Page of content:

Marks Distribution

1.0.Title
2.0.Objective(s) of experiment.
3.0.Background
4.0.Set Up

5.0.Procedures
6.0.Results

7.0. Discussions and Analysis

8.0.Conclusion
9.0.References
1.0.Title: Experiment 2. Flow Visualisation

2.0. Objective:
1. To depict flow patterns around different immersed bodies.
2. To investigate the influence of different shapes on the drag coefficient and flow
separation
3. To investigate the influence of sources and sinks on the flow lines.
4. To compare the locations of the separation point in laminar and turbulent flows.
5. To demonstrate basic, plane potential flows using superposition principle.

3.0.Background

Flow patterns in fluid mechanics can be visualized in a number of ways. There

are three types of line patterns used to visualize flows:
1. Streamline are a family of curves that are instantaneously tangent to the
velocity at vector of the flow. These show the direction in which a massless
fluid element will travel any point in time.
2. Pathline are the trajectories that individual fluid particles follow. These can
be thought of as "recording" the path of a fluid element in the flow over a
certain period. The direction the path takes will be determined by the
streamlines of the fluid at each moment in time.
3. Streakline locus of particles which have earlier passed through a prescribed
point.
4. Timeline - are the lines formed by a set of fluid particles that were marked at
a previous instant in time, creating a line or a curve that is displaced in time
as the particles move.

Under the steady condition, all three types of line patterns are identical.
An important distinction in single phase flow is whether the flow is laminar or turbulent,
or whether flow separations or secondary flows exist. This information helps in
modeling specific phenomena because one has an indication of the flow character for a
particular geometry. Analogously, in multiphase flow probably the key toward
understanding the phenomena is the ability to identify the internal geometry of the flow.
The factor that determines which type of flow is the ratio of inertia forces to viscous
forces within the fluid, expressed by the Reynolds number (Re).
 Typically, viscous stresses within a fluid tend to stabilize and organize the flow,
whereas excessive fluid inertia tends to disrupt organized flow leading to chaotic
turbulent behavior. Hence, streamline flow occurs when the flow is laminar.
When the flow past a plane surface parallel to it, it will exert a drag force on the surface
as a direct result of viscous action. The resultant frictional force in the downstream
direction is normally referred to as skin friction drag. However, when flow occurs past
a surface not everywhere parallel to the main stream, there is an additional drag force
resulting from differences of pressure on the surface. This force is known as form drag
(or pressure drag) since it depends on the shape.

When the flow takes place around a solid body, the boundary layer will be
separated from the surface at some points. Downstream of the separation position of the
flow is significantly disturbed by large-scale eddies, and this region of eddying motion
is known as wake. Due to energy dissipation by highly turbulent motion in the wake, the
pressure there is reduced and the pressure drag on the body is therefore increased.
Different shapes of solid bodies (streamlined or blunt) will result in different degrees of
separation and therefore different pressure drag. Generally, the blunter the body, the
larger the drag coefficient, and the higher degree the flow separation. The drag
coefficient for an ellipse with the characteristic area either the frontal area, A = bD, or
the planform area, A = bl. In short, surface drag is influence by the following factors:
1. Cross sectional area of object (i.e., shape)
2. Smoothness of object
3. Flow characteristic of object
4. Relative velocity of object

A source flow radially outward from a line through the origin perpendicular to
the x-y plan as is shown in Figure 2, while a flow radially inward from a line through
the origin perpendicular to the x-y plan. The location of flow separation, the width of
the wake region behind a circular cylinder and the pressure distribution on the surface
depend on the nature of the boundary layer flow. The turbulent boundary layer can flow
farther round the cylinder (farther up the pressure hill) before it separates than can the
laminar boundary layer.

Potential flow is inviscid, incompressible, irrotational flow fields and governed

by Laplaces equation, which is a linear partial differential equation. It therefore follows
that the various basic velocity potentials and stream functions can be combined to form
new velocity potentials and stream functions. Any streamline in an inviscid flow field
can be considered as a solid boundary, since there is no flow through the boundary or
the streamline. So, if we can combine some of the basic velocity potentials or stream
functions to yield a streamline that corresponds to a particular body shape of interest,
that combination can be used to describe in detail the flow around the body. This method
is commonly called the method of superposition.
Two examples of basic, plane potential flows are Rankine half-body which is
obtained by the addition of a source to a uniform flow, and Rankine oval which is
obtained by combining a source and a sink with a uniform flow.

The apparatus demonstrates flow visualization by using water flow and colored dye
medium. The size and shape of the unit mounts on top of the basic hydraulic bench. The
experiments can be done with different drag bodies. Dye ink is injected into a flow
chamber via fine nozzles. The chamber is covered with a glass panel which allows the
observation of the flow lines. With eight additional holes, sources and sinks can be
simulated. The analogy to potential field theory can be clearly demonstrated by variation
of experiment. The water flow rate and the amount of ink injected can be adjusted using
regular valves.
4.0. Set Up:

Figure 4.0: Experimental set up of experiment 4: Mass Moment of Inertia

Legend:
A = Water supply inlet port (from basic hydraulic bench)
B = Test specimen
C = Drain port with end plug
D = Adjustable leveling feet
E = Drain port
F = Dye injector
G = Inlet control valve
H = Dye container
I = Drain control valve

5.0. Procedure:

1. The adjustable leveling feet (D) is adjusted such a way that the front part of the
apparatus is slightly higher than the rear part of the apparatus. The water
supply inlet port (A) is connected to the hydraulic bench water supply hose.
2. The water hoses from both of the drain ports (E) is connected to the hydraulic
bench tank. The by-pass valve of the hydraulic bench is ensured to be fully
opened. The inlet control valve (G) and drain control valve (I) of the apparatus
is then fully opened.
3. The dye container (H) is filled with the color dye. The valve under the
container is opened to allow the color dye flows to the dye injector (F).
4. The by-pass valve of the hydraulic bench is slowly regulated until there is
water supply coming out from the inlet control valve (G). (Reminder: Low
water flow rate is required to carry out the experiment). The dye is ensured to
be injected out from the dye injector.
5. The desired test specimen (B) is placed on the flat surface of the apparatus.
The control valve (G, I) is adjusted for desired water flow pattern.
6. The dye injector is placed to the water source area. The valve below the dye
container is regulated to control the dye concentration. The flow pattern is
recorded using a hand phone camera.
7. The experiment is repeated with different test specimen. The flow pattern for
different type of test specimen is experimented
8. For sinking effect experiment, one of the drain port end plug (C) is removed.
6.0. Results:

7.0.Discussion:

In this experiment, different shapes are placed into different flow type (laminar and
turbulent) to observe the flow pattern and determine the separation points. Besides that,
a Rankine half-body is created by turning the sink off while the source is still on. Rankine
oval on the other hand is created by turning both source and sink on simultaneously and
the flow patterns are observed.

Based on the result obtained, the flow pattern of flow passes a cylinder and aerofoil
is similar to that found in literature. For the cylinder, the flow moves horizontally
towards the shape uniformly, until it collide onto the cylindrical shape and the flow
nearest to the wall of the shape follows the shape of the cylinder wall until it reaches the
separation point. Then, the flow starts to flow horizontally. However, the flow pattern
below the cylindrical flowed downwards instead of smooth straight paths for turbulent
and laminar. This is due to the faulty set up of the apparatus. It is expected that the tray
was not placed properly which caused the tray to tilt at the right bottom corner. Hence
the bottom path is out of what it is expected.

Nevertheless, the separation point of the flow can still be obtained by looking at the
top flow pattern. For cylindrical shape, the separation point of the cylindrical shape in
turbulent flow seems to be much further down the shape than in laminar flow. This can
be explained in terms of drag coefficient. When Reynolds number increases (laminar to
turbulent), the drag coefficient of shapes decreases which results in lower drag and hence
the boundary layer separation on the cylinder occurs further along the surface. A laminar
boundary layer has less momentum near the wall than a turbulent boundary layer, as
shown in figure 4, because turbulence is a very effective mixing process. More
importantly, turbulent transport of momentum is very effective at replenishing the near-
wall momentum. So when a turbulent boundary layer enters a region of adverse pressure
gradient, it can persist for a longer distance without separating (compared to a laminar
flow) because the momentum near the wall is higher to begin with, and it is continually
(and quickly) being replenished by turbulent mixing Hence the wake region that
occurred behind the shape tend to be wider and shorter in laminar flow compared to
turbulent flow.

As for the streamlined shape, the separation point is located far behind, where it
almost reaches the end. Which seemingly can be assumed as no separation point at all
in the laminar flow. Whereas, in a turbulent flow, the path flows constantly straight
passing the whole shape and wake region is observed at the gap at the shape tail area
between upper flow line and lower flow lines.

This phenomena concludes that the streamline shape is more resistant to flow
separation compared to cylindrical shape as the separation point of the streamline shaped
is much further to the shape end compared with the cylindrical shape. Besides that, the
drag coefficient of cylindrical(0.49) is approximately 4 times larger than streamlined
shape (0.18). With a higher drag coefficient, the flow will tend to separate due the
viscous friction and pressure gradient.

Figure 7.0: the flow direction between before separation point and after passing a
streamlined shape

Superposition method is whereby the potential flows are explained by the linear
partial differential equation commonly called as Laplace Equation and they are a
combination of basic potential flows. Potential flow describes the velocity field as the
gradient of a scalar function: the velocity potential. As a result, a potential flow is
characterized by an irrotational velocity field, which is a valid approximation for several
applications. The irrotationality of a potential flow is due to the curl of the gradient of a
scalar always being equal to zero. The elementary basic plane potential flows include
uniform flow, source/sink flow, doublet flow, free vortex flow or any flow pass an object
for an example streamlined object shown in figure 7.1.

Figure 7.1: Basic potential flows

By superpositioning two and more basic plane potential flows will result in the flow
pattern of Rankine half-body and Rankine oval. For Rankine half-body, the plane
potential flow is made out of a source flow and uniform flow. Whereas, a Rankine oval
is consisting of a source, a sink and uniform flow.

Figure 7.2: Superposition of uniform flow and a source.

Figure 7.3: Superposition of uniform flow, a source and a sink

8.0. Conclusion:
A cylindrical shape has a higher drag coefficient and nearer separation point from
the stagnation point compared with a streamlined shape. The separation point of
object at laminar and turbulent flow depends on the drag coefficient and the nature
of the shape. Superposition of uniform flow and source flow results in a Rankine half
body; uniform flow, source flow and sink flow results in Rankine oval.

9.0. References:

Websites
http://nptel.ac.in/courses/101103004/15
https://www.ecourses.ou.edu/cgi-
bin/ebook.cgi?doc=&topic=fl&chap_sec=07.3&page=theory