 35000 8.7
g/kg Fuel 2946.1 153.02 0.503 8.021
g/km 237.3 6.16 0.072 0.644
PEUGEOT 206 92000 10.7
g/kg Fuel 3045.7 78.48 0.944 8.461
g/km 2.22 0.080 0.232
PEUGEOT 206 94000
g/kg Fuel 16.34 0.550 1.942
g/km 191.3 2.99 0.046 1.277
PEUGEOT 206 8.5
111000 g/kg Fuel 3093.6 48.38 0.748 20.609
g/km 193.1 3.17 0.041 0.946
PEUGEOT 206 115000 8.6
g/kg Fuel 3079.5 58.95 0.639 14.600
g/km 197.0 2.99 0.046 1.277
PEUGEOT 206 129000 8.7
g/kg Fuel 3104.7 48.38 0.748 20.609
g/km 225.5 6.11 0.27 1.645
ROA 75000 9.2
g/kg Fuel 3370.2 91.08 4.24 23.343
g/km 229.5 12.15 0.577 2.814
PAYKAN 300000 10.6
g/kg Fuel 2983.9 159.95 7.170 36.946
g/km 164.9 0.18 0.018 0.017
TONDAR 90 3000 7.2
g/kg Fuel 3158.0 2.80 0.321 0.315
g/km 200.5 0.20 0.046 0.120
TONDAR 90 30000 8.7
g/kg Fuel 3165.1 2.46 0.774 2.357
g/km 179.2 0.66 0.025 0.121
TONDAR 90 115000 7.8
g/kg Fuel 3166.4 9.77 0.423 2.330
.2-3
AVL 2-2
. 2-2
41
:
3.45 6.63 HC 0.14 1.27 CO 0.07 1.1 CO2

. 0.10 1.45 0.23 1.48 NOx
1-3
. 2-3
. 2-3
.
Milage Fuel Cons.
(km) (Lit/100km)
g/km 165.6 3.42 0.199 0.974
PRIDE 14000 9.8
g/kg Fuel 3431.2 52.03 3.845 19.786
g/km 182.5 6.16 0.239 0.774
PRIDE 20000 10.9
g/kg Fuel 3424.1 106.53 4.230 13.617
g/km 198.6 8.43 0.285 0.953
PRIDE 43000 12.2
g/kg Fuel 3302.3 135.59 4.694 17.134
g/km 185.7 3.85 0.225 0.337
PRIDE 44000 11.0
g/kg Fuel 3395.9 66.62 4.323 6.365
g/km 177.3 2.62 0.318 1.033
PRIDE 78000 10.4
g/kg Fuel 3418.3 49.52 6.570 20.470
g/km 252.1 8.81 0.245 0.721
SAMAND LX 4700 15.3
g/kg Fuel 3330.1 115.43 3.375 10.616
g/km 298.4 8.66 0.398 1.206
g/kg Fuel 3358.7 95.31 4.157 13.755
g/km 382.0 21.41 1.512 3.374
g/kg Fuel 3232.5 184.20 13.326 30.725
g/km 273.5 10.27 0.411 0.961
SOREN 97400 16.8
g/kg Fuel 3329.3 115.67 4.793 12.413
g/km 401.4 8.18 0.378 0.149
SARIR 113000 24.0
g/kg Fuel 3399.7 73.13 3.434 1.205
g/km 241.8 6.71 0.358 0.946
PEUGEOT 405 72000 14.6
g/kg Fuel 3365.6 89.60 4.959 12.983
g/km 190.9 8.83 0.524 2.516
g/kg Fuel 3304.6 150.94 9.806 42.711
g/km 206.5 3.35 0.312 1.137
g/kg Fuel 3411.5 54.90 5.344 18.864
g/km 231.7 8.20 0.159 0.873
g/kg Fuel 3313.6 123.24 2.433 12.574
g/km 243.2 7.39 0.272 0.962
g/kg Fuel 3355.4 96.75 3.739 13.205
g/km 254.0 14.20 2.851 1.550
g/kg Fuel 3623.1 184.20 39.515 22.506
42
:
Milage Fuel Cons.

)(km )(Lit/100km
g/km 248.2 9.99 0.245 2.313
PEUGEOT 206 SD 33000 15.1
g/kg Fuel 3308.3 131.64 3.169 34.090
g/km 202.7 12.74 0.206 0.728
PEUGEOT 206 35000 12.8
g/kg Fuel 3240.7 194.34 3.335 11.871
g/km 261.0 7.82 0.477 0.953
PEUGEOT 206 92000 15.7
g/kg Fuel 3350.3 99.67 6.259 12.522
g/km 2.82 0.530 0.343
PEUGEOT 206 94000
g/kg Fuel 20.75 3.647 2.874
g/km 210.4 3.80 0.305 1.890
PEUGEOT 206 12.5
111000 g/kg Fuel 3403.0 61.44 4.959 30.501
g/km 212.4 4.03 0.272 1.400
PEUGEOT 206 115000 12.6
g/kg Fuel 3387.5 74.87 4.237 21.608
g/km 216.7 3.80 0.305 1.890 12.8
PEUGEOT 206 129000
g/kg Fuel 3415.2 61.44 4.959 30.501
g/km 248.1 7.76 1.790 2.435
ROA 75000 13.5
g/kg Fuel 3707.2 115.67 28.111 34.548
g/km 252.5 15.43 3.826 4.165
PAYKAN 300000 15.6
g/kg Fuel 3282.3 203.14 47.537 54.680
g/km 181.4 0.23 0.119 0.025
TONDAR 90 3000 10.6
g/kg Fuel 3473.8 3.56 2.128 0.466
g/km 220.6 0.25 0.305 0.178
TONDAR 90 30000 12.8
g/kg Fuel 3481.6 3.12 5.132 3.488
g/km 197.1 0.84 0.166 0.179
TONDAR 90 115000 11.5
g/kg Fuel 3483.0 12.41 2.804 3.448
.3-3

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
43
:

.

.
. 1-3
.
1-3
.1-3-3

. 10
405 .
.

. .
44
:

.
01 . ( ) ( 011)
3-3 .
3-3
TEST No )CO2(g/km )CO(g/km )HC(g/km )NOx(g/km )FC (lit/100km
1 267.8 1.942 0.0099 0.280 11.8
2 240.2 1.935 0.0098 0.196 10.6
3 273.8 1.810 0.0078 0.218 12.0
4 264.1 1.433 0.0086 0.151 11.6
5 264.3 2.505 0.0090 0.132 11.7
6 262.0 1.904 0.0079 0.139 11.5
7 267.5 1.363 0.0058 0.108 11.7
8 277.3 2.459 0.0085 0.134 12.2
9 262.9 1.832 0.0086 0.106 11.5
10 268.5 1.380 0.0061 0.100 11.8
2-3 10 4-3
.

.
1 2
80 80
)Speed(km/hr
)Speed(km/hr
60 60
40 40
20 20
0 0
0 50 100 150 200 250 0 100 200 300 400
)time(sec )time(sec
45
:
3 4
80 100
Speed(km/hr)
Speed(km/hr)
60
40 50
20
0 0
0 100 200 300 400 0 100 200 300 400 500
time(sec) time(sec)
5 6
100 100
Speed(km/hr)
Speed(km/hr)
50 50
0 0
0 100 200 300 400 500 0 100 200 300 400 500
time(sec) time(sec)
7 8
80 80
Speed(km/hr)
Speed(km/hr)
60 60
40 40
20 20
0 0
0 100 200 300 400 500 0 100 200 300 400 500
time(sec) time(sec)
9 10
100 100
Speed(km/hr)
Speed(km/hr)
50 50
0 0
0 100 200 300 400 500 0 100 200 300 400
time(sec) time(sec)
2-3
4-3
TESTS
KINEMATIC PARAMETER 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Total distance (m) 3311 4641 5426 7484 7287 7613 7319 7013 7631 7041
Total time (s) 220 332 333 471 451 457 438 441 463 390
Driving time (s) 219 331 332 470 450 456 437 440 462 389
Drive time (cruising time)(s) 80 83 105 141 133 104 142 131 141 158
Drive time spent accelerating (s) 93 135 140 189 190 200 172 182 188 138
46
:
Drive time spent decelerating (s) 46 113 87 140 127 152 123 127 133 93
Time spent braking (s) 46 113 87 140 127 152 123 127 133 93
Standing time (s) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
% of time driving 99.5 99.7 99.7 99.8 99.8 99.8 99.8 99.8 99.8 99.7
% of cruising 36.4 25.0 31.5 29.9 29.5 22.8 32.4 29.7 30.5 40.5
% of time accelerating 42.3 40.7 42.0 40.1 42.1 43.8 39.3 41.3 40.6 35.4
% of time decelerating 20.9 34.0 26.1 29.7 28.2 33.3 28.1 28.8 28.7 23.8
% of time braking 20.9 34.0 26.1 29.7 28.2 33.3 28.1 28.8 28.7 23.8
% of time standing 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3
Average speed (trip) (km/h) 54.2 50.3 58.7 57.2 58.2 60.0 60.2 57.2 59.3 65.0
Average driving speed (km/h) 54.4 50.5 58.8 57.3 58.3 60.1 60.3 57.4 59.5 65.2
Standard deviation of speed (km/h) 13.1 12.7 11.8 16.7 11.8 14.0 13.6 14.1 12.8 11.9
Speed: 75th - 25th percentile (km/h) 57.7 52.7 59.3 58.9 59.8 61.4 62.3 58.0 60.5 67.6
Maximum speed (km/h) 70 74 77 87 81 83 79 80 81 82
Average acceleration (m/s2) 0.08 0.03 0.06 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.05
Average positive acceleration (m/s2) 0.41 0.56 0.40 0.42 0.40 0.47 0.44 0.44 0.39 0.38
Average negative acceleration (m/s2) -0.44 -0.59 -0.41 -0.44 -0.44 -0.53 -0.46 -0.48 -0.43 -0.36
Standard deviation of accel. (m/s2) 0.37 1.07 0.42 0.42 0.41 0.59 0.48 0.46 0.39 0.33
Standard dev. of positive accel. (m/s2) 0.20 1.44 0.38 0.24 0.23 0.45 0.42 0.24 0.22 0.26
Accel: 75th - 25th percentile (m/s2) 0.10 0.03 0.08 0.06 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.07 0.06 0.06
Number of accelerations 45 54 69 96 100 94 86 89 102 95
Accelerations per km (/km) 13.6 11.6 12.7 12.8 13.7 12.3 11.7 12.7 13.4 13.5
Number of stops 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Stops per km (/km) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Average stop duration (s) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Average distance between stops (m) 3311 4641 5426 7484 7287 7613 7319 7013 7631 7041
Relative positive acceleration (m/s2) 0.15 0.23 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.18 0.15 0.16 0.14 0.12
Positive kinetic energy (m/s2) 0.29 0.40 0.29 0.29 0.30 0.36 0.30 0.32 0.28 0.23
) 011 ( ) ( . 01
5-3
5-3
TEST No CO2(g/km) CO(g/km) HC(g/km) NOx(g/km) FC (lit/100km)
1 263.1 1.373 0.0151 0.009 11.5
2 236.6 1.990 0.0163 0.047 10.4
3 283.3 1.405 0.0110 0.034 12.4
4 259.3 1.321 0.0115 0.031 11.4
5 294.3 1.730 0.0246 0.032 12.9
6 232.5 1.662 0.0217 0.040 10.2
7 209.1 1.727 0.0156 0.066 9.2
8 330.4 2.693 0.0162 0.058 14.5
9 216.7 0.759 0.0128 0.011 9.5
10 190.5 2.126 0.0124 0.056 8.4
47
:
6-3 10 3-3
.
1 2
60 60
Speed(km/hr)
Speed(km/hr)
40 40
20 20
0 0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 0 100 200 300 400 500
time(sec) time(sec)
3 4
60 60
Speed(km/hr)
Speed(km/hr)
40 40
20 20
0 0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 0 100 200 300 400 500 600
time(sec) time(sec)
5 6
60 60
Speed(km/hr)
Speed(km/hr)
40 40
20 20
0 0
0 200 400 600 800 0 100 200 300 400 500
time(sec) time(sec)
7 8
60 60
Speed(km/hr)
Speed(km/hr)
40 40
20 20
0 0
0 100 200 300 400 500 0 100 200 300 400 500 600
time(sec) time(sec)
48
:
9 10
60 80
Speed(km/hr)
Speed(km/hr)
60
40
40
20
20
0 0
0 100 200 300 400 500 0 100 200 300 400
time(sec) time(sec)
3-3
6-3
TESTS
KINEMATIC PARAMETER 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Total distance (m) 2895 2854 2548 2886 2789 2904 2935 1984 2872 2929
Total time (s) 581 501 593 584 675 494 436 559 473 392
Driving time (s) 535 425 489 505 558 438 435 349 426 335
Drive time (cruising time)(s) 115 104 116 116 136 110 92 80 104 97
Drive time spent accelerating (s) 226 164 172 186 196 162 175 119 169 129
Drive time spent decelerating (s) 194 157 201 203 226 166 168 150 153 109
Time spent braking (s) 194 157 201 203 226 166 168 150 153 109
Standing time (s) 46 76 104 79 117 56 1 210 47 57
% of time driving 92.1 84.8 82.5 86.5 82.7 88.7 99.8 62.4 90.1 85.5
% of cruising 19.8 20.8 19.6 19.9 20.1 22.3 21.1 14.3 22.0 24.7
% of time accelerating 38.9 32.7 29.0 31.8 29.0 32.8 40.1 21.3 35.7 32.9
% of time decelerating 33.4 31.3 33.9 34.8 33.5 33.6 38.5 26.8 32.3 27.8
% of time braking 33.4 31.3 33.9 34.8 33.5 33.6 38.5 26.8 32.3 27.8
% of time standing 7.9 15.2 17.5 13.5 17.3 11.3 0.2 37.6 9.9 14.5
Average speed (trip) (km/h) 17.9 20.5 15.5 17.8 14.9 21.2 24.2 12.8 21.9 26.9
Average driving speed (km/h) 19.5 24.2 18.8 20.6 18.0 23.9 24.3 20.5 24.3 31.5
Standard deviation of speed (km/h) 13.3 15.3 12.4 14.0 12.6 14.8 13.3 14.9 15.3 18.8
Speed: 75th - 25th percentile (km/h) 15.9 20.3 14.9 17.0 13.4 20.8 22.2 8.4 20.7 27.9
Maximum speed (km/h) 57 57 51 60 51 59 55 54 55 61
Average acceleration (m/s2) 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.00
Average positive acceleration (m/s2) 0.55 0.56 0.66 0.65 0.69 0.61 0.50 0.87 0.56 0.51
Average negative acceleration (m/s2) -0.62 -0.56 -0.55 -0.59 -0.54 -0.57 -0.50 -0.68 -0.59 -0.61
Standard deviation of accel. (m/s2) 0.60 0.54 0.60 0.60 0.73 0.57 0.51 0.85 0.62 0.55
Standard dev. of positive accel. (m/s2) 0.35 0.37 0.50 0.41 0.95 0.40 0.28 1.36 0.53 0.41
Accel: 75th - 25th percentile (m/s2) 0.03 0.01 -0.03 -0.02 -0.03 -0.01 0.01 -0.01 0.02 0.03
Number of accelerations 65 53 65 56 70 62 59 45 62 56
Accelerations per km (/km) 22.5 18.6 25.5 19.4 25.1 21.3 20.1 22.7 21.6 19.1
Number of stops 6 5 10 11 11 5 0 9 7 6
Stops per km (/km) 2.1 1.8 3.9 3.8 3.9 1.7 0.0 4.5 2.4 2.0
Average stop duration (s) 7.7 15.2 10.4 7.2 10.6 11.2 0.0 23.3 6.7 9.5
Average distance between stops (m) 322 476 232 222 215 484 1468 198 359 418
Relative positive acceleration (m/s2) 0.22 0.21 0.23 0.24 0.28 0.22 0.21 0.34 0.19 0.18
Positive kinetic energy (m/s2) 0.41 0.40 0.42 0.43 0.47 0.42 0.41 0.53 0.35 0.35
49
:

.

4-3 8-3 . 1
3 2 .
.
.

.

. .
.
1
Median
50
:
320
300
)CO2 emission (g/km
280
260
240
220
200
Yadegar Azadi
-
4-3 CO2
2.6
2.4
2.2
)CO emission (g/km
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
0.8
Yadegar Azadi
5-3 CO
51
:
0.025
0.02
)HC emission (g/km
0.015
0.01
0.005
Yadegar Azadi
6-3 HC
0.25
0.2
)NOx emission (g/km
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
Yadegar Azadi
7-3 NOx
52
:
)Fuel consumption(lit/100km 14
13
12
11
10
Yadegar Azadi
8-3
.
.
7-3 8-3 .
.
7-3 .
.
Fuel Cons.
test No )CO2 (g/km )CO (g/km )HC (g/km )NOx (g/km
)(Lit/100km
1 263.097 1.373 0.015 0.009 11.523
2 236.568 1.990 0.016 0.047 10.413
3 283.320 1.405 0.011 0.034 12.403
4 259.321 1.321 0.012 0.031 11.355
5 294.311 1.730 0.022 0.032 12.904
6 232.480 1.662 0.016 0.040 10.213
7 209.138 1.727 0.016 0.066 9.203
8 330.388 2.693 0.013 0.058 14.536
9 216.705 0.759 0.012 0.011 9.466
10 190.467 2.126 0.056 8.419
53
:
8-3 .
.
Fuel Cons.
)(Lit/100km
1 267.795 1.942 0.010 0.280 11.765
2 273.812 1.935 0.010 0.196 12.017
3 264.124 1.810 0.008 0.218 11.571
4 264.296 1.433 0.009 0.151 11.651
5 262.012 2.505 0.009 0.132 11.511
6 267.549 1.904 0.008 0.139 11.714
7 262.898 1.363 0.008 0.108 11.545
8 268.505 2.459 0.009 0.134 11.757
9 1.832 0.006 0.106
10 1.380 0.100
.
1 .
.
2 .
.
9-3 10-3 .
.
1
Probability plot
2
Likelihood function
54
:
-3
x 10
CO2 CO2
0.95 9
Normal Normal
0.9 8
7
0.75
6
Probability
Density
5
0.5
4
3
0.25
2
0.1 1
0.05
0
150 200 250 300 350
200 220 240 260 280 300 320
Data
Data
CO 0.8 CO
0.95 Normal Normal
0.7
0.9
0.6
0.75
0.5
Probability
Density
0.5 0.4
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.05
0
0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Data Data
FC
0.95 Normal FC
0.2
0.9 Normal
0.75 0.15
Probability
Density
0.5
0.1
0.25
0.05
0.1
0.05
0
9 10 11 12 13 14 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Data Data
.9-3 CO CO2 .
.

55
:
CO
CO2 . 9-3 CO2 CO
Normal . CO2
. 9-3 .
0.9999 HC 150
Normal - no outlier HC
0.9995
0.999 Normal - no outlier
Normal - outlier
Normal - outlier
0.995 Logistic - outlier
Logistic - outlier
0.99
100
0.95
Probability
0.9
Density
0.75
0.5 50
0.25
0.1
0.05
0
0.01 0.012 0.014 0.016 0.018 0.02 0.022 0.024 0.026
0.01 0.012 0.014 0.016 0.018 0.02 0.022 0.024 0.026 Data
Data
NOx-yadegar
Normal NOx-yadegar
Extreme value Normal
0.9999 Extreme value
20
0.9995
0.999
0.995
0.99
15
Probability
0.95
Density
0.9
0.75
10
0.5
0.25
5
0.1
0.05
0.01
0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09
Data Data
.10-3 NOx HC . HC

. NOX
Extreme value .
56
:
11-3 HC bias

Logistic
. NOx Normal
.
11-3 13-3 .
0.9999
CO2 CO2
0.9995 0.1
0.999 Normal - no outlier Normal - no outlier
0.995 Normal - outlier Normal - outlier
0.99 0.09
t location scale no outier t location scale no outier
0.95 0.08
0.9
0.75 0.07
Probability
0.5 0.06
Density
0.25
0.05
0.1
0.05
0.04
0.01
0.005 0.03
0.001
0.0005
0.0001 0.02
0.01
0
240 245 250 255 260 265 270 275 280 240 245 250 255 260 265 270 275 280
Data Data
0.999
CO 1 CO
0.995 Normal Normal
0.99 0.9
0.8
0.95
0.9 0.7
0.6
Probability
Density
0.75
0.5
0.5
0.4
0.25 0.3
0.1 0.2
0.05
0.1
0.01 0
1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3
Data Data
11-3 CO CO2 .
. t location scale
. CO
.
57
:
11-3
CO2 . t location scale
. CO
Normal .
HC 400 HC
0.95
Normal - no outleir Normal - no outleir
0.9 Normal - outlier 350 Normal - outlier
Extreme Value - no outlier Extreme Value - no outlier
0.75
300
0.5
250
Probability
Density
0.25 200
0.1 150
0.05
100
0.01
0.005 50
0.001
0.0005 0
5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8 8.5 9 9.5 10 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8 8.5 9 9.5 10
Data -3
Data -3
x 10 x 10
0.995 10
NOx
0.99 NOx
Normal
9 Normal
Lognormal Lognormal
0.95 Log-Logistic 8 Log-Logistic
0.9 7
6
Probability
0.75
Density
0.5 4
3
0.25
2
0.1 1
0.05
0
0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2 0.22 0.24 0.26 0.28 0.3
0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2 0.22 0.24 0.26 0.28 0.3
Data
Data
12-3 NOX HC . HC
Extreme value . NOX

Lognormal .
HC
Extreme value . Extreme value (
) Etreme value . NOx
58
:
Lognormal
.
0.9995 FC 2.5
0.999 FC
0.995 Normal Normal
0.99
0.95 2
0.9
0.75
0.5 1.5
Probability
Density
0.25
0.1
0.05
1
0.01
0.005
0.001
0.0005
0.0001 0.5
0
10.6 10.8 11 11.2 11.4 11.6 11.8 12 12.2 10.4 10.6 10.8 11 11.2 11.4 11.6 11.8 12 12.2 12.4
Data Data
13-3 .
CO2
.
Normal
. CO2 .

central limit theorem
() 1
. 40
2 t t .
.

. .
9-3 10-3 .
1
Parent distribution
2
Student T distribution
59
:
9-3 .
.
Fuel Cons.
)(Lit/100km
1 263.097 1.373 0.015 0.009 11.523
2 236.568 1.990 0.016 0.047 10.413
3 283.320 1.405 0.011 0.034 12.403
4 259.321 1.321 0.012 0.031 11.355
5 294.311 1.730 0.022 0.032 12.904
6 232.480 1.662 0.016 0.040 10.213
7 209.138 1.727 0.016 0.066 9.203
8 330.388 2.693 0.013 0.058 14.536
9 216.705 0.759 0.012 0.011 9.466
10 190.467 2.126 0.012 0.056 8.419
10-3 .
.
Fuel Cons.
)(Lit/100km
3 273.812 1.810 0.008 0.218 12.017
4 264.124 1.433 0.009 0.151 11.571
5 264.296 2.505 0.009 0.132 11.651
6 262.012 1.904 0.008 0.139 11.511
7 267.549 1.363 0.006 0.108 11.714
8 277.337 2.459 0.008 0.134 12.214
9 262.898 1.832 0.009 0.106 11.545
10 268.505 1.380 0.006 0.100 11.757
9-3 10-3
2 .
60
:
11-3 12-3 95 1
. 11-3 2
12-3 .
11-3 .
)Emission Factors (g/km Fuel Consumption

CO2 CO HC NOX Lit/100km
Mean 267.567 1.836 0.008 0.136 11.747
Median 265.922 1.821 0.008 0.133 11.683
Standard Deviation 5.484 0.453 0.001 0.038 0.248
Random Error 3.674 0.303 0.001 0.025 0.166
%Error 1.373 16.516 10.359 18.568 1.413
12-3 .

Mean 266.374 1.856 0.008 0.156 11.691
Median 265.922 1.868 0.009 0.136 11.683
Random Error 2.579 0.233 0.001 0.034 0.109
%Error 0.968 12.536 8.367 21.469 0.935
13-3 14-3 .
1
True mean value
61
:
13-3 .

Mean 251.580 1.679 0.016 0.038 11.043
Median 247.945 1.694 0.015 0.037 10.884
Random Error 24.878 0.304 0.003 0.011 1.088
%Error 9.889 18.101 16.274 28.975 9.848
14-3 .

Mean 251.580 1.679 0.015 0.038 11.043
Median 247.945 1.694 0.015 0.037 10.884
Random Error 24.878 0.304 0.002 0.011 1.088
%Error 9.889 18.101 13.703 28.975 9.848
1
.
.
11-3 14-3
.
15-3 .
1
True mean value
62
:
15-3

Fuel Cons.
Route name )CO2 (g/km )CO (g/km )HC (g/km )NOx (g/km
)(Lit/100km
251.580 1.679 0.304 0.015 0.002 0.038 0.011 11.0431.088
Azadi st.
)24.878 (95% )(95% )(95% )(95% )(95%
Yadegar Emam 266.374 1.856 0.233 0.008 0.001 0.156 0.034 11.691 0.109
Hw. )2.579 (95% )(95% )(95% )(95% )(95%
.2-3-3

.
16-3 AVL DiCom 4000
.
16-3 AVL DiCom 4000

1 .

.
1
RSS
63
:
.3-3-3
.
.
.
.

.
AVL

AVL
95 .
5-2 . 17-3
.
17-3
CO2 CO HC NOx Fuel Consumption

)(gr/km )(gr/km )(gr/km )(gr/km )(Lit/100km
Systematic Error 9.1 0.572 0.353 0.167 0.6
.4-3-3
. 18-3
.
17-3

.
64
18-3
OVERALL EMISSION FACTORS AND FUEL CONSUMPTION random error (95 %) instrument error
Vehicle Milage FUEL CONS. FUEL CONS. FUEL CONS.

Unit CO2 CO HC NOx CO2 CO HC NOx CO2 CO HC NOx
Name (km) (Lit/100km) (Lit/100km) (Lit/100km)
g/km 165.600 3.500 0.210 1.007 26.147 1.282 0.010 0.443 1.163 0.0429 0.0165 0.0001 0.0041 0.0019
14000 9.800
g/kg Fuel 3431.200 53.260 4.080 20.455 541.937 19.525 0.189 9.007 0.8888 0.2518 0.0025 0.0829
g/km 182.500 6.310 0.250 0.800 10.900 28.823 2.311 0.012 0.352 1.284 0.0473 0.0298 0.0002 0.0032 0.0021
20000
g/kg Fuel 3424.100 109.040 4.490 14.078 540.807 39.974 0.208 6.199 0.8869 0.5156 0.0028 0.0570
g/km 198.600 8.630 0.300 0.985 12.200 31.359 3.164 0.014 0.434 1.440 0.0514 0.0408 0.0002 0.0040 0.0024
43000
g/kg Fuel 3302.300 138.790 4.980 17.713 521.575 50.878 0.230 7.800 0.8554 0.6562 0.0031 0.0718
g/km 185.700 3.940 0.240 0.349 11.000 29.327 1.444 0.011 0.154 1.301 0.0481 0.0186 0.0001 0.0014 0.0022
44000
g/kg Fuel 3395.900 68.200 4.590 6.581 536.360 25.001 0.212 2.898 0.8796 0.3225 0.0028 0.0267
g/km 177.300 2.680 0.340 1.068 10.400 28.006 0.982 0.016 0.470 1.232 0.0459 0.0127 0.0002 0.0043 0.0021
78000
g/kg Fuel 3418.300 50.690 6.980 21.161 539.886 18.581 0.322 9.319 0.8854 0.2397 0.0043 0.0857
g/km 252.100 9.020 0.260 0.745 15.300 39.820 3.307 0.012 0.328 1.805 0.0653 0.0427 0.0002 0.0030 0.0030
4700
g/kg Fuel 3330.100 118.160 3.580 10.975 525.970 43.315 0.166 4.833 0.8626 0.5587 0.0022 0.0445
65
g/km 298.400 8.870 0.420 1.247 17.900 47.135 3.250 0.020 0.549 2.117 0.0773 0.0419 0.0003 0.0051 0.0035
40000
g/kg Fuel 3358.700 97.570 4.410 14.220 530.487 35.766 0.204 6.262 0.8700 0.4613 0.0027 0.0576
g/km 382.000 21.920 1.610 3.488 24.000 60.339 8.035 0.074 1.536 2.828 0.0990 0.1036 0.0010 0.0141 0.0047
80000
g/kg Fuel 3232.500 188.550 14.150 31.763 510.542 69.121 0.654 13.987 0.8373 0.8915 0.0087 0.1287
g/km 273.500 10.520 0.440 0.993 16.800 43.191 3.855 0.020 0.437 1.978 0.0708 0.0497 0.0003 0.0040 0.0033
97400
g/kg Fuel 3329.300 118.400 5.090 12.832 525.831 43.405 0.235 5.651 0.8624 0.5598 0.0031 0.0520
g/km 401.400 8.370 0.400 0.155 24.000 63.396 3.069 0.019 0.068 2.828 0.1040 0.0396 0.0002 0.0006 0.0047
113000
g/kg Fuel 3399.700 74.850 3.650 1.245 536.950 27.441 0.168 0.548 0.8806 0.3539 0.0022 0.0050
g/km 241.800 6.860 0.380 0.978 14.600 38.187 2.516 0.018 0.431 1.718 0.0626 0.0325 0.0002 0.0040 0.0029
405 72000
g/kg Fuel 3365.600 91.720 5.270 13.421 531.564 33.622 0.243 5.910 0.8718 0.4336 0.0032 0.0544
g/km 190.900 9.040 0.560 2.601 11.600 30.143 3.312 0.026 1.145 1.371 0.0494 0.0427 0.0003 0.0105 0.0023
47000
g/kg Fuel 3304.600 154.510 10.410 44.154 521.939 56.640 0.481 19.444 0.8560 0.7305 0.0064 0.1789
g/km 206.500 3.430 0.330 1.175 12.200 32.610 1.258 0.015 0.517 1.440 0.0535 0.0162 0.0002 0.0048 0.0024
55000
g/kg Fuel 3411.500 56.200 5.670 19.501 538.827 20.602 0.262 8.588 0.8837 0.2657 0.0035 0.0790
OVERALL EMISSION FACTORS AND FUEL CONSUMPTION random error (95 %) instrument error
g/km 231.700 8.400 0.170 0.903 14.100 36.589 3.079 0.008 0.398 1.666 0.0600 0.0397 0.0001 0.0037 0.0028
69000
g/kg Fuel 3313.600 126.150 2.580 12.999 523.364 46.246 0.119 5.724 0.8583 0.5965 0.0016 0.0527
g/km 243.200 7.570 0.290 0.995 14.700 38.413 2.774 0.013 0.438 1.735 0.0630 0.0358 0.0002 0.0040 0.0029
95000
g/kg Fuel 3355.400 99.030 3.970 13.651 529.966 36.305 0.183 6.011 0.8691 0.4683 0.0024 0.0553
g/km 254.000 14.530 3.030 1.602 14.300 40.116 5.328 0.140 0.705 1.683 0.0658 0.0687 0.0019 0.0065 0.0028
173000
g/kg Fuel 3623.100 188.550 41.960 23.267 572.236 69.121 1.939 10.246 0.9385 0.8915 0.0259 0.0943
206 g/km 248.200 10.230 0.260 2.391 15.100 39.195 3.751 0.012 1.053 1.787 0.0643 0.0484 0.0002 0.0097 0.0030
33000
g/kg Fuel 3308.300 134.750 3.370 35.242 522.513 49.396 0.155 15.519 0.8569 0.6371 0.0021 0.1428
g/km 202.700 13.040 0.220 0.753 12.800 32.020 4.780 0.010 0.331 1.510 0.0525 0.0617 0.0001 0.0031 0.0025
206 35000
g/kg Fuel 3240.700 198.930 3.540 12.272 511.845 72.924 0.164 5.404 0.8394 0.9406 0.0022 0.0497
g/km 261.000 8.010 0.510 0.985 15.700 41.228 2.936 0.023 0.434 1.857 0.0676 0.0379 0.0003 0.0040 0.0031
206 92000
g/kg Fuel 3350.300 102.020 6.650 12.945 529.150 37.401 0.307 5.701 0.8678 0.4824 0.0041 0.0525
g/km 210.400 3.890 0.320 1.954 12.500 33.236 1.425 0.015 0.860 1.475 0.0545 0.0184 0.0002 0.0079 0.0025
206 111000
g/kg Fuel 3403.000 62.890 5.270 31.532 537.471 23.056 0.243 13.885 0.8815 0.2974 0.0032 0.1278
g/km 212.400 4.120 0.290 1.447 12.600 33.549 1.511 0.013 0.637 1.492 0.0550 0.0195 0.0002 0.0059 0.0025
206 115000
66
g/kg Fuel 3387.500 76.640 4.500 22.338 535.022 28.093 0.208 9.837 0.8774 0.3623 0.0028 0.0905
g/km 216.700 3.890 0.320 1.954 12.800 34.226 1.425 0.015 0.860 1.510 0.0561 0.0184 0.0002 0.0079 0.0025
206 129000
g/kg Fuel 3415.200 62.890 5.270 31.532 539.400 23.056 0.243 13.885 0.8846 0.2974 0.0032 0.1278
g/km 248.100 7.940 1.900 2.517 13.500 39.178 2.912 0.088 1.108 1.596 0.0643 0.0376 0.0012 0.0102 0.0027
75000
g/kg Fuel 3707.200 118.400 29.850 35.715 585.527 43.405 1.379 15.727 0.9603 0.5598 0.0184 0.1447
g/km 252.500 15.800 4.060 4.305 15.600 39.873 5.790 0.188 1.896 1.839 0.0654 0.0747 0.0025 0.0174 0.0031
300000
g/kg Fuel 3282.300 207.940 50.480 56.527 518.413 76.226 2.332 24.892 0.8502 0.9832 0.0311 0.2290
g/km 181.400 0.230 0.130 0.026 10.600 28.649 0.086 0.006 0.011 1.249 0.0470 0.0011 0.0001 0.0001 0.0021
90 3000
g/kg Fuel 3473.800 3.640 2.260 0.482 548.660 1.334 0.104 0.212 0.8998 0.0172 0.0014 0.0020
g/km 220.600 0.260 0.320 0.184 12.800 34.834 0.095 0.015 0.081 1.510 0.0571 0.0012 0.0002 0.0007 0.0025
90 30000
g/kg Fuel 3481.600 3.200 5.450 3.606 549.894 1.172 0.252 1.588 0.9018 0.0151 0.0034 0.0146
g/km 197.100 0.860 0.180 0.185 11.500 31.134 0.315 0.008 0.082 1.353 0.0511 0.0041 0.0001 0.0008 0.0023
90 115000
g/kg Fuel 3483.000 12.700 2.980 3.565 550.120 4.656 0.138 1.570 0.9022 0.0601 0.0018 0.0144
:
19-3 20-3

19-3

True mean value instrument error

)CO2 (g/km )222.514 35.119 (95% 0.058
)CO (g/km )6.952 2.564 (95% 0.033
)HC (g/km )0.394 0.019 (95% 0.0003
)NOX (g/km )1.309 0.569 (95% 0.005
)Fuel Cons. (lit/100 km )13.333 1.574 (95% 0.003
20-3

True mean value instrument error

)CO2 (g/kg fuel )3377.286 533.472 (95% 0.875
)CO (g/ kg fuel )101.396 37.360 (95% 0.482
)HC (g/ kg fuel )6.133 0.288 (95% 0.004
)NOX (g/ kg fuel )20.317 8.880 (95% 0.082
67
:
68
:
.4
.1-4
1-4 5-4
.
.
)CO2 Emission Factor (gr/km
600
Overall PEMS Emission
500 Chassis Dynamometer
Curvefit to PEMS data
400
300
200
100
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
)Vehicle Milage (*1000km
.1-4
)CO Emission Factor (gr/km
15
Chassis Dynamometer
10
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
)Vehicle Milage (*1000km
.2-4
69
:
HC Emission Factor (gr/km)

0.8
Chassis Dynamometer
0.6 Curvefit to PEMS data
0.4
0.2
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
Vehicle Milage (*1000km)
.3-4
NOx Emission Factor (gr/km)
5
Chassis Dynamometer
4
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
.4-4
Fuel Consumption (Lit/100km)
40
Chassis Dynamometer
30 Curvefit to PEMS data
20
10
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
.5-4
MATLAB cftool
. 1-4
70
:
.1-4
Function Type : Linear
E = A*x + B
)E Emission Factor (gr/km) or Fuel Consumption (Lit/100km
)x Vehicle Mileage (1000km
0 A B
CO2 0 270
CO 0.0214 5.39
HC 0.0009 0.22
NOx 0.0023 1
Fuel Consumption 0 16
( )
2 2-4
.
.2-4 ( ) 2
0 )CO (gr/km )HC+NOx (gr/km

2 2.20 0.50
( ) 5.39 1.22
2 145 144
( 200 ) 9.67 1.86
2 340 272
( )
.

.
...
.
71
:
.2-4
6-4 10-4
.
6-4 10-4 ( )

. .
1200
AC Off
)CO2 Emission (gr/km
1000 AC On
800
600
400
200
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
)Vehicle Speed(km/hr
.6-4
150
AC Off
)CO Emission (gr/km
AC On
100
50
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
.7-4
72
:
5
AC Off
)HC Emission (gr/km

4 AC On
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
.8-4
14
AC Off
12
AC On
10
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
.9-4
)Fuel Consumption (Lit/100km
100
AC Off
80 AC On
60
40
20
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
.10-4
HC CO
NOx .
3
.
73
:

. (
) .
11-4
.
:

.
CO NOx .
HC .
200
CO2
CO
150 HC
NOx
% Change by AC
FC
100
50
-50
Highway Flat Highway Uphill Urban Flat Urban Uphill
.11-4
25 20 40
15

3-4 .
74
:
.3-4
)Emission Factors (gr/km Fuel Cosumption
CO2 CO HC NOx )(Lit/100km
Highway Flat % Change 32 45 -22 53 32

Highway Uphill % Change 9 30 -25 8 12
Urban Flat % Change 16 2 -19 22 15
Urban Uphill % Change 154 105 89 113 153
AC Change Factor 39 34 -5 40 40
.3-4
12-4 16-4 ( )

.
.
1200
Flat
)CO2 Emission (gr/km
1000 Uphill
800
600
400
200
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
.12-4
150
Flat
)CO Emission (gr/km
Uphill
100
50
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
.13-4
75
:
5
Flat
)HC Emission (gr/km

4 Uphill
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
.14-4
14
Flat
12
Uphill
10
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
.15-4
100
Flat
80 Uphill
60
40
20
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
.16-4

. 4-4 A B .
76
:
.4-4
A B
Highway, AC Off, Flat route Highway, AC Off, Uphill route
Highway, AC On, Flat route Highway, AC On, Uphill route
Urban, AC Off, Flat route Urban, AC Off, Uphill route
Urban, AC On, Flat route Urban, AC On, Uphill route
17-4 .
.
250
CO2
CO
200
HC
% Change by Slope
NOx
150 FC
100
50
0
Highway, AC Off Highway, AC On Urban, AC Off Urban, AC On
.17-4
45 55
( ) 5-4 .
.5-4
Highway, AC Off % Change 71 104 24 139 70

Highway, AC On % Change 44 124 25 65 52
Urban, AC Off % Change 124 107 121 70 125
Urban, AC On % Change 221 175 137 136 220
)SLOPE Change Factor (AC Off 101 106 77 101 100
)SLOPE Change Factor (AC On 142 152 87 104 145
77
:
.4-4

11-4 17-4 ( )
. .
:
.

( ) . 18-4 19-4
.
.
)CO Emission Factor (gr/kgFuel
400
AC Off
AC On
300
200
100
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
)Vehicle Speed (km/hr
.18-4
)HC Emission Factor (gr/kgFuel
20
AC Off
AC On
15
10
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
.19-4
. HC
:
78
:
3-4 5-4
(.)04>100
HC
.
HC . HC
.

HC .
NOx ( .
NOx ).
79
:
.5
.
.1-5
.
.

TRL
PIARC NAEI MOVES .
.

.
ARTEMIS COPERT MEET .
( )

.
:

.

.
.

.
.
81
:

.
.
.2-5
.
.
1-5 5-5
. TRL .
Outlier of PEMS Data

800
PEMS Data
Curvefit to PEMS Data
600
400
200
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
.1-5
40
PEMS Data
30 Curvefit to PEMS Data
20
10
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
.2-5
82
:
)HC Emission Factor (gr/km

2
PEMS Data
1.5 Curvefit to PEMS Data
0.5
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
.3-5
)NOx Emission Factor (gr/km

4
PEMS Data
3
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
.4-5
60
50 PEMS Data
40
30
20
10
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
.5-5
.
.
6-5 7-5 .
83
:
.6-5 ( )
.7-5 ( 4)
84
:
.1-2-5

( .1
.2 ) TRL 1-5
.
.1-5
.TRL
( )
( )
( )
A b c d e f g RMSE
TRL 2532.000 129.875 -0.432 .007 0 0 0
Base Model 2613.000 241.200 -4.942 0.0391 0 0 0 17.883
1.93081E- 0.039
CO2
% Increase by A/C
47.47 -2.94 0.1464 -0.003778 0.00005871 -5.22E-07 09
% Increase by -1.9390E- 9.48672E- 0.034
Slope 0.22 1.66 -0.042 0.000676 6.6471E-06 7 10
TRL 56.749 -2.258 0.0267 0 0 0 0
Base Model 6.958 6.268 -0.05641 0 0 0 0 5.488
-3.1082E- 0.001
CO
% Increase by A/C
21.88 2.48 0.1155 -0.012632 0.000307485 06 1.16E-08
% Increase by - -3.5795E- 1.15096E- 0.108
Slope -29.26 0.554 0.548033 0.0243637 0.00043227 6 08
TRL 2.773 -0.025 0 0 0 0 0
Base Model 3.394 0.052 0 0 0 0 0 0.291
3.4821E- -1.0488E- 0.001
HC
% Increase by A/C
53.39 -2.31 0.0084 0.000241 -4.56E-06 08 10
% Increase by -1.27625E- 2.2347E- 5.04278E- .003
Slope -47.62 8.805 -0.2181 0.002341 05 08 11
TRL 1.095 0.120 0 0 0 0 0
Base Model 2.851 0.353 0.004 0 0 0 0 0.532
-4.6953E- 1.53462E- 0.380
NOx
% Increase by A/C
465.9 -35.96 1.5201 -0.03927 0.000588963 06 08
% Increase by 1.12939E- -3.6873E- 0.091
Slope -26.48 9.78 -0.3765 0.009526 -0.00014199 06 9
Base Model 154.900 13.720 -0.260 0.002 0 0 0 1.157
-9.2778E- 3.21292E- 0.064
% Increase by A/C
77.64 -5.89 0.2763 -0.007137 0.00010986 7 9
FC
% Increase by -6.09251E- 5.08996E- -1.9664E- 0.058

Slope -8.63 3.88 -0.1762 0.0045 05 07 09
85
:
a g 1-5 Base Model

( )
.
( ) ( )
a g % Increase by A/C % Increase by Slope
( )

3-4 5-4 .
.
.
20 :
( )
( ) ( ( ) )
2-5 .
( 10 ) .
20 1-5 .
2-5 .
86
:
.2-2-5

2-5 ( )EF ( )E (.1.2
.3 .4 ) .
.2-5 ( )
.1 :.2 .3 .4
Speed Range
)(km/h 0-5 5-15 15-25 25-35 35-45 45-55 55-65 65-75 75-85
*EF **E EF E EF E EF E EF E EF E EF E EF E EF E
)BASE EMISSION FACTOR (Slope 0% & A/C Off
)CO2 (gr/km 1423 99 422 4 284 4 221 2 178 2 139 2 129 1 143 3 120
)CO (gr/km 29.5 3.0 6.8 0.3 5.2 0.2 7.5 0.2 4.1 0.2 3.0 0.1 2.0 0.1 3.2 0.3 3.1
)HC (gr/km 1.79 0.17 0.35 0.01 0.24 0.01 0.28 0.01 0.25 0.01 0.19 0.00 0.11 0.00 0.18 0.01 0.14
)NOx (gr/km 1.80 0.10 0.72 0.02 0.59 0.02 1.20 0.04 0.68 0.03 0.85 0.03 0.52 0.02 0.51 0.04 0.54
)FC (L/100km 84.3 5.8 25.0 0.3 17.5 0.2 13.4 0.1 10.6 0.1 8.3 0.1 7.6 0.1 8.5 0.2 7.1
Slope 0% & A/C On
)CO2 (gr/km 1584 167 623 9 381 4 289 6 211 2 199 3 169 1 145 2 169 4
)CO (gr/km 36.9 6.8 14.5 0.8 4.2 0.4 2.4 0.3 4.2 0.1 2.7 0.2 2.2 0.2 2.0 0.1 7.9 0.7
)HC (gr/km 1.83 0.25 0.51 0.03 0.20 0.01 0.13 0.00 0.18 0.01 0.11 0.00 0.13 0.01 0.08 0.00 0.13 0.01
)NOx (gr/km 8.63 0.72 2.45 0.13 1.01 0.11 0.60 0.08 1.08 0.03 0.64 0.04 0.93 0.05 0.70 0.04 0.68 0.06
)FC (L/100km 94.7 10.3 37.1 0.6 22.3 0.2 16.4 0.2 12.6 0.1 11.7 0.2 10.0 0.1 8.5 0.1 10.4 0.3
Slope 4% & A/C Off
)CO2 (gr/km 1616 47 534 5 319 4 390 16 362 331 2 238 2 236 2 304 9
)CO (gr/km 32.0 1.5 10.7 0.3 7.1 0.3 3.4 0.4 10.01 16.5 3.2 4.2 0.3 9.8 0.5 6.7 0.6
)HC (gr/km 1.82 0.10 0.64 0.01 0.31 0.01 0.29 0.03 0.45 0.66 0.11 0.16 0.01 0.24 0.01 0.30 0.02
)NOx (gr/km 2.85 0.10 1.03 0.03 1.02 0.03 0.62 0.05 2.50 4.46 0.82 1.38 0.09 1.39 0.05 0.96 0.09
)FC (L/100km 95.2 2.9 31.7 0.3 19.1 0.3 22.7 1.0 21.3 20.4 0.4 14.2 0.1 14.5 0.1 18.3 0.5
Slope 4% & A/C On
)CO2 (gr/km 2042 157 611 8 389 10 340 306 308 310 3 265 4 274 3
)CO (gr/km 30.1 2.1 10.5 0.3 8.2 0.4 11.9 15.8 11.0 6.4 0.8 19.9 1.8 8.9 0.8
)HC (gr/km 1.38 0.10 0.39 0.01 0.22 0.01 0.45 0.68 0.41 0.19 0.01 0.19 0.01 0.17 0.02
)NOx (gr/km 8.22 0.81 1.79 0.06 0.87 0.03 2.70 4.78 3.00 1.27 0.09 2.12 0.11 2.47 0.27
)FC (L/100km 120.1 9.2 36.4 0.4 23.0 0.6 20.3 18.9 18.6 18.4 0.2 16.8 0.3 16.5 0.2
*EF: Emission Factor / Fuel Consumption
**E: Error
87
:
.3-5 ()VSP
.1-3-5 VSP
VSP
.
. :
() .
( ( ) ) ( )
:
; CR ; v
; m ; Vw
; A ; a
; CD ; g
; a ; grade
VSP
.
.2-3-5 IVE
IVE
( ) VSP . IVE VSP
( ) :
( ( ) ( ( )) )
... ( )
.
.
88
:

.
1 .
IVE VSP 2 20
.
.
.
:
( )
( )
speed divider IVE .

IVE 60 3
.
IVE 4 .
.3-3-5 VSP
VSP . 8-5
VSP ( /
/) .
8-5 3-5 .
. ( ) VSP
.
1
VSP Based Model
2
Engine Stress
3
Bin
4
Bin Distribution
89
:
8-5 VSP
( /)
90
:
.3-5 ( / ) VSP

A B C D
)CO2 (gr/sec 161.0096 0.009164 -1.3301 -159.798
)CO (gr/sec 0.020066 0.079992 -0.00758 0
)HC (gr/sec 0.000327 0.068255 -0.00014 0
)NOx (gr/sec 0.004031 0.109961 -0.00269 0
)FC (Lit/sec 38.8848 0.010853 -0.37413 -38.4936
.4-3-5 IVE
VSP IVE
. 9-5 16-5 .
91
:
Time Fraction of Each Bin
CO2 Production (gr/sec)

100
50
2
0 0
10 12 14 16 10 12 14 16
VSP Bin VSP Bin
-4
x 10
CO Production (gr/sec)
HC Production (gr/sec)
0.1
4
0.05 2
0 0
10 12 14 16 10 12 14 16
VSP Bin VSP Bin
Fuel Consumpiton (gr/sec)
NOx Production (gr/sec)
1.5
0.01
1
0.005
0.5
0 0
10 12 14 16 10 12 14 16
VSP Bin VSP Bin
IVE .9-5

92
:

100
3
2
50
1
0 0
10 12 14 16 10 12 14 16
VSP Bin VSP Bin
-4
x 10
0.04
4
0.02
2
0 0
10 12 14 16 10 12 14 16
VSP Bin VSP Bin
0.01 1
0.005 0.5
0 0
10 12 14 16 10 12 14 16
VSP Bin VSP Bin
IVE .10-5

93
:

100 4
50 2
0 0
10 12 14 16 10 12 14 16
VSP Bin VSP Bin
-4
x 10
0.04 HC Production (gr/sec) 8
0.02 4
0 0
10 12 14 16 10 12 14 16
VSP Bin VSP Bin
-3
x 10
6
1
4
0.5
2
0 0
10 12 14 16 10 12 14 16
VSP Bin VSP Bin
IVE .11-5

94
:

6
100
4
50
2
0 0
8 10 12 14 16 8 10 12 14 16
VSP Bin VSP Bin
-3
x 10
0.1
1
0.05 0.5
0 0
8 10 12 14 16 8 10 12 14 16
VSP Bin VSP Bin
2
0.02
1.5
0.015
1
0.01
0.005 0.5
0 0
8 10 12 14 16 8 10 12 14 16
VSP Bin VSP Bin
IVE . .12-5

95
:

100
6
4
50
2
0 0
10 15 20 25 30 35 10 15 20 25 30 35
VSP Bin VSP Bin
-3
x 10
0.6
1
0.4
0.5
0.2
0 0
10 15 20 25 30 35 10 15 20 25 30 35
VSP Bin VSP Bin
0.03
2
0.02
1
0.01
0 0
10 15 20 25 30 35 10 15 20 25 30 35
VSP Bin VSP Bin
IVE . .13-5

96
:

100
4
3
50
2
1
0 0
10 15 20 25 30 35 10 15 20 25 30 35
VSP Bin VSP Bin
-4
x 10
0.08
0.06 4
0.04
2
0.02
0 0
10 15 20 25 30 35 10 15 20 25 30 35
VSP Bin VSP Bin
1.5
0.015
1
0.01
0.005 0.5
0 0
10 15 20 25 30 35 10 15 20 25 30 35
VSP Bin VSP Bin
IVE . .14-5

97
:

100
8
6
50 4
0 0
10 20 30 40 10 20 30 40
VSP Bin VSP Bin
-3
x 10
2
0.4
1
0.2
0 0
10 20 30 40 10 20 30 40
VSP Bin VSP Bin
3
0.02
0.015 2
0.01
1
0.005
0 0
10 20 30 40 10 20 30 40
VSP Bin VSP Bin
IVE .15-5

98
:
)CO2 Production (gr/sec

8
100
6
50 4
0 0
10 15 20 25 30 35 10 15 20 25 30 35
VSP Bin VSP Bin
-3
x 10
)CO Production (gr/sec
0.08 )HC Production (gr/sec
0.06 1
0.04
0.5
0.02
0 0
10 15 20 25 30 35 10 15 20 25 30 35
VSP Bin VSP Bin
)Fuel Consumpiton (gr/sec
)NOx Production (gr/sec
2
0.01
0.005 1
0 0
10 15 20 25 30 35 10 15 20 25 30 35
VSP Bin VSP Bin
.16-5 IVE

IVE .
8 16
.

.
99
:
.5-3-5 IVE

60 IVE
( / /) .
.17-5 60 IVE
( / /)
Time CO2 CO HC NOx Fuel
Bin Occupied Production Production Production Production Consumption
)(sec )(gr/sec )(mg/sec )(mg/sec )(mg/sec )(gr/sec
1 to 7 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
8 52 0.96 9.25 0.18 1.37 0.31
9 186 0.92 12.46 0.19 1.51 0.30
10 627 0.94 13.85 0.22 1.95 0.30
11 1920 1.01 18.39 0.23 1.99 0.33
12 21643 0.94 14.87 0.21 1.40 0.31
13 14504 1.69 26.66 0.34 3.74 0.55
14 7241 2.64 45.03 0.51 8.23 0.86
15 4999 3.85 69.18 0.65 15.88 1.27
16 2013 4.71 90.82 0.74 19.00 1.56
17 to 31 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
32 23 4.13 69.99 0.75 8.05 1.36
33 59 3.62 87.54 0.73 5.30 1.20
34 121 3.59 145.62 0.76 8.26 1.25
35 296 4.17 68.59 0.72 13.27 1.41
36 1450 5.01 103.38 0.87 17.89 1.69
37 1185 5.75 195.90 1.06 21.36 1.97
38 299 7.50 176.81 1.45 16.10 2.56
39 71 8.73 481.90 1.94 12.78 2.96
40 to 60 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
100
:
101
:
.6
.1-6 24
( ) 2 .
. 1-6 NOx HC CO
2 4 .
1000
. 2 4 .
2-3
.
1-6 2 28 7
2 4 .
3-6 CO 2 4
4-6 HC+NOx 2 4
.
1-6 . 2-6
2 4 .
1-6
Average 244.0 7.39 0.65 1.28 14.6 1.932
EURO 2 2.2 0.5
EURO 4 1 0.1 0.08 0.18
102
25.0
22.5
10-Samand LX-80
20.0
17.5
29-Paykan-300
15.0
19-Peugeot Pars-173
21-Peugeot 206-35
12.5
CO (gr/km)
11-Samand Soren-97
20-Peugeot 206 SD-33
10.0
7-Samand LX-5
12-Samand Sarir-113 15-Peugeot Pars-47
3-Pride-43 9-Samand LX-40
17-Peugeot Pars-69 22-Peugeot 206-92
103
28-Peugeot Roa-75
7.5 18-Peugeot Pars-95
14-Peugeot 405-72
2-Pride-20 27-Peugeot Roa-56
5.0
4-Pride-44 25-Peugeot 206-115
1-Pride-14 26-Peugeot 206-129
16-Peugeot Pars-55
23-Peugeot 206-94
2.5 5-Pride-78
30-Tondar 90-3 33-Tondar 90-115

32-Tondar 90-30
0.0
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0
HC+NOx (gr/km)
4 2 1-6
:
8
Euro 2
7 PEMS
6
Euro 4
)Emissions (gr/km
0
CO HC+NOx
2-6 2 4
25
20
15
)CO (gr/km
10
3-6 CO 2 4
104
:
6
)HC+NOx (gr/km
4-6 HC+NOx 2 4
105
:
.2-6
PIARC .
2-6 3-6 (
)PIARC .
.2-6 .1 :.2

Speed Range 0-5 5-15 15-25 25-35 35-45 45-55 55-65 65-75 75-85
0% Slope
Tehran 29.5 6.8 5.2 7.5 4.1 3 2 3.2 3.1
EC Euro Regulation 20.50 2.95 1.93 1.53 1.41 1.26 1.14 1.07 1.07
PIARC Australia 38.90 2.82 2.46 2.46 2.65 2.42 2.21 2.07 2.01
PIARC Algeria 68.70 4.78 4.08 4.08 4.22 3.76 3.39 3.14 3.02
PIARC China 31.70 2.36 2.08 2.08 2.36 2.19 2.02 1.91 1.88
4% Slope
Tehran 32 10.7 7.1 3.4 9.5 16.5 4.2 9.8 6.7
PIARC Australia 38.90 3.41 3.24 3.24 4.43 4.56 4.57 4.67 5.10
PIARC Algeria 68.70 5.48 5.01 5.01 6.62 6.57 6.37 6.43 7.06
PIARC China 31.70 2.97 2.90 2.90 4.15 4.38 4.49 4.65 5.12
.3-6 .1 :
.2
Speed Range 0-5 5-15 15-25 25-35 35-45 45-55 55-65 65-75 75-85
0% Slope
Tehran 1.800 0.720 0.590 1.200 0.680 0.850 0.520 0.510 0.540
PIARC - Australia 2.900 0.425 0.347 0.347 0.335 0.320 0.338 0.377 0.375
PIARC - Algeria 4.200 0.600 0.490 0.490 0.478 0.456 0.483 0.539 0.534
PIARC - China 2.800 0.400 0.323 0.323 0.315 0.302 0.320 0.356 0.353
4% Slope
Tehran 2.850 1.030 1.020 0.620 2.500 4.460 1.380 1.390 0.960
PIARC - Australia 2.900 0.565 0.587 0.587 0.755 0.670 0.620 0.613 0.671
PIARC - Algeria 4.200 0.810 0.837 0.837 1.075 0.954 0.882 0.873 0.958
PIARC - China 2.800 0.535 0.553 0.553 0.710 0.630 0.583 0.576 0.633
106
:
.3-6
5-6 TRL . :
60 ( )
.
NOx CO .
HC ( 10 30
).

( )
1000 14
Tehran Emission Speed Profile Tehran Emission Speed Profile
900 England Emission Speed Profile England Emission Speed Profile
12
TRL Emission Speed Profile TRL Emission Speed Profile

800
700 10
600
8
500
6
400
300 4
200
2
100
0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
)Vehicle Speed (km/hr )Vehicle Speed (km/hr
1.6 3
1.4 England Emission Speed Profile England Emission Speed Profile
)NOx Emission Factor (gr/km
)HC Emission Factor (gr/km
TRL Emission Speed Profile 2.5 TRL Emission Speed Profile
1.2
2
1
0.8 1.5
0.6
1
0.4
0.5
0.2
0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
)Vehicle Speed (km/hr )Vehicle Speed (km/hr
.5-6 TRL
107
:
108
:
.7
.1-7
.1-1-7
( )
( ) :

( )
1-7
:
.1-7

()
()
()
()
1-7
8 .
8
.
30
.
109
:
.1-7
.2-1-7
20
:

( 2 )NEDC
.2-7
.2-7 2
20 95 2-7
.
2-7
110
:

Emission Factor (With 95% 171.4 2.408 0.193 0.586 7.24 0.612
)Confidence 40.6 3.037 0.296 0.961 1.72 0.865
Euro II Limit 2.2 0.5
3-7 .
3-7
Average Chassis 171.8 2.555 0.178 0.672 7.27 0.769
Average PEMS 215.7 5.20 0.281 0.797 12.6 1.053
:
.
2 .
3-7 4 ECE .
25 12
. ECE .
111
:
THC
InstantaneousTHC Production (gr)

0.025
1.5 Cycle1 Cycle1
THC Production (gr)
Cycle2 0.02 Cycle2

Cycle3 Cycle3
1 0.015
Cycle4 Cycle4
0.01
0.5
0.005
0 0
1 2 3 4 0 50 100 150 200
Cycle No. Cycle time (sec)
CO
InstantaneousCO Production (gr)
25 1.5
Cycle1 Cycle1
20
CO Production (gr)
Cycle2 Cycle2
Cycle3 1 Cycle3
15
Cycle4 Cycle4
10
0.5
5
0 0
1 2 3 4 0 50 100 150 200
NOx
InstantaneousNOx Production (gr)
0.04
Cycle1 Cycle1
NOx Production (gr)
1 Cycle2 0.03 Cycle2

Cycle3 Cycle3
Cycle4 Cycle4
0.02
0.5
0.01
0 0
1 2 3 4 0 50 100 150 200
.NEDC ECE 3-7
. 2
112
:
.3-7
200 .
.4-7 ( ) 2
0 )CO (gr/km )HC+NOx (gr/km

2 2.20 0.50
( ) 5.39 1.22
2 145 144
( 200 ) 9.67 1.86
2 340 272
4-7 ( ) 2
10

(

).
90 100
.
( )
.
.
.4-7
4-7 .
.
113
:
200
CO2
CO
150 HC
NOx
% Change by AC
FC
100
50
-50
Highway Flat Highway Uphill Urban Flat Urban Uphill
.4-7
25 20 40
15

5-7 .
.5-7
AC Change Factor 39 34 -5 40 40
.5-7
5-7 .
.
114
:
250
CO2
CO
200
HC
% Change by Slope
NOx
150 FC
100
50
0
Highway, AC Off Highway, AC On Urban, AC Off Urban, AC On
.5-7
45 55
( ) 6-7 .
.6-7
)SLOPE Change Factor (AC Off 101 106 77 101 100

)SLOPE Change Factor (AC On 142 152 87 104 145
.6-7
6-7 5-6 TRL . :
60 ( )
.
NOx CO .
HC ( 10 30
).

( )
115
:
1000 14
900 England Emission Speed Profile England Emission Speed Profile
CO2 Emission Factor (gr/km)
12
CO Emission Factor (gr/km)

TRL Emission Speed Profile TRL Emission Speed Profile
800
700 10
600
8
500
6
400
300 4
200
2
100
0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Vehicle Speed (km/hr) Vehicle Speed (km/hr)
1.6 3
1.4 England Emission Speed Profile England Emission Speed Profile
NOx Emission Factor (gr/km)
HC Emission Factor (gr/km)
TRL Emission Speed Profile 2.5 TRL Emission Speed Profile
1.2
2
1
0.8 1.5
0.6
1
0.4
0.5
0.2
0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Vehicle Speed (km/hr) Vehicle Speed (km/hr)
TRL .6-7
116

= <1
FCE-
92-MEF-08 1392
= <2
FCE-92-MEF-06
1392
117

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...

.1-3-5 88 .................................................................................................................. VSP

2-7 110 ...........

)CO (g/km )6.952 2.564 (95%

11 XU7 JPL3 1761 9.3 89 97400

12 XU7 JP4 1989 10.4 83 113000

2 405 XU7 JPL3 1761 9.3 89 104000

3 XU7 JPL3 1761 9.3 90 49000

4 Siemens 1323 9.7 91 26000

5 OHV 1596 9.5 88 65000

6 XU7 JPL3 1761 9.3 89 193000

7 206 TU5 1657 10.8 87 70000

8 S81 1500 9.7 90 23000

9 206 TU3 1396 10.2 88 100000

10 S81 1500 9.7 90 77000

11 132SX M13 1323 9.7 89 95000

12 90 K4M 1598 10 90 50000

13 EF7 1657 11 87 92000

14 90 K4M 1598 10 89 44000

15 405 XU7 JPL3 1761 9.3 90 53000

16 90 K4M 1598 10 90 17000

17 XU7 JPL3 1761 9.3 87 68000

18 XU7 JPL3 1761 9.3 89 47000

19 Siemens 1323 9.7 91 63000

20 206 TU5 1657 10.8 89 31000

Engine Odometer Driving CO2 CO HC NOx Fuel Cons HC+NOx

Average 171.4 2.607 0.260 0.658 7.24 0.925

Standard deviation 23.5 1.9 0.3 0.6 1.0 0.9

Average after deletion of outlier

Peugeot Pars-193 Peugeot 405 -FTP -104

4 Peugeot 405-NEDC -104

)Fuel consumption (lit/100 km

)CO Emission (gr/km 4

)NOx Emission (gr/km

.2-2 NEDC FTP 75

4-2 405 104000 NEDC FTP75

CO2 CO HC NOx Fuel Cons HC+NOx

NEDC 178.8 4.081 0.404 1.447 7.85 1.851

%Difference 10.6 23.9 -7.7 -6.6 3.6 -6.8

Vehicle CO2 CO HC NOx Fuel Cons

Vehicle CO2 CO HC NOx Fuel Cons

Emission Factors (gr/km) & Fuel Cons. (Lit/100km)

)Fuel consumption (lit/100 km

Milage Fuel Cons.

3.45 6.63 HC 0.14 1.27 CO 0.07 1.1 CO2

Milage Fuel Cons.

Extreme value . NOX

)Emission Factors (g/km Fuel Consumption

)Emission Factors (g/km Fuel Consumption

)Emission Factors (g/km Fuel Consumption

)Emission Factors (g/km Fuel Consumption

CO2 CO HC NOx Fuel Consumption

Vehicle Milage FUEL CONS. FUEL CONS. FUEL CONS.

True mean value instrument error

True mean value instrument error

HC Emission Factor (gr/km)

0 )CO (gr/km )HC+NOx (gr/km

)HC Emission (gr/km

Highway Flat % Change 32 45 -22 53 32

)HC Emission (gr/km

Highway, AC Off % Change 71 104 24 139 70

Outlier of PEMS Data

)HC Emission Factor (gr/km

Outlier of PEMS Data