BASIC CONCEPTS IN PLANE GEOMETRY

Triangles

1. Scalene triangle is a triangle with no two equal sides.

2. Isosceles triangle is a triangle with two equal sides.
3. Equilateral triangle is a triangle with all sides equal.
4. Right triangle is a triangle which contains a right angle.
5. Oblique triangle is a triangle with no right angle.
a) Acute triangle is an oblique triangle with three acute angles.
b) Obtuse triangle is an oblique triangle with one obtuse angle.
Circle

1. Radius is the distance from the center to any point on the circle.
2. Chord is any line segment joining any two points on the circle.
3. Diameter is a chord that passes through the center of the circle.
4. Arc is a portion of a circle.
5. Segment is the figure formed by a chord and the arc subtending the chord.
6. Sector is the figure formed by two radii and the included arc.
7. Tangent is the line that intersects the circle at a single point.
8. Secant is the line that intersects the circle at two distinct points.
9. Circumference is the length of perimeter of the circle.
10. Central angle is the angle whose vertex lies at the center of the circle and whose sides are two radii.
11. Inscribed angle is the angle whose vertex lies at the circle and whose sides are two chords.
12. Concentric circles are circles with a common center.
13. Annulus is the region bounded by two concentric circles.

Polygon

Types of Polygons
1. Triangle is a polygon containing 3 sides.
2. Quadrilateral or Tetragon is a polygon having 4 sides.
3. Pentagon is a polygon of 5 sides.
4. Hexagon is a polygon of 6 sides.
5. Heptagon is a polygon of 7 sides.
6. Octagon is a polygon of 8 sides.
7. Nonagon is a polygon of 9 sides.
8. Decagon is a polygon of 10 sides.
9. Undecagon is a poygon of 11 sides.
10. Dodecagon is a polygon of 12 sides.
11. Pentadecagon is a polygon of 15 sides.
12. Icosagon is a polygon of 20 sides.
13. Chillagon is a polygon of 1000 sides.
14. N-gon is a polygon of n sides.
15. Regular polygon is a polygon having all sides and interior angles equal.

Other Plane Figures

Trapezoid is a quadrilateral with two parallel sides.

Trapezium is a quadrilateral with no two sides parallel.

Parallelogram is a quadrilateral with both pairs of opposite sides parallel.

Rectangle is a parallelogram with each interior angle measures 900.

Square is an equilateral rectangle.

Rhomboid is a parallelogram whose adjacent sides are unequal.

Rhombus is a parallelogram whose all sides are equal.

AREAS OF PLANE FIGURES

 1
A= bh
h h 2

b b

1
A= ab sin
2

a

b
Herons Formula:
A = s (s - a) (s - b) (s - c)
a b where the semi perimeter
s = (a + b + c)/2

c
a

a
A = a2

w A=lw

h A = bh
 b

Rhombus
d1 1
A= d1 d2
d2 2

a
(s-a)(s-b)(s-c)(s-d) ...
B A A=
b -abcd cos2
C d a+b+c+d
D where s =
2
C Trapezium
A+C B+D
= =
2 2

d1 d2 1
A= d1 d2 sin
2

isosceles trapezoid
a

h A = (a+b) h

b
Regular s A=ans
pentagon where n is the number of sides
a
and a is the apothem

a = s cot (/2)

= 3600/n
1 2
r A= r
2
s where s = r
r 1
or A= rs
2
r = radius
sector
= angle in radian

r
1 2
A= r [ - sin]
2
r

Segment
 R
A = (R2 r2)
r

annulus

b a
A = ab

l 2
A= ld
3
d

Some Theorems on Circles

1. Cross Chord Theorem

If two chords intersect within a circle, then the product of the segments of one chord is equal to the product of the segments of the other chord.
( AE) ( EB) = ( CE) ( ED)
C
B
E

2. Secant Theorem D
A
If two secant lines are drawn from a circle to a point in its exterior, then the product of the secant line and its external segment is equal to the product of the other entire secant
line and its external segment.
( AC) ( BC) = ( CD) ( EC) A
B
C
E
D

3. Tangent-Secant Theorem
If a tangent line and a secant line are drawn from a circle to a point in its exterior, then the product of the secant line and its external segment is equal to the square of the
tangent line.

( BA) ( CA) = ( TA) ( TA) = ( TA)

2
C

T A
4. Central angles of the same or equal circles have the same ratio as their arcs.

5. The diameter that is perpendicular to a chord bisects the chord and its two arcs. Conversely, the diameter that bisects a chord is perpendicular to the chord.

C D
6. The perpendicular bisector of a chord passes through the center
B of the circle.

7. A straight line perpendicular to a radius at its endpoint on the circle is tangent to the circle.

C r

T
8. The line of centers of two tangent circles passes through the point of contact.

c1 c1 c2
c2

9. The measure of a central angle is the angular measure of its intercepted arc. The intercepted arc is measured by its central angle.

C
10. An inscribed angle is measured by of its intercepted arc.

2
=

11. An angle inscribed in a semi-circle is a right angle.

A

B
12. In a cyclic quadrilateral, the sum of the products of the opposite sides is equal to the product of the diagonals.
b
d1 c
a
d2
d

Definitions:

1. Solid is any limited portion of space bounded by surfaces.

2. Section of a solid is the plane figure cut from the solid by passing a plane through it.

3. Polyhedron is a solid bounded by planes.

4. Edges of a polyhedron are the intersection of the bounding planes.

5. Faces are the portions of the bounding planes included by the edges.

6. Vertices are the intersections of the edges.

7. Regular Polyhedron or Platonic Solid is a solid whose faces are identical regular polygons.

POLYHEDRON FACES NO. OF FACES NO. OF EDGES NO. OF

VERTICES
Tetrahedron Triangle 4 6 4
Hexahedron Square 6 12 8
Octahedron Triangle 8 12 6
Dodecahedron Pentagon 12 30 20
Icosahedrons Triangle 20 30 12
Cube is a polyhedron whose six faces are all congruent squares.

a
a

Rectangular Parallelepiped is a polyhedron whose six faces are all rectangles.

w
l

Prism is a polyhedron of which the two parallel faces are equal polygons and the other faces are parallelograms.

Right Prism is a prism whose lateral faces are rectangles that are perpendicular to its bases.

h
h
Ab
Ab
Oblique Prism is a prism whose
b lateral faces are not perpendicular to its bases.
b

L
L Ar h
h Ar

Ab
Ab

Truncated Prism is a portion of a prism included between the base and a plane that is not parallel to the base.

h1 h4 h1
h3
h2 h2
Ab h3 Ab
 Rectangular prism triangular prism

Circular Cylinder is a cylinder with a circular right section.

A A

Section AA
Right Circular cylinder is a circular cylinder whose elements are perpendicular to its base.

h
Pyramid is a polyhedron of which the base is a polygon of n number of sides and the other faces are triangles with a common vertex.
Ab

h
l

Ab
b

Regular Pyramid is a pyramid whose base is a regular polygon and the other faces are isosceles triangles.

b
b
Cone is a solid bounded by a conical surface and the plane intersecting all the elements.

l h

Ab

r
Right Circular Cone is a circular cone with axis perpendicular to its base.

b1portion of a regular pyramid included between the base and a section parallel to the base.
Frustum of a Regular Pyramid is a
B1

l h

B2
b2

Frustum of a Right Circular Cone is a portion of a right circular cone included between the base and a section parallel to the base.
r1
c1
B1

l
h
c2
B2
r2
Prismatoid or Prismoid is a polyhedron whose parallel bases are polygons and the lateral faces triangles or trapezoids.

B1
B
m
h
Cylindrical Wedge is a prismatoid obtained by passing an inclined section through a cylinder that passes through the center of the base.
B2

Sphere is a solid bounded by a closed surface where every point is equidistant from a fixed point, called the center.

Spherical Zone is a portion of the surface of a sphere included between two parallel planes.

Spherical Segment is a solid bounded by a zone and the planes of the zones bases.
 h

Spherical Sector is a solid generated by rotating a sector of a circle about an axis which passes through the center of the circle but which contains no point inside the sector.
`
Spherical Triangle is a portion of the surface of a sphere bounded by arcs of three great circles.
A

C B

Spherical Pyramid or Spherical Polygon is a portion of a sphere bounded by a spherical polygon and the plane of its side.

A B

D C

Torus is a solid formed by rotating a circle about a line not intersecting it.

b a

Ellipsoid or Spheroid is a solid formed by rotating an ellipse about its axis.

Prolate Spheroid is a solid formed by rotating an ellipse about its major axis.

Oblate Spheroid is a solid formed by rotating an ellipse about its minor axis.

b
a
a
b a b a
b is a solid formed by revolving a parabolic
Paraboloid of Revolution b area about its axis.

r R

h
h

r
Similar Figures

Similar polyhedrons are polyhedrons that have the same number of faces, respectively similar and similarly placed, and have their corresponding
polyhedral angles are equal. Corresponding lines of similar figures are proportional.

Formulas:
1. The areas of similar plane figures or similar surfaces have the same ratio as the squares of any two corresponding lines.
2. The volumes of similar solids have the same ratio as the cubes of any two corresponding lines.
3. In similar figures of any kind, pairs of corresponding line segments such as x, X , and y, Y have the same ratio.
 Formulas

I. Solids for which V= Base area x

Bh height
SOLID PROPERTIES VOLUME SURFACE AREA
The three dimensions of a TSA = 6a2
1. Cube

cube are equal to each V = Bh

other. All edges are equal. = (a2) a a2 = area of one face
All the faces of a cube are = a3
congruent squares.

The parallel edges are

2. Rectangular Parallelepiped

equal.
The opposite lateral faces V = (lw) h TSA = 2 (lw + lh + wh)
are equal and parallel.
Any two opposite faces may
be taken as the bases.
Every section made by a
plane parallel to the base is
equal in area to that of the
base.
The bases are the equal
3. Right Prism

polygons; the lateral area is the

sum of the areas of the
remaining faces. LSA = e pk = h pk
V = Bh Where:
The intersections of the lateral
= Area of polygon x e = lateral edge
faces are called lateral edges. height
These lateral edges are equal = height (for
and parallel. right prism)
The sections made by parallel
pk = perimeter of
 planes cutting all the lateral right section
edges are equal polygons.
The altitude of a prism is the TSA = 2B + LSA
perpendicular distance between
the planes of its bases.
A right section of a prism is a
section perpendicular to the
lateral edges.
A right prism is a prism whose
lateral edges are perpendicular
to its bases; its lateral faces are
rectangles.
4. Oblique Prism

V = Ab h = Ar L S = Pr L

V = Ab (h1 + h2 + h3)/3 S = Pb (h1 + h2 +

Prism5. Truncated Triangular

h3)/3
 V = Ab (h1 + h2 + h3 + S = Pb (h1 +
Prism6. Rectangular

h4)/4 h2 + h3 +
h4)/3

Every cross-section of a circular

7. Right Circular Cylinder

cylinder is a circular region

congruent to the base.
Every cross-section of a circular
cylinder has the same area as
the base. V = Bh LSA = 2rh
The volume of a circular = (r2 ) h
cylinder is the product of its TSA = 2B +
altitude and the area of its base. LSA
The axis of a right circular TSA = 2r2
cylinder is the line joining the + 2rh
centers of the bases. TSA = 2r
A right circular cylinder may be ( r + h)
generated by the revolution of a
rectangle about one side as an
axis, and is therefore also called
a cylinder of revolution.

The center of any section of a

right circular cylinder parallel to
the base is the axis.
Any element of a right circular
cylinder is equal to its altitude.
Every section of a right circular
cylinder made by a plane
containing an element is a
rectangle.

II. Solids for which V=1/3 Bh 1/3 X Base area x height

 The lateral edges of a regular
8. Regular Pyramid

pyramid are equal. V = 1/3 Bh

The lateral faces are congruent
isosceles triangles. V = 1/3 x (area of LSA = (1/2)nbl
polygon) x (height)
The altitudes of the lateral faces
TSA = B + LSA
are equal.
The slant height is the altitude of
a lateral face.
The altitude is equal to the length
of the perpendicular dropped from
the vertex to the center of the
base.
If the regular pyramid is cut by a
plane parallel to its base, the
pyramid cut off is a regular
pyramid.
The slant height of a right circular
9. Right Circular Cone

cone is the length of an element.

The altitude is the distance
between the vertex and the center
of the circle which forms its base.
B= r2
It is a solid generated by rotating
a right triangle about one of its
legs as an axis; the surface V = (1/3) r2h LSA = rl
generated by the hypotenuse of
the triangle is the lateral area of
the cone, and the area of the base TSA = LSA + B
of the cone is the surface
generated by the leg which is not
the axis of rotation.
All elements are equal.
A section parallel to the base is a
 circle whose center is on the axis
of the cone.
A section which contains the
vertex and two points of the base
is an isosceles triangle.
III Solids for which V= mean base
V = (mean B) h area x
height
The slant height is the altitude of V = (h/3) [B1 + B2 + LSA = (b1 +
Pyramid10. Frustum of a Regular

a face. B1B2] b2/2)nl

The lateral edges are equal, and
the faces are equal isosceles
trapezoids.

The altitude is the perpendicular

Cone11. Frustum of a Right Circular

V = (h/3) [r12 + r22 LSA = l (r1 + r2)

distance between the two bases. + r1r2]
All the elements are equal
 V = (h/6) [B1 + B2 +
Prismatoid12.

4Bm]

IV OTHER SOLIDS Volume Surface Area

V = (2/3) r2 h
15. Sphere 14. Conoid Wedge13. Cylindrical

V = (r2h)/2

V = (4/3) r3 S = 4r2
Spherical

S = 2rh
Zone
16.
Spherical

V = (h2/3) [3r h]
Segment
17.
Spherical

V = (2/3) r2 h
Sector
18.
Spherical

A = [r2
Triangle

E/180];
19.

E=(A+B+
C) 180
21. Torus 20. Spherical Pyramid

V = [r3 E/540] A =[r2

or Spherical Polygon

E/180];
E=(sum
of
angles)
(n 2)
180

V = 22Rr2 A = 42Rr
or V = (2/4) ( a + or A = 2
b) (b a)2 (b2 a2)

V = (4/3) abc
22. Ellipsoid
or Spheroid
 24. Oblate 23. Prolate
Spheroid V = (4/3) ab2

V = (4/3) a2 b
Spheroid
27. Paraboloid of 26. Paraboloid of

V =(1/2) r2 h
Revolution w/
one base

V = (h/2) (R2 + r2)

Revolution w/
two bases

Board Problems
2001 APR ECE BOARD EXAM
1. The tangent and a secant are drawn to a circle from the same external point. If the tangent is 6 inches and the external segment of the secant is 3 inches, then the length of
the secant is _______ inches.
a. 12 b. 13 c. 14 d. 15

1999 APR ECE BOARD EXAM

2. Assuming that the earth is a sphere whose radius is 6400 km, find the distance along a 3 arc at the equator of the earths surface.
a. 335.10 km b. 353.01 km c. 353.10 km d. 533.10 km

1997 NOV ECE BOARD EXAM

3. If a regular polygon has 27 diagonals, then it is a ____________________.
a. nonagon b. pentagon c. hexagon d. heptagon

1997 NOV NOARD EXAM

4. Two triangles have equal bases. The altitude of one triangle is 3 units more than its base while the altitude of the other is 3 units less than its base. Find the altitudes if the
areas of the triangles differ by 21 units2 .
a. 3 and 9 b. 4 and 10 c. 5 and 11 d. 6 and 12

1996 MAR ECE BOARD EXAM

5. The sum of the interior angles of a polygon is 540. Find the number of sides.
a. 5 b. 6 c. 8 d. 11

1995 NOV ECE BOARD

6. A rectangle ABCD, which measures 18 cm by 24 cm, is folded once perpendicular to diagonal AC so that the opposite vertices A and C coincide. Find the length of the fold.
a. 20.5 cm b. 21.5 cm c. 22.5 cm d. 23.5 cm

2000 NOV ECE BOARD EXAM

7. The lateral area of the right circular water tank is 92 cm2 and its volume is 342 m3. Determine its radius.
a. 5.56 cm b. 6.05 cm c. 7.28 cm d. 7.43 cm
2000 NOV ECE BOARD EXAM

8. A cone and a cylinder have the same height and the same volume. Find the ratio of the radius of the cone to the radius of the cylinder.
a. 0.577 b. 0.866 c. 1.414 d.1.732

1999 NOV ECE BOARD

9. A metal washer 1-inch in diameter is pierced by a -inch hole. What is the volume of the washer if it is 1/8-inch thick?
a. 0.028-inch b. 0.047-inch c. 0.074-inch d. 0.082-inch

1999 NOV ECE BOARD

10. The ratio of the volumes of the two spheres is 27:343 and the sum of their radii is 10. Find the radius of the smaller sphere.
a. 3 b. 4 c. 5 d. 6

1998 APR ECE BOARD EXAM

11. The distance between the centers of the three circles that are mutually tangent to each other externally are 10, 12 and 14 units. The area of the largest circle is _________.
a. 16 units2 b. 23 units2 c. 64 units2 d. 72 units2
2000 APR ECE BOARD EXAM
12. A regular hexagonal pyramid has a slant height of 4 cm and the length of each side of the base is 6 cm. Find the lateral area.
a. 52 cm2 b. 62 cm2 c. 72 cm2 d. 82 cm2

1998 NOV ECE BOARD EXAM

13. The apothem of a polygon is the __________ of its inscribed circle.
a. radius b. circumference c. diameter d. length

1997 NOV ECE BOARD EXAM

14. Find the approximate change in the volume of a cube of side x inches caused by increasing its side by 1 %.
a. 0.02 x3 in3. b. 0.03 x3 in3 c. 0.1 x3 in3 d. 0.3 x3 in3

1996 NOV ECE BOARD EXAM

15. Prisms are named according to their ___________.
a. diagonals b. sides c. vertices d. bases

16. It is a polyhedron of which two faces are equal polygons in parallel planes and the other faces are parallelograms.
a. tetrahedron b. prism c. frustum d. prismatoid

17. In plane geometry, two circular arcs that together make up a full circle are called ___________.
a. coterminal arcs b. conjugate arcs c. half arcs d. congruent arcs

18. Polygons are classified according to the number of _________.

a. vertices b. sides c. diagonals d. angles

1999 MAR EE BOARD EXAM

19. Determine the area of a regular 6-star polygon if the inner regular hexagon has 10 cm sides.
a. 441.66 cm2 b. 467.64 cm2 c. 493.62 cm2 d. 519.60 cm2

1996 APR EE BOARD EXAM

20. Two vertical conical tanks are joined at the vertices by a pipe. Initially, the bigger tank is full of water. The pipe valve is open to allow the water to flow to the smaller tank
until it is full. At this moment, how deep is the water in the bigger tank? The bigger tank has a diameter of 6 feet and a height of 10 feet. The smaller tank has a diameter of 6
feet and a height of 8 feet. Neglect the volume of water in the pipeline.
a. (50)1/4 b. (25)1/3 c. (50)1/3 d. (200)1/3
1999 APR ME BOARD EXAM
21. How many sides are in a polygon if each interior angle is 165?
a. 12 b. 20 c. 24 d. 48

22. Find each interior angle of a hexagon.

a. 90 b. 120 c. 150 d. 180

1998 MAY CE BOARD EXAM

23. A circle having an area of 452 m2 is cut into two segments by a chord that is 6 m from the center of the circle. Compute the area of the bigger segment.
a. 354.89 m2 b. 363.68 m2 c. 378.42 m2 d. 383.64 m2

24. Find the volume of a cone to be constructed from a sector having a diameter of 72 cm and a central angle of 150.
a. 5533.32 cm3 b. 6622.44 cm3 c. 7710.82 cm3 d. 8866.44 cm3

1997 NOV CE BOARD EXAM

25. Find the area of a quadrilateral having sides 12 m, 20 m, 8 m and 16.97 m. If the sum of the opposite angles is equal to 225, find the area of the quadrilateral.
a. 100 m2 b. 124 m2 c. 158 m2 d. 168 m2

26. Find the volume of a cone to be constructed from a sector having a diameter of 72 cm and a central angle of 210.
a. 12367.2 cm3 b. 13232.6 cm3 c. 13503.4 cm3 d. 14682.5 cm3
27. The bases of a right prism is a hexagon with one of each side equal to 6 cm. The bases are 12 cm apart. What is the volume of the prism?
a. 1211.6 cm3 b. 2211.7 cm3 c. 1212.5 cm3 d. 1122.4 cm3

1995 NOV CE BOARD EXAM

28. The area of a circle circumscribing about an equilateral triangle is 254.47 m2. What is the area of the triangle in m2?
a. 100.25 b. 102.25 c. 104.25 d. 105.25

29. The ratio of the volume to the lateral area of a right circular cone is 2:1. If the altitude is 15 cm, what is the ratio of the slant height to the radius?
a. 5:2 b. 5:3 c. 5:4 d. 5:6

30. The volume of the frustum of regular triangular pyramid is 135 m3. The lower base is an equilateral triangle with an edge of 9 m. The upper base is 8 m above the lower base.
What is the upper base edge, in m?
a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 5

31. A circular cylinder with a volume of 6.54 m3 is circumscribed about a right prism whose base is an equilateral triangle of side 1.25 m. What is the altitude of the cylinder, in m?
a. 3.50 b. 3.75 c. 4.00 d. 4.25