Applied Energy 86 (2009) 675680

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Applied Energy
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/apenergy

A study of the performance, emission and combustion

characteristics of a compression ignition engine using methyl ester
of paradise oileucalyptus oil blends
P.K. Devan a,*, N.V. Mahalakshmi b
a
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Jerusalem College of Engineering, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600 100, India
b
IC Engines Division, Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Anna University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: The signicance of this study is the complete replacement of diesel fuel with bio-fuels. For this purpose;
Received 15 May 2008 bio-fuels, namely, methyl ester of paradise oil and eucalyptus oil were chosen and used as fuel in the form
Received in revised form 13 July 2008 of blends. Various proportions of paradise oil and eucalyptus oil are prepared on a volume basis and used
Accepted 19 July 2008
as fuels in a single cylinder, four-stroke DI diesel engine, to study the performance and emission charac-
Available online 31 August 2008
teristics of these fuels. In the present investigation a methyl ester derived from paradise oil is considered
as an ignition improver. The results show a 49% reduction in smoke, 34.5% reduction in HC emissions and
Keywords:
a 37% reduction in CO emissions for the Me50Eu50 blend with a 2.7% increase in NOx emission at full
Eucalyptus oil
Methyl ester of paradise oil
load. There was a 2.4% increase in brake thermal efciency for the Me50Eu50 blend at full load. The
Viscosity combustion characteristics of Me50Eu50 blend are comparable with those of diesel.
Volatility 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Performance
Emission
Combustion

1. Introduction
With over six billion people and 600 million cars in the world
today, the global energy requirement is skyrocketing. From the in-
creased pressure from international initiatives such as the Kyoto
Agreement to reduce carbon emissions and the lobbying activities
of environmental pressure groups, it is clear that governments
have a tough challenge on their hands. Over the past 30 years, gov-
ernments in the world have been focusing on the utilization of
renewable energy sources. The use of crops or waste as an efcient,
cost-effective, locally-available and sustainable source of energy
has increased, bringing opportunities for farmers and governments
alike, while also beneting the environment. In this context, re-
search has been focused on bio-fuels as alternative fuels for inter-
nal combustion engines.
Bio-fuels, namely, vegetable oils can be used as fuels for diesel
engines. Vegetable oils can be directly used in diesel engines as
Abbreviations: Me20Eu80, 20% methyl ester of paradise oil and 80% eucalyptus
oil; Me30Eu70, 30% methyl ester of paradise oil and 70% eucalyptus oil; Me40
Eu60, 40% methyl ester of paradise oil and 60% eucalyptus oil; Me50Eu50, 50%
methyl ester of paradise oil and 50% eucalyptus oil.
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +91 09444801774.
E-mail addresses: pkdevan@yahoo.com (P.K. Devan), nvmal2001@yahoo.co.in
(N.V. Mahalakshmi).
they have a high cetane number and caloric value, which are very
similar to those of diesel. However, the brake thermal efciency of
vegetable oils is inferior to that of diesel. This leads to problems of
high smoke, HC and CO emissions. This is because of the high vis-
cosity and low volatility of vegetable oils, which lead to difculty
in atomizing the fuel and mixing it with air. Further, gum forma-
tion and piston sticking under long-term use due to the presence
of oxygen in their molecules and the reactivity of the unsaturated
HC chains, present problems in the use of vegetable oils. These
problems were overcome by chemically altering the vegetable oil
(transesterication) and blending it with diesel [14]. Transesteri-
cation of vegetable oils results in better performance and reduced
emissions. This process needs either ethanol or methanol. A spec-
ied amount of methanol is mixed and allowed to react with the
vegetable oil in the presence of a catalyst like KOH or NaOH at a
temperature of 70 C. Transesterication of vegetable oil provides
a signicant reduction in viscosity, thereby enhancing its physical
properties. The cetane number is also improved. It has been re-
ported that the methyl ester of vegetable oils offers lower smoke
levels and higher thermal efciencies than neat vegetable oils
[5]. Further, it has been reported that the thermal efciency of
the engine increases with an increase in the methanol fraction in
diesel due to an increased fraction in the premixed combustion
phase with marked reductions in CO and HC emissions [6]. A mar-
ginal increase in NOx emission and a reduction in CO, HC and

0306-2619/$ - see front matter 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2008.07.008
676 P.K. Devan, N.V. Mahalakshmi / Applied Energy 86 (2009) 675680

smoke, due to the presence of oxygen in neat bio-diesel and bio- 1.1. Potential and characterization of paradise oil (simarouba glauca)
dieseldiesel blends were recorded and reported [7]. The behavior and eucalyptus oil (eucalyptus globules)
of the bio-diesel prepared from modied feed stocks was studied
and it was reported that the engine performance and combustion The Paradise tree is a multipurpose tree, capable of growing on
process of all the blends were similar to those of diesel fuel with degraded soils. It can adapt to a wide range of temperatures (30
marginally higher fuel consumption, a shorter ignition delay, and 45 C) and altitudes (up to 1000 m above sea level). This tree has
a lower premixed burning rate [8]. The effects of cetane numbers got a potential to produce 20002500 kg oil/ha/year. The botanical
and fuel injection pressures on a diesel engine emission and on name of paradise oil is simarouba glauca. Paradise oil, like Jatropha
its performance were reported. The results showed that NOx, and oil, is arousing great enthusiasm for its use in producing bio-diesel.
CO emissions reduced by about 15% and 5%, respectively, when The oil contains about 63% unsaturated fatty acids. This evergreen
the fuel CN was increased for standard injection pressure, but the tree can check soil erosion and helps in wasteland reclamation. As
smoke value increased dramatically when the injection pressure a long-term strategy, cultivation of paradise tree is advocated in
was reduced to 100 bar [9]. No signicant reduction in the engine the abundantly available marginal lands/wastelands, to overcome
power was reported when the engine was operated on methyl es- oil shortage and its implementation is economically viable and
ter of Karanja oil blends [10]. The high cetane value of bio-diesel ecologically sustainable.
produced from palm oil could compensate for the decrease of the The eucalyptus tree grows in many parts of the world. Eucalyp-
cetane number of the blends caused by the presence of ethanol. tus oil can be extracted from eucalyptus leaves which are available
It was also reported that the emissions of the blends reduced sig- abundantly throughout the year. Therefore, oil production is
nicantly at high engine load, whereas NOx increased when com- perennial and not seasonal. Another added advantage of this oil
pared to diesel fuel operation [11]. The effect of fuel properties is that, it can be directly blended with any oil without any modi-
on combustion characteristics and emissions such as NOx, THC, cation to the oil.
smoke and particulate matter in a direct-injection diesel engine
were reported. The cetane number and aromatic content of fuels 2. Property analysis
were varied independently. The results showed that reducing the
cetane number resulted in an increase of NOx and a decrease of The physico-chemical properties of eucalyptus oil, and methyl
particulate matter at high load [12]. The addition of CN improver ester of paradise oil are compared with those of diesel fuel and
resulted in increased efciency with an increase in blends and a given in Table 1. It can be observed that both the oils have impor-
reduction in NOx and smoke simultaneously [13]. tant properties comparable with those of diesel fuel, and are also
The monoesters are able to give stable solutions when they are within the limits prescribed by IS 1460-1974, except the cetane
used in a wide range of proportions with diesel fuel and with veg- number of eucalyptus oil.
etable oils and alcohols too. They can be solubilizers and so make it Table 2 shows the variation of the caloric value and viscosity
possible to improve the quality of the blended oils with respect to with respect to the addition of eucalyptus. When eucalyptus oil,
their viscosity [13]. The monoesters of rape seed oil can be used as which has high volatility and low viscosity, blended with methyl
an ignition improver for distillates of less ignition response or for ester, it resulted in a fuel with reduced viscosity and increased vol-
alcohols [14]. atility. The reduction in viscosity and increase in heating value
In this study, biomass derived eucalyptus oil was chosen as the would result in better engine performance. The volatility of the
major constituent and the methyl ester of paradise oil was used as blend also increased, which led to ne atomization and better
an ignition improver to enhance the performance of the blends. spray formation.
The performance, emission and combustion characteristics of Important properties of bio-fuels like lower heating value, ash
bio-fuel blends were evaluated using a naturally aspirated, point, and viscosity are comparable with those of diesel. The fatty
direct-injection diesel engine. acid composition of this methyl ester is similar to that of other
types of methyl esters. One feature of this oil is the presence of
oleic acid as the major constituent. This oleic acid enhances the
Table 1 performance of the diesel engines by reducing carbon deposits,
Physico-chemical properties of eucalyptus oil, methyl ester of paradise oil, diesel and
and injector coking.
Indian requirements as per IS 1460-1974
Another oil chosen is eucalyptus oil. Important properties of
Properties Eucalyptus Methyl ester Diesel Indian requirements eucalyptus oil like lower heating value, viscosity, density, boiling
oil of paradise oil as per IS 1460-1974
point, and ash point are comparable with those of diesel. The
Density @ 40 C in 0.8955 0.8752 0.84 Nil major constituent of eucalyptus oil is cineole. The empirical
gm/cc
formula for cineole is C10H18O and its systematic name is 1,3,3-tri-
Kinematic viscosity 2.0 5.4 34 2.07.5
@ 40 C in CST
Conradson carbon 1.90 0.18 0.20
residue Table 2
Fire point 150 C Variation of caloric value and viscosity with respect to addition of eucalyptus
Flash point 54 C 141.2 C 74 38 C min
Serial Blends Viscosity Caloric Density
Pour point 5 C 2 C 23 6 C Max
number CST value kJ/kg
Heating value kJ/kg 43270 40,285 42700
Sulphur wt% 0.13 1.00 Max 1 Std. diesel 3 42,700 0.84
Saponication 191.5 2 Methyl ester of paradise oil 5.4 40,285 0.8752
value 3 Eucalyptus oil 2 43,270 0.8955
Iodine value 46 4 Me20Eu80 (20% methyl ester 2.72 42,673 0.8914
Distillation 369 C 366 C and 80% eucalyptus)
recovery @ 90%, 5 Me30Eu70 (30% methyl ester 3.08 42,374 0.8894
minimum and 70% eucalyptus)
Cetane index 53.6 6 Me40Eu60 (40% methyl ester 3.44 42,076 0.8874
(ASTM D976) and 60% eucalyptus)
Calculated cetane 51 4055 42 7 Me50Eu50 (50% methyl ester 3.8 41,778 0.8852
number and 50% eucalyptus)
 P.K. Devan, N.V. Mahalakshmi / Applied Energy 86 (2009) 675680 677

Table 3 Table 4
Fatty acid composition [16] Engine specications

Fatty Formula Structure % Composition in % Composition in Model Kirloskar TAFI

acid paradise oil neem oil
Type Single cylinder, four-stroke, direct injection, bowl-in-piston
Palmitic C16H32O2 16:0 11.8 13.616.2 combustion chamber
Stearic C18H36O2 18:0 22.96 14.424.1 Capacity 661 cm3
Oleic C18H34O2 18:1 59.1 49.161.9 Bore & stroke 87.5 mm  110 mm
Linoleic C18H32O2 18:2 3.33 2.315.8 Compression 17.5:1
Arachidic C20H40O2 20:0 1.48 0.83.4 ratio
Speed 1500 rpm
(constant)
Rated power 4.4 kW
methyl-2-oxabicyclo[2.2.2]octane. The carbon atoms linked to Dynamometer Eddy current
ether oxygen are fully substituted and this fact, together with the Cooling Air cooling
system
chemical saturation (no carboncarbon double bonds) endows Injection 23 bTDC
cineole with stability and low chemical reactivity. These properties timing
include resistance to oxidation, polymerization and thermal Injection 200 bar
decomposition, in contrast to most other terpenoid compounds. pressure
Cineoles ether oxygen atom is moderately polar, making it either
fully or partly miscible in a wide range of other liquids, from
hydrocarbons to polar organics. And also, eucalyptus oil is an effec- further processing. Exhaust emission from the engine was mea-
tive co-solvent; the reason for this is the fact that, eucalyptus oil is sured with the help of a QRO TECH, QEO-402 gas analyzer. The
quite similar to the naphthenic base in its chemical structure [15]. smoke intensity was measured with the help of the Bosch Smoke
The fatty acid composition of the methyl ester of paradise oil meter. Two separate sampling probes were used to receive sample
was measured using the GCMS apparatus. The fatty acid composi- exhaust gases from the engine, for measuring emission and smoke
tion of methyl ester of paradise oil and neem oil are similar [16]. intensity, respectively. A 2-inch diameter lter paper was used to
The fatty acid composition of methyl ester of paradise oil and neem collect smoke samples from the engine, through the smoke sam-
oil are given in Table 3. pling pump for measuring smoke intensity.

3. Experimental setup 4. Performance

Fig. 1 shows the schematic diagram of the experimental setup.
The test engine used was the Kirloskar TAF1. The specication of
the engine is given in Table 4. A single cylinder four-stroke air-
cooled diesel engine developing 4.4 kW at 1500 rpm was used for
the research work. This engine was coupled to a BENZ eddy-
current dynamometer with a control system. Chromel alumel ther-
mocouple in conjunction with a digital temperature indicator was
used for measuring the exhaust gas temperature. The cylinder
pressure was measured by a piezoelectric pressure transducer
(Kistler) tted on the engine cylinder head and a crank angle enco-
der tted on the ywheel. Both the pressure transducer and enco-
der signal were connected to the charge amplier to condition the
signals. A charge amplier was used to condition the signals for
4.1. Brake specic energy consumption and brake thermal efciency
The brake specic energy consumption of the Me50Eu50 blend
was lower than that of all other blends and neat methyl ester. This
may be due to better combustion, and an increase in the energy
content of the blend as shown in Fig. 2. The brake thermal ef-
ciency of the Me50Eu50 blend was better than that of other
blends as seen from Fig. 3. The reduction in viscosity leads to
improved atomization, fuel vaporization and combustion. It may
also be due to better utilization of heat energy, and better air
entrainment. In addition, the ignition delay time of the above blend
is closer to that of diesel. Due to faster burning of eucalyptus oil in
the blend, the thermal efciency was improved. This will be shown

Altern- 28
Electronic display board ative Diesel
Measuring Fuel
Speed rpm Tank
rpm Burette Oil
Tank
26
Load Kg Std. diesel
Kg
24 Me 20 Eu 80
Me 30 Eu 70
22
BSEC, g/kWhr

Fuel Me 40 Eu 60
switching
circuit Gas 20 Me 50 Eu 50
analyser
Air Plenum
18

Exhaust
gas
16
Pressure transducer Silencer
14
Eddy current
Engine Dynamometer 12
Encoder Coupling
10
Data
Acquisition 0 25 50 75 100
Load,%
Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of experimental setup. Fig. 2. Variation of BSEC with load for various methyl estereucalyptus blends.
678 P.K. Devan, N.V. Mahalakshmi / Applied Energy 86 (2009) 675680

35 1400

30 1200
Brake thermal efficiency, %

25
1000

NOx, ppm
20
800
Std. diesel Std. diesel
15 Me 20 Eu 80 Me 20-Eu 80
600
Me 30 Eu 70 Me 30-Eu 70
10 Me 40 Eu 60 Me 40-Eu 60
Me 50 Eu 50 400 Me 50-Eu 50
5

0 0
0 25 50
Load, %
Fig. 3. Variation of brake thermal efciency with load for various methyl ester
eucalyptus blends.
later in the heat release curves. The efciency of the Me50Eu50 at
full load is 31.42%.
4.2. Exhaust gas temperature
The variation of the exhaust gas temperature with load is
shown in Fig. 4. From Fig. 4 it is observed that the exhaust gas tem-
perature of the Me20Eu80 blend is higher than that of all other
blends; this is mainly due to the lower cetane number and higher
ignition delay of the blend. The cetane number of the fuel was
reduced with an increase of the eucalyptus oil content in the fuel
because of the low cetane number of eucalyptus oil. A lower cetane
number means an increase in the ignition delay and more accumu-
lated fuel/air mixture, which causes a rapid heat release at the
beginning of the combustion, resulting in high temperature.
4.3. Emission analysis
200
25 50 75 100
75 100 Load, %
Fig. 5. Variation of NOx with load for various methyl estereucalyptus blends.
trend may be due to the presence of oxygen in both methyl
ester of paradise oil (Me) and eucalyptus oil (Eu) of MeEu
blends. Many researchers reported that oxygenate fuel blends
can cause an increase in NOx emissions. Normally, complete
combustion causes higher combustion temperature, which re-
sults in higher NOx formation. Another reason for the increase
in NOx emission is the decrease of the cetane number at a higher
proportion of eucalyptus. A lower cetane number means an in-
crease in ignition delay and more accumulated fuel/air mixture,
which causes a rapid heat release at the beginning of the com-
bustion, resulting in high temperature and high NOx formation
[11]. For a high eucalyptus oil blend (i.e.) Me20Eu80, NOx emis-
sion was 1334 ppm whereas for std. diesel it was 1225 ppm.
Increase in NOx emission is due to the lower cetane number.
NOx is 8% higher for Me20Eu80, compared to std. diesel. For
the Me50Eu50 blend, the NOx emission was 1258 ppm com-
pared to 1225 ppm of std. diesel. There is an increase about
2.7% NOx emissions for the Me50Eu50 blend.

4.3.1. Oxides of nitrogen (NOx)

The variation of NOx emission for MeEu blends and std. die-
sel for different engine loads is shown in Fig. 5. The increase in
120

Std. diesel
Std. diesel Me 20 Eu 80
Me 20 Eu 80 100
Me 30 Eu 70
Me 30 Eu 70
Me 40 Eu 60 Me 40 Eu 60
Ex. Gas Temp, C

80 Me 50 Eu 50
HC, ppm

Me 50 Eu 50

60

40

20
0 25 50 75 100 0 25 50 75 100
Load, % Load, %
Fig. 4. Variation of exhaust gas temperature with load for various methyl ester Fig. 6. Variation of hydrocarbon emission with load for various methyl ester
eucalyptus blends. eucalyptus blends.
 P.K. Devan, N.V. Mahalakshmi / Applied Energy 86 (2009) 675680 679

4.3.2. Hydrocarbon 80
The variation of HC emission for MeEu blend fuels under var- Std. diesel
ious engine loads is shown in Fig. 6. At a lower load, the blends 70 Me 20 Eu 80
containing a higher percentage of eucalyptus will have higher HC

Cylinder pressure, bar

Me 30 Eu 70
emission, though it is lesser than that of diesel. It may be due to 60 Me 40 Eu 60
the lower viscosity of a higher percentage of eucalyptus in the Me 50 Eu 50
blends, and a larger eucalyptus oil dispersion region in the com- 50
bustion chamber. However, at full load, std. diesel had the highest
HC emission. There was a reduction of 34% HC emissions for the 40
Me50Eu50 blend.
30
4.3.3. Carbon monoxide
The variation of CO emission at different loads for MeEu blends 20
is shown in Fig. 7. At low and medium loads, CO emissions of the
blends were not much different from those of std. diesel. However, 10
at full load, CO emissions of the blends decreased signicantly 330 360 390 420
when compared with those of standard diesel. This can be Crank angle (Degrees)
explained by the enrichment of oxygen owing to the eucalyptus
Fig. 9. Variation of cylinder pressure with load for MEPS-Eu blends at full load.
oil and bio-diesel addition, in which an increase in the proportion
of oxygen promotes further oxidation of CO during the engine
exhaust process. There was a 37% reduction of CO emission for 4.3.4. Smoke
the Me50Eu50 blend. The variation of smoke emission at different loads for MeEu
blends is shown in Fig. 8. The signicant reduction in smoke emis-
sion may be due to the oxygenated blends. Smoke is mainly pro-
0.4
duced in the diffusive combustion phase; the oxygenated fuel
Std. diesel blends lead to an improvement in diffusive combustion for the
0.35 Me 20 Eu 80 Me50Eu50 blend. Reduction in smoke emission of about 49%
Me 30 Eu 70 was recorded at full load for the Me50Eu50 blend.
0.3
Me 40 Eu 60
Me 50 Eu 50 5. Combustion analysis
0.25
CO, %

Fig. 9 shows the variation of cylinder pressure with crank angle

0.2
for methyl estereucalyptus blends and diesel. From the cylinder
pressure graph it is seen that high eucalyptus oil blends provide
0.15
higher cylinder pressure compared to that of std. diesel. This is
0.1 attributed to the lower cetane number of eucalyptus in the blend.
When the ignition improver (methyl ester of paradise oil) increases
in the blend, the peak pressure decreases and ignition delay de-
0.05
creases. Hence, the cylinder pressure trend of 50% blend is found
0 closer to that of standard diesel fuel.
0 25 50 75 100 Fig. 10 shows the variation of the cylinder peak pressure with
Load, % load for the methyl estereucalyptus oil blends and diesel. Peak
pressure depends mainly on the combustion rate in the initial
Fig. 7. Variation of carbon monoxide with load for various methyl estereucalyptus
stages, which is inuenced by the fuel taking part in the
blends.

5 80
Std. diesel
Std. diesel
Me 20 Eu 80
Cylinder peak pressure, bar

4 Me 20 Eu 80 Me 30 Eu 70
Me 30 Eu 70 Me 40 Eu 60
Me 40 Eu 60 70
Me 50 Eu 50
Smoke, BSU

3
Me 50 Eu 50

2
60

0 50
0 25 50 75 100 0 25 50 75 100
Load, % Load, %
Fig. 8. Variation of smoke with load for various methyl estereucalyptus blends. Fig. 10. Variation of cylinder peak pressure with load for MEPS-Eu blends.
680 P.K. Devan, N.V. Mahalakshmi / Applied Energy 86 (2009) 675680
70
60 Std.diesel
Me 20 Eu 80
50
Heat release rate J/CA
Me 30 Eu 70
Me 40 Eu 60
40
Me 50 Eu 50
30
20
10
0 a 2.7% increase in NOx emission. There was a 2.4% increase in
-10
340 350 360 370 380 390 400
Crank angle (Degrees)
Fig. 11. Comparison of the heat release rate for MEPS-Eu blends 100% of full load.
uncontrolled heat release phase. The presence of eucalyptus oil in
the blend decreases its viscosity and improves its volatility, which
leads to better atomization and mixture preparation with air dur-
ing the ignition delay period. From Fig. 10 it is observed that the
cylinder peak pressure of all fuels increases from no load to full
load. However, the slope of the higher eucalyptus oil blend is com-
paratively higher than that of all other fuel blends. This is mainly
due to the low cetane value of the blend and longer ignition delay.
Normally low cetane fuels are more volatile and have a higher la-
tent heat of vaporization. Hence, the fuel absorbs more amount of
heat from the cylinder immediately after injection and resulting in
longer ignition delay. Therefore, the slope of the high eucalyptus
blend is comparatively higher than that of std. diesel operation.
Cylinder peak pressure shows a slight increase with an increase
in the proportion of eucalyptus at medium and high loads, whereas
it decreases slightly, with an increase in the proportion of eucalyp-
tus oil at low load. The high premixed combustion rate can be
attributed to the high value of Pmax at medium and high loads,
while the prolonging of heat release would be responsible for the
decrease in Pmax at low loads.
The heat release rate at 100% load is shown in Fig. 11. It can be
observed from the gure that the heat release rate for std. diesel is
the lowest among all the tested fuels. The presence of eucalyptus
oil in the blend decreases its viscosity and improves its volatility,
which leads to better atomization and mixture preparation with
air during the ignition delay period. The heat release pattern of
the ME50Eu50 blend is similar to std. diesel, whereas, other
blends deviate more from that of std. diesel. As the concentration
of eucalyptus oil increases in the blend, the ignition delay increases
and hence a higher heat release is produced. This is attributed to
the lower cetane number of high eucalyptus oil blends.
6. Conclusions
The performance, emission and combustion characteristics of a
naturally aspirated single cylinder four-stroke DI diesel engine
using cetane improved eucalyptus oil blends, were studied and
the conclusions of the test results are given below.
1. The high cetane value of methyl ester could compensate for the
decreased cetane value caused by the eucalyptus oil in the
blend.
2. The lower heating value of all the blends was found to be sim-
ilar to that of diesel fuel.
3. Reduced viscosity and increased volatility are the benets of
these blends.
4. As for the emissions of the blends, it was found that CO, HC and
smoke were reduced signicantly, whereas NOx increased
slightly, when compared to those of diesel. The results show a
49% reduction in smoke, 34.5% reduction in HC emissions and
a 37% reduction in CO emissions for the Me50Eu50 blend with
brake thermal efciency for the Me50Eu50 blend at full load.
From the combustion analysis it was found that the perfor-
mance of the Me50Eu50 blend was as good as that of diesel. Tak-
ing these facts into account, a blend of 50% methyl ester of paradise
oil and 50% eucalyptus oil can be used as an alternative suitable
fuel in DI diesel engines.
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