Professional Documents
Culture Documents
A:
Research
Methods
Interviewing
is
a
common
technique
used
by
sociologists
to
gather
data.
Interviews
may
be
structured,
semi-structured,
or
unstructured.
They
usually
take
place
on
a
one-to-one
basis
between
the
researcher
and
the
respondent,
but
group
interviews
are
an
alternative.
Those
sociologists
who
prefer
to
collect
quantitative
data
are
more
likely
to
use
structured
interviews.
With
this
type
of
interview
the
researcher
takes
special
care
to
draw
up
a
carefully
worded
set
of
questions.
They
also
try
to
standardise
their
performance
as
interviewers
so
that
they
behave
in
exactly
the
same
way
with
each
respondent.
The
purpose
of
all
this
care
is
to
make
sure
that
nothing
irrelevant
in
the
wording
of
the
questions
or
the
performance
of
the
interviewer
will
influence
the
answers.
In
this
way
it
is
hoped
that
the
data
collected
will
be
free
from
any
researcher
bias.
(NOVEMBER
2007)
1.
(a) In
Sociological
research
what
is
meant
by
the
terms
i. quantitative
data
Evidence
collected
from
researcher
that
is
easily
transformed
into
statistics
ii. respondent
The
person
who
is
the
subject
of
the
interview
03
marks
A
few
general
comments
about
how
boys
and
girls
are
treated
differently
will
be
presented.
For
example,
the
toys
and
dress
associated
with
various
genders.
46
marks
At
this
level
there
will
be
an
attempt
to
demonstrate
sociological
knowledge,
perhaps
referring
to
different
activities
boys
and
girls
are
engaged
in,
differing
parental
attitudes
towards
boys
and
girls
which
they
may
experience.
At
the
top
of
the
band
answers
will
present
a
range
of
issues
and
some
level
of
detail
in
their
answers.
TOP
OF
THE
BAND
Parents
treat
boys
and
girls
in
different
ways
Anne
Oakley
suggests
that
in
the
early
years
of
life
there
are
four
ways
in
which
gender
socialisation
takes
place
Manipulation
Parents
encourage
behaviour
which
they
deem
as
suitable
for
their
childs
sex
and
discourage
behaviour
which
is
associated
with
the
other
sex
so
girls
may
be
encouraged
to
pay
more
attention
to
their
appearance
than
boys
Canalisation
Children
are
often
channeled
by
their
parents
to
do
activities
or
to
play
with
toys
which
they
think
are
appropriate
for
their
sex
Girls
may
be
encouraged
to
play
with
dolls
or
household
items
like
irons
or
play
kitchens
these
encourage
an
interest
in
doing
housework
and
being
a
mother
Boys
may
be
given
cars/trains/sports
equipment
and
are
often
encouraged
in
active
outdoor
play
Verbal
Appellations
The
way
that
parents
talk
to
their
children
eg
good
girl
naughty
boy
-
they
then
learn
from
a
young
age
how
important
gender
is
Different
Activities
Girls
and
boys
are
often
socialised
differently
they
are
encouraged
to
play
different
kinds
of
games
and
with
different
types
of
toys
Girls
are
expected
to
play
indoors
and
help
their
mothers
Boys
have
more
freedom
to
play
outdoors
and
be
more
active
4
(d) How
far
is
socialisation
important
in
the
social
development
of
the
individual?
03
marks
Answers
are
likely
to
produce
limited
accounts
of
socialisation
with
few
specific
examples
46
marks
Answers
are
likely
to
provide
quite
detailed
accounts
of
socialisation.
78
marks
Some
attempt
will
be
made
to
address
the
issue
raised
in
the
question
by
looking
at
the
role
of
heredity
in
social
development
and/or
providing
some
assessment.
Biologists
have
argued
that
genetic
influence
can
explain
social
behaviour.
For
example,
some
have
argued
that
aggression
or
male
and
female
behaviour
are
inherited.
If
we
use
the
term
instinct
we
mean
that
behaviour
is
passed
on
through
the
genes
from
parents
to
children.
When
sociologists
talk
about
nurture
they
are
referring
to
all
the
social
behaviour
we
learn
through
the
socialisation
process.
However,
there
are
huge
variations
in
social
behaviour
between
different
cultures
that
cannot
be
explained
by
genetic
inheritance
Each
society/culture
does
things
in
different
ways.
This
is
because
we
are
socialised
into
accepting
and
demonstrating
the
behaviour
that
is
seen
as
important
and
normal
in
our
society.
To
support
your
arguments
that
socialisation
is
more
important
than
instinct
talk
about
unsocialised
children
who
have
been
found.
Well-documented
cases
suggest
that
children
who
do
not
grow
up
with
other
humans
cannot
make
up
for
this
later.
One
way
to
test
the
influence
of
nature
or
nurture
would
be
to
study
the
ways
in
which
people
develop
without
human/social
contact.
There
are
some
case
studies
of
wild
children,
these
are
children
who,
for
one
reason
or
another,
have
been
deprived
of
normal
human
contact
5
Talk
briefly
about
one
of
them
for
example:
All
sociologists
see
socialisation
as
very
important.
They
disagree
on
whether
it
benefits
everyone
in
society
or
whether
it
gives
some
groups
more
advantages
than
others
3.
A
persons
behaviour
is
influenced
by
formal
social
controls.
(JUNE
2008)
(a) What
is
meant
by
the
term
formal
social
controls?
Formal
social
controls
refer
to
the
use
of
police
and
the
law
to
regulate
the
behaviour
of
people.
A
clear
and
accurate
definition
will
gain
2
marks.
1
mark
for
a
definition
showing
partial
understanding.
6
(b) Describe
two
examples
of
informal
social
controls
that
may
occur
within
the
family.
Acceptable
responses
may
include:
Establishing
codes
of
conduct
attempting
to
persuade
rewarding
appropriate
behaviour
punishing
deviant
behaviour
the
process
of
socialization
1
mark
for
identifying
a
way
and
1
mark
for
briefly
exampling
the
point.
(c) Explain
how
formal
social
control
is
carried
out
in
modern
industrial
societies.
03
marks
A
few
general
points
about
social
control
with
little
sociological
understanding
would
gain
1
or
2
marks.
46
marks
Answers
at
this
level
will
demonstrate
a
sound
understanding
of
various
agencies
of
formal
social
control
and
how
they
are
enforced.
Examples
likely
to
be
included:
criminal
justice
system;
the
role
of
the
police;
discipline
within
schools.
At
the
top
of
the
band
some
understanding
of
a
range
of
agencies
will
be
demonstrated.
Be
able
to
show
a
good
understanding
of
the
different
agencies
of
formal
social
control.
Examples
may
include:
The
criminal
justice
system
The
role
of
the
police
Discipline
within
schools
(d) To
what
extent
do
the
more
powerful
groups
in
society
benefit
most
from
social
control?
03
marks
Answers
at
this
level
will
show
little
attempt
to
address
the
question
and
will
limit
themselves
to
a
few
general
remarks
about
social
control.
46
marks
One
or
two
examples
of
how
social
control
serves
the
interests
of
the
powerful
groups
in
society
will
be
advanced.
For
example,
answers
may
discuss
how
the
law
protects
property
and
how
white
collar
crime
has
perhaps
not
been
focused
on
by
the
police
to
the
same
extent
compared
to
other
crimes.
7
78
marks
A
range
of
theories
may
be
discussed.
Marxist
explanations
may
be
advanced
and
countered
by
functionalist
views
on
the
general
importance
of
social
control
to
the
whole
of
society.
A
few
general
remarks
about
social
control
and
then
you
must
be
able
to
show
a
good
understanding
of
the
different
agencies
of
formal
social
control.
Talk
about
how
social
control
serves
the
interests
of
the
powerful
groups
in
society
Examples
may
include:
how
the
law
protects
property
how
white
collar
crime
has
not
been
focused
on
by
the
police
compared
to
other
crimes.
Section
C:
Social
Stratification
and
Inequality
4.
Despite
improvements
in
many
aspects
of
womens
lives,
feminists
still
believe
that
women
suffer
gender
inequality.
(MAY
2008)
(a) What
is
meant
by
the
term
gender
inequality?
Ways
in
which
women/men
are
treated
unfairly
in
society
because
of
the
roles
assign
to
them
by
cultural
expectations
2
marks
for
a
clear
and
accurate
definition.
1
mark
for
a
partial
definition.
(b) Describe
two
ways
women
may
be
disadvantaged
by
their
roles
within
the
family.
Answers
are
likely
to
focus
on
various
forms
of
inequality
in
the
home,
e.g.
domestic
violence
the
greater
burden
of
childcare
when
working
lack
of
power
in
financial
decision-
making
etc.
1
mark
for
identifying
one
way
and
a
further
mark
for
providing
a
brief
description.
(c) Explain
why
women
may
still
find
it
difficult
to
gain
promotion
at
work.
03
marks
Answers
at
this
level
will
be
limited,
perhaps
making
a
few
general
comments
about
the
way
women
are
treated
at
work.
46
marks
For
answers
at
this
level
a
number
of
factors
will
be
identified
and
explained.
These
may
include:
male
attitudes
towards
female
staff;
career
breaks
for
women
may
prevent
them
developing
necessary
8
skills;
women
continue
to
act
as
primary
child
carers
and
may
not
be
able
to
focus
on
their
paid
employment
to
the
same
degree
as
other
workers
(d) To
what
extent
are
women
still
disadvantaged
in
society
compared
to
the
past?
03
marks
Answers
at
this
level
are
likely
to
be
confined
to
a
few
limited
comments
regarding
about
womens
disadvantages
and
will
lack
focus
on
the
question.
46
marks
A
more
detailed
account
of
a
range
of
disadvantages
with
supporting
examples
will
gain
marks
towards
the
top
of
the
band.
78
marks
Answers
at
this
level
will
try
to
address
the
question
directly
and
focus
on
a
range
of
issues
regarding
work,
home
life,
cultural
attitudes
and
attempt
to
provide
a
balanced
discussion.
Answers
should
focus
on
a
range
of
issues
regarding:
work
home
life
cultural
attitudes
attempt
to
provide
a
balanced
discussion.
5.
Ethnic
minorities
tend
to
suffer
discrimination
in
various
areas
of
their
lives
and
people
from
poor
backgrounds
are
still
likely
to
remain
in
poverty.
(JUNE
2009)
(a) What
is
meant
by
discrimination?
Discrimination
refers
to
the
poor
or
unequal
treatment
of
a
group
because
of
their
ethnicity,
race
or
class
background.
1
mark
for
a
partial
definition,
2
marks
for
a
clear
and
full
definition.
(b) Describe
two
ways
in
which
ethnic
minorities
may
experience
discrimination.
Answers
may
focus
on:
lower
pay
lack
of
employment
or
promotion
opportunities
lack
of
housing
unfair
treatment
at
school
1
mark
for
identification
of
a
way,
a
further
mark
for
some
explanation.
9
(c) Explain
why
ethnic
minorities
tend
to
earn
less
than
other
groups
in
modern
industrial
societies.
03
marks
Answers
at
this
level
will
provide
a
basic
explanation.
This
may
be
limited
to
one
explanation
such
as:
they
face
discrimination
so
cannot
get
well
paid
employment.
46
marks
At
this
level
the
answer
will
be
more
developed
and
will
involve
a
range
of
explanations.
Responses
may
focus
on
issues
such
as:
lack
of
skills,
poorer
education
and
training
opportunities,
and
poorer
aspirations.
Talk
briefly
about
general
discrimination
and
then
look
at
issues
such
as:
lack
of
skills
poorer
education
limited
training
opportunities
poorer
aspirations
(d) How
far
does
growing
up
in
poverty
affect
an
individuals
opportunities
in
life?
03
marks
A
simple
range
of
points
will
be
made
at
this
level
which
will
possibly
focus
on
a
description
of
poverty.
46
marks
Answers
are
answers
will
attempt
to
provide
a
wider
range
of
points
which
will
focus
on
issues
such
as:
the
cycle
of
poverty,
the
lack
of
educational
opportunities
and
cultural
support,
but
there
will
be
little
or
no
attempt
to
discuss
the
extent
of
the
opportunities
faced
by
the
poor.
78
marks
Answers
at
this
level
will
provide
some
form
of
a
balanced
discussion
which
will
suggest
that
there
is
at
least
some
degree
of
social
mobility
in
industrial
societies,
perhaps
emphasising
improved
educational
and
training
opportunities
that
is
offered
to
all
members
of
society.
Talk
briefly
about
poverty
in
general
but
then
look
at
a
wider
range
of
points
such
as:
the
cycle
of
poverty,
the
lack
of
educational
opportunities
the
lack
of
cultural
support
10
You
will
need
to
have
a
balanced
answer
so
you
will
have
to
talk
about
areas
where
there
is
at
least
some
degree
of
social
mobility
in
industrial
societies,
maybe
emphasizing
improved
educational
opportunities
improved
training
opportunities
These
are
available
to
everyone
in
theory
but
in
reality
not
everyone
is
able
to
take
advantage
of
them.
11