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Problem 1. Prove that for every x (0,1) the following inequality holds:
1
2 2 2
1 (cos y) dy x (sin x) .
0
Solution 1. Clearly
1 x
2 2
1 (cos y) dy 1 (cos y) dy .
0 0
Define a function F :[0,1] by setting:
x
F ( x ) 1 (cos y )2 dy x 2 (sin x )2 .
0
Since F (0) 0 , it suffices to prove F '( x ) 0 . By the fundamental theorem of Calculus, we have
1 x
1 cos y dy is the arc length of the function f y sin y on the interval 0, x which is clearly
2
strictly greater than the length of the straight line between the points 0, 0 and x,sin x which in turn
x 2 sin x .
2
is equal to
Problem 2. For any positive integer n , let the functions f n : be defined by f n1( x) f1( f n ( x)) ,
where f1( x) 3x 4 x3 . Solve the equation f n ( x ) 0 .
Solution. First, we prove that x 1 f n ( x) 1 holds for every positive integer n. It suffices to
demonstrate the validity of this implication for . But, by assuming x 1 , it readily follows that
a , a 1 f (a ), n 1.
2 n 1 n (1.2)
Study the convergence of the series anr , for r .
n 1
Solution. i) We claim that there exists 0 such that f ( x ) 0 for any x (0, ). For this, observe
that, since f is of class C1 and f (0) 1 0, there exists 0 such that f ( x ) 0 on (0, ). Since
f (0) 0 and f is strictly increasing on (0, ), the claim follows.
Next, we prove that there exists 0 such that f ( x ) x for any x (0, ). Since
f (2016) (0) 0 and f is of class C 2016 , there is 0 such that f (2016) (t ) 0, for any t (0, ). By
the Taylor's formula, for any x (0, ), there is 0,1 such that
f (0) f (2015) (0) 2015 f (2016) ( x ) 2016
f ( x ) f (0) 1! x ... 2015!
x 2016!
x , (1.3)
hence
f (2016) ( x ) 2016
g ( x) 2016!
x 0, x (0, ).
( xf ( x ))2015
lim 1 lim .
x 0
1 1 x 0 x
2015
f ( x )2015
f ( x )2015 x 2015
2015
2 f ( 2016) (x) 2017
x x
Observe that, by (1.3)
xf x 2015 2016 ! .
x 2015 f ( x) 2015 f ( 2016) (x) 2016 2014
x (x x f ( x) f ( x) )
2013 2014
2016!
Since f is of class C 2016 , lim f (2016) ( x ) f (2016) (0) and
x 0
( xf ( x ))2015
lim 2016! 0.
x 0 x
2015
f ( x )2015 2015 f (2016) (0)
It means, by the comparison criterion, that the series anr and 1
r
converge and/or diverge
n 1 n 1 n 2015
simultaneously, hence the series anr converges for r 2015, and diverges for r 2015.
n 1