A. Read the following text carefully and supply a suitable title.

Justify your choice. (10 points)

The earths total water supply is estimated to be 330 million cubic miles. The problem is that 96% of it is
found in the oceans and is saline. A little over 2% is tied up in icecaps and glaciers, and nearly 1% in
the earths atmosphere. Ground water, fresh water lakes, and rivers account for just 0.6% of the fresh
water. The net result is that 99.7% of all the water on earth is not available for human and animal
consumption. Of the remaining 0.3%, much is inaccessible due to unreachable locations and depths, and
the vast majority of water for human and animal consumption is stored in ground water.
An important feature of the earths supply of fresh water is its non-uniform distribution around the
globe. Water, for which there are no substitutes, has always been mankinds most precious resource.
The struggle to control water resources has shaped human political and economic history. Due to its
scarcity and vital importance for the development of a country, water has been a source of tension
wherever water resources are shared by neighbouring peoples.
Water-related tensions around the world can have significant implications for U.S. national security. In
the Middle East, for example, water is a source of conflict not only between Israel and its Arab
neighbours, but also between Egypt and Sudan, and Turkey, Syria, and Iraq. Many have forgotten that
the progression towards the 1967 War was triggered by the water dispute between Israel and Syria over
control over the Jordan River.
Population growth and economic development are driving a steadily increasing demand for new water
supplies, and global demand for water has more than tripled over the past half century. Globally, the
largest user of fresh water is agriculture, accounting for roughly three quarters of total use. In Africa this
fraction approaches 90%. In the U.S., agriculture accounts for 39% of fresh water use, the same
fraction used for cooling thermal power plants.
Future prospects are not encouraging. Global water withdrawal in 2000 is estimated to be about 30% of
the worlds total accessible fresh water supply. By 2025 that fraction may reach 70%.
Dr. Allan R. Hoffman, Senior Analyst, U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)
In http://www.iags.org/n0813043.htm (abridged and adapted)

B. Find the sentences in the
text which suggest that. (30
points)
1. Most of earths water supply has
a high salt content.
2. The amount of available fresh
water varies from country to
country.
3. Water disputes
characterised our civilization.
4. Struggles to control water
resources have already led to
armed conflicts.
5. Most of our water is used in
farming.
C. Answer these questions in D. Complete the following
your own words as far as sentences according to the last
possible. (24 points) two paragraphs of the text.
(18 points)
1. Where do we get mainly our fresh
water from? 1. In Africa 90% of ...
2. Why is water a source of conflict 2. For cooling its thermal power
in countries that have to share the plants, the US . . .
same water supply? 3. In the near future, global water
have 3. What has caused the withdrawal . . .
continuously rising need for water?
E. Explain the formation of the following words. Identify the prefixes /
suffixes and their use. (10 points)
EXAMPLE: encouraging encourage + ing. The suffix ing is used to make an adjective.
1. inaccessible 2. security 3. globally

F. Use the following words to complete the text below. (16 points)
gases effects reversed produce consume scientific levels collapse
An Inconvenient Truth - In the slide show Al Gore reviews the (1) opinion on climate change, discusses the
politics and economics of global warming, and describes the consequences he believes global climate
change will (2) if the amount of human-generated greenhouse (3) is not significantly reduced in the very
near future.
Gore also discusses the possibility of the (4) of a major ice sheet in Greenland or in West Antarctica, either
of which could raise global sea (5) by approximately 20 feet (6 m). The documentary ends with Gore
arguing that if appropriate actions are taken soon, the (6) of global warming can be successfully (7) by
releasing less CO2 and planting more vegetation to (8) existing CO2.
G. Change the verbs in brackets into an appropriate tense to express a future meaning. (15 points)

1. Im going out shopping. Oh, are you? Wait, I (come) with you.
2. By the end of 2050, the population in Europe (suffer) a significant decrease.
3. Hurry up! Its getting late. You (miss) your train.
4. This time next week I (explore) the countryside on foot.
5. We (go) on a safari next week.

H. Conditional sentences complete the gaps with a suitable tense. (12 points)

1. If we didnt use the car so much, we (pollute) the air less.

2. Pollution wouldnt have decreased if we (not stop) burning fossil fuels.
3. More waste will be produced if the world population (continue) to grow.
4. If people (throw) away less, fewer resources would be needed.

I. Rephrase the sentences as started. (15 points)

1. Many countries fight over water because it is such a precious resource. If ...
2. He took these bottles to the bottle bank so that they would be recycled. If...
3. The average temperature will increase if we dont stop putting carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Unless

J. Using 120 to 150 words, comment on the situation below. Refer to its causes and consequences. Then
present some solutions to stop this problem. (50 points)
KEY

B.
1. The problem is that 96% of it is found in the oceans and is saline. (Lines 1/2)
2. An important feature (...) of fresh water is its non-uniform distribution around the globe. (Lines 8/9)
3. The struggle to control water resources has shaped human political and economic history. (Line 10/11)
4. Many have forgotten (...) the 1967 War was triggered by the water dispute between Israel and Syria
over control over the Jordan River. (Lines 17-18)
5. Globally, the largest user of fresh water is agriculture, (...) three quarters of total use. (Lines 21/22)
C.
1. We get it mainly from underground water.
2. Water leads to tension between countries which share the same water resources because it is a
scarce/rare resource and vital to the development of a country.
3. The continuously rising need for water is the result of population growth and economic development.
D.
1. ... its fresh water (supply) is used in agriculture.
1. ... uses 39% of its fresh water.
2. ... may/will reach 70% of the worlds total accessible fresh water supply.
E.
1. in + access + ible. The prefix in is used to form the opposite meaning. The suffix ible is used to
form an adjective.
2. secure + ity. The suffix ity is used to form a noun.
3. global + ly. The suffix ly is used to form an adverb.
F.
1. scientific 2. produce 3. gases 4. collapse 5. levels 6. effects 7. reversed 8. consume
G.
1. will come
2. will have suffered
3. are going to miss
4. will be exploring
5. are going/ are going to go
H.
1. would pollute
2. hadnt stopped
3. continues
4. threw
I.
1. If water wasnt such a precious resource, many countries wouldnt fight over it.
2. If he hadnt taken these bottles to the bottle bank, they wouldnt have been recycled.
3. Unless we stop putting carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, the average temperature will increase