Research Project Proposal

NETC 13-2: HMA Mixtures Containing Recycled Asphalt Shingles (RAS):

Low Temperature and Fatigue Performance of Plant-Produced Mixtures

Principal Investigator:

Jo Sias Daniel
Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
University of New Hampshire
Kingsbury Hall Room W183B
Durham, NH 03824
Phone: (603) 862-3277, Fax: (603) 862-2364
email: jo.daniel@unh.edu

Co-Investigator:

Eshan Dave
Current Position:
Assistant Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
University of Minnesota-Duluth
Phone: (218) 726-6454, Fax: (218) 726-6445
Email: evdave@d.umn.edu

Future Position:
Assistant Professor
University of New Hampshire
Kingsbury Hall
Durham, NH

February 2014
Introduction
The use of recycled materials in asphalt concrete production is an essential component to the long term
sustainability of pavement networks. The use of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) is commonplace
around the country; many states are comfortable with using RAP and producers have the necessary
experience to produce high quality mixtures with RAP that perform well over their lifespans. Recycled
asphalt shingles (RAS) are another source of recycled material used as a partial replacement for virgin
asphalt and aggregates in asphalt mixtures. The use of RAS has been increasing over the past decade as
agencies and contractors gain experience; however, there has not been much use in the New England
area. There are significant differences between RAS and RAP materials that can potentially impact the
performance of the mixtures and additional research is needed to understand the behavior of RAS in
mixtures and the best practices for producing RAS mixtures that are durable and perform as well as
typical non-RAS mixtures in the field.

The asphalt binder in RAS is much different than that found in RAP materials. RAS binder is a very stiff,
highly oxidized material that was not originally manufactured for paving applications. The chemistry of
the asphalt cement in RAS is different than RAP or virgin paving grade asphalts and therefore has very
different rheological properties. In order for RAS to be used most effectively in asphalt concrete
pavements, the selection of mixture components and proportions should be optimized along with
production parameters to maximize the extent to which the RAS binder becomes active in the new
mixture. The use of various additives to rejuvenate the RAS binder is one method that has been
explored in research and practice. The use of rejuvenators is not specifically included in the scope of
this project; the project will focus on the selection of the appropriate materials, proportions, and
production parameters to produce good performing RAS mixtures.

To achieve good performing RAS mixtures (without rejuvenators), the virgin binder that is added must
effectively act as the rejuvenator for the RAS. The chemistry or rheology of the virgin asphalt binder and
the plant operations need to be appropriate to give the virgin binder the best possible chance of
blending with the RAS. Within the scope of this project, the following parameters will be evaluated to
determine which parameters most effectively promote blending between the virgin and RAS binders:

Mixture Parameters:
Amount of RAS
Type of RAS/rheology/stiffness
Virgin binder grade/rheology/stiffness
Total binder content

Plant Production Parameters:

Plant Type
Preheating of RAS
Mixing temperatures (including WMA temperatures and techniques such as foaming)
Mixing times
Storage times (including transport)

The primary concern with the use of RAS in mixtures is increased susceptibility to fatigue and low
temperature cracking due to the presence of the RAS binder. The addition of the aged RAS binder,
blended with the virgin binder, will cause the mixture to be more brittle and therefore more susceptible

1
to fatigue and thermal cracking. If the RAS acts more like a black rock and the RAS binder does not
become active, the mixture may effectively be under asphalted, which will make it more susceptible to
fatigue and low temperature cracking. In reality, there is most likely partial blending between the RAS
and virgin binders that occurs in the mixture during production and placement. The goal of this research
project is to determine how to most effectively design and produce mixtures to maximize the amount of
blending that occurs so that the pavement performs well over its expected lifespan.

Objectives
The objectives of this research are to:
1. Determine how mixture and plant production parameters impact the properties and cracking
performance of mixtures containing RAS.
2. Develop a guidance document, tools, and recommendations for agencies and contractors to
design and produce mixtures containing RAS that will perform as well as typical mixtures in the
field.

Strengths of the Research Team

The research team has over 30 years of asphalt performance testing and modeling experience and over
15 years as lead investigators and faculty members teaching pavement engineering. The principal
investigator, Dr. Daniel, has focused her work on the characterization of asphalt mixtures containing RAP
and RAS, specifically for fatigue and low temperature cracking, as well as the application of viscoelastic
continuum damage mechanics models (VECD) for understanding mixture behavior. Her PhD work was an
integral part of the development of what is now the well accepted simplified viscoelastic continuum
damage model (S-VECD) approach for fatigue characterization. She is currently leading the TPF 5(230):
Evaluation of Plant-Produced High-Percentage RAP Mixtures in the Northeast to evaluate the
performance of plant produced RAP mixtures in the laboratory and field in terms of low temperature
cracking, fatigue cracking, and moisture sensitivity. She is also currently working with the NHDOT on two
projects related to evaluating the laboratory and field performance of mixtures containing RAP and RAS.
Dr. Daniel has completed numerous projects at the national, regional, state, and local level related to
RAP and RAS. She has an excellent working relationship with contractors in the Northeast through
several regional projects.

Dr. Daniel is a member of the research team that will be working on the NCHRP 9-58 Project: The Effects
of Recycling Agents on Asphalt Mixtures with High RAS and RAP Binder Ratios. The mixtures and results
generated through the 9-58 project will be available for this NETC project. The 9-58 project focuses on
the effect of recycling agents, but some control mixtures without recycling agents will be included in
multiple phases of the project. Dr. Daniel is also a member of the FHWA Mixture and Construction
Expert Task group where the most recent results and recommendations from national level studies are
discussed.

The co-PI of this project, Dr. Dave, is currently a faculty member at the University of Minnesota-Duluth
and will be joining the Civil Engineering faculty at the University of New Hampshire in January 2015. He
has conducted extensive research in the field of low temperature cracking of asphalt pavements. His
research experience relevant to this project includes: development of laboratory tests to predict low
temperature cracking performance of asphalt mixes, development of computer models for low
temperature cracking simulations, and thermal modeling of hot-mix production methods to determine

2
the optimal plant production conditions (time spent by mix in hot-mix drum, drum temperature etc.),
and design of experimental and field studies to implement low temperature cracking performance
specifications and to evaluate effects of various mix parameters (mix volumetrics, recycling amounts,
binder types etc.) on transverse cracking.

Dr. Dave was actively involved in two pooled fund studies on low temperature cracking in asphalt
pavements (TPF-5(132) Phase-I and II) that spanned over the course of 8 years. Through the pooled
fund studies, both laboratory testing and computer simulation based low temperature cracking
performance prediction tools were developed. Dr. Dave was an integral part of both of these
developments. Most recently he has been involved in the implementation of the low temperature
cracking performance based specifications for the Minnesota Department of Transportation. Dr. Dave
has also been involved with a number of studies that evaluated effects of recycled asphalt materials
(RAP and RAS) on low temperature cracking performance of pavements. For example, through a recent
study Dr. Dave and his research group developed a 5% RAS mix with low temperature cracking
performance that exceeded that of a typical Superpave mix. This mix has been used by the City of
Duluth as a wearing coarse material. Recently, Dr. Daves research group has been modeling the process
of hot-mix production and applied these models to determine the optimal plant operation conditions.

The combination of Drs. Daniel and Daves experience in terms of fundamental research (laboratory
performance testing, performance modeling and prediction, thermal modeling of mix production) and
practical application of research (bituminous specification development, experience of directly working
with hot-mix producers etc.) are very well matched to the objectives of the proposed study.

Background
Recycled Asphalt Shingles

RAS materials for paving applications are generally available from two sources: manufactured waste
asphalt shingles (MWAS) and tear-off asphalt shingles (TOAS). MWAS are scraps that are produced
during the manufacturing process and therefore have not been put on a roof in service. TOAS is
comprised of scraps that have been removed from a roof that was in service, either from storm damage
or replacement at the end of the life of the shingle. MWAS material tends to be more consistent and
less stiff than TOAS because it has not been exposed to the environment and further oxidation. TOAS
material also requires additional processing to remove debris such as wood and nails. Typically, MWAS
and TOAS streams are kept separate, however some RAS producers do make blends of the different
streams.

The asphalt binder in RAS was originally produced for roofing applications; typically this means that it is
an air-blown asphalt that is highly oxidized and very stiff. Oxidation of asphalt binders, either occurring
through an air-blowing process in the refinery or due to aging of the asphalt binder through the plant or
over time in the field, causes the binders to become more brittle. This embrittlement is more than just
hardening or stiffening of the material, it is a change in the overall rheological behavior. Asphalt binders
are viscoelastic materials, so their behavior changes with temperature and loading frequency. Two
rheological parameters, stiffness and stress relaxation capacity, are used to describe the response of
asphalt cement under various conditions. In asphalt paving applications, stiffness is represented by G*
at high and intermediate temperatures (measured using a Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR)) and creep
stiffness (S-value) at low temperatures (measured using a Bending Beam Rheometer (BBR)). The

3
materials ability to relax under applied stress is represented by phase angle (), measured at high and
intermediate temperatures using the DSR, and by the creep slope (m-value) measured at low
temperatures using the BBR. These two parameters can be plotted on a Black space diagram to evaluate
age-embrittlement.

Figure 1 (King 2012) illustrates the use of the Black space diagram to evaluate how binder rheology
changes due to aging. Three PG 64-xx binders (WTX, GSE and WC) were aged in the RTFO and then for
0, 20, 40, and 80 hours in the PAV. The RTFO-only aged points are the points in the lower right; each
additional level of aging causes the rheological response to move towards the upper left of the diagram
(increase in stiffness and decrease in phase angle). The three binders shown are similar in terms of their
PG grade, but have different rheological behavior; the WC binder is controlled by S value for its low
temperature PG grade (S-controlled) while the WTX binder is controlled by m-value (m-controlled). After
80 hours in the PAV, the WC binder might represent a typical RAP binder (PG 82) while the WTX binder
may represent a highly aged RAP binder (PG 88+). MWAS and TOAS binders may be shown as more
heavily aged with even higher G* values and lower values in Black space.

Figure 1. Black Space Diagram to Illustrate Binder Rheology due to Aging

The three different PG 64-xx binders start at different locations in Black space and have a different rate
of aging from lower right to upper left of the diagram (also shown by Juristyarini et al. 2011, Ruan et al.
2003, Jin et al. 2011). The WC binder has the highest change in stiffness due to aging, but since it starts
out lower and further to the right in Black space, it requires more aging to move across the diagram and
therefore would be expected to show better performance in the field with respect to age-embrittlement
related distress. This shows that use of an aging index (typically a ratio of stiffness before and after
aging) does not completely capture expected differences in performance, and specifically does not
capture the benefit of starting at a lower stiffness and higher phase angle prior to aging.

Figure 1 also shows a damage zone where cracking is likely to begin due to brittle rheological behavior.
The so-called Glover-Rowe (G-R) parameter was originally developed by Glover et al. (2005) and
reformulated by Rowe (2011) in a discussion of Anderson et al. (2011). It is determined from
intermediate temperature DSR testing as: G* x (cos )2/(sin ). The damage zone is defined as G-R

4
parameter values between 180 and 450 kPa; these correlate to ductility limits (5 cm to 3 cm,
respectively) related to surface raveling and cracking by Kandhal (1977). For the PG 64-xx binders
shown in Figure 1, inadequate cracking resistance may be expected after anywhere from 15-45 hours of
aging in the PAV. Anderson et al. (2011) and Hanson et al. (2010) also recognized the importance of
phase angle for cracking resistance by using the BBR to determine the difference between the low
temperatures (Tc) where highly aged binders reach their respective limits of 300 MPa stiffness (S-value)
and 0.30 m-value. Although BBR test temperatures are almost 35C below the temperature where
ductility and G-R parameters are measured, Anderson showed that Tc correlates well with both.
Therefore, to completely characterize the rheological behavior of binders (both recycled and virgin) as
they age, testing must capture both the stiffness (G* or S-value) and the stress relaxation ability ( or m-
value) to evaluate cracking resistance.

As shown in Figure 1, the cracking resistance decreases with aging and thus mixtures containing recycled
materials are expected to have lower cracking resistance. Oxidation is a chemical reaction with oxygen
that occurs during refining, production and construction, and in-service. Oxidation changes the
molecular structure of the binder and makes it stiffer and reduces its ability to flow to relieve stresses.
To most effectively recover the rheological behavior, and therefore cracking resistance, of aged
materials, both the stiffness and the stress relaxation ability must be recovered. Figure 1 shows the
effect of blending the aged WC binder (which represents a typical RAP binder) with two different soft
virgin binders. Both virgin binders are able to recover the stiffness, but the S-controlled binder is more
effective at recovering the phase angle than the m-controlled binder. Therefore, proper selection of
virgin binder is important to achieve the most age-embrittlement resistant material when the virgin
binder is blended with recycled materials. The further down and to the right in Black space the
rheological behavior starts, the better the aging behavior of the blended product will be (further
distance it needs to move to reach the cracking zone).

Characterizing the blending that occurs between the virgin binder and the recycled binder is important
to understand the behavior of the final product. Traditionally, blending charts have been used to
evaluate how stiffness can be restored in aged recycled binders and the same concept can be expanded
to include evaluation of the relaxation capacity. Blending between virgin and RAP binders has been
studied extensively and a linear relationship has been shown to be valid for these materials. Relatively
little work has been done on blending of virgin and RAS binders; AASHTO PP53 Standard Practice for
Design Consideration when Using RAS in New HMA recommends that linear blending be used. Zhou et
al. (2013) conducted a study investigating the blending between three virgin binders and four RAS
binders (MWAS and TOAS sources). Their results show that non-linear blending occurs, likely due to the
significant differences in the stiffness of the materials. In the same study, Zhou et al. (2013) evaluated
blending among virgin, RAP and RAS binders. They found that at fixed RAS contents, the virgin/RAP
binders follow a linear blending rule the high and low PG grades of the composite binder increase
linearly with RAP content. However, at fixed RAP contents, the virgin/RAS binders show non-linear
increases in PG grade with RAS content. This indicates that several different RAS contents should be
evaluated in this study to characterize non-linear behavior. Linear interpolation between control (no
RAS) and high RAS contents may not produce accurate results.

Best practices for using RAP and RAS in HMA are documented in a number of publications including
Copeland 2011, Tran et al. 2012, Zhou et al. 2012, and related NAPA publications. There have been
many studies of the impact of RAS on mixture performance, most recently a pooled fund study (TPF-
5(213)) on performance of RAS mixtures was completed in 2013 (Williams et al., 2013). The pooled fund
study evaluated a number of different aspects of RAS usage in hot-mix, including RAS grind size, RAS

5
source (MWAS and TOAS), combination of RAS with warm-mix technologies, and use of RAS in stone-
matrix asphalt (SMA) mixes. On the binder testing side, the key finding from the pooled fund study was
that on an average basis a 1.9C increase in low temperature performance grade is expected with 1%
inclusion of RAS in the mix. The testing of extracted binders from plant produced mixes containing 5%
RAS showed increase of effective low temperature binder grade by as much as two full performance
grades (changes from -22C to -10C). The pooled fund study conducted a battery of tests on RAS mixes
from six states and concluded that the tests did not show any discernable predicted performance
differences (rutting, fatigue and thermal cracking) between mixes with and without RAS. It should be
noted that the mixes containing RAS were designed with softer virgin asphalt binders to compensate for
the aged and oxidized RAS binder. The pooled fund study conducted a two-year field performance
evaluation of mixes containing RAS; greater transverse cracking amounts were observed for mixes
containing coarsely ground shingles. For pavements in two states (Missouri and Colorado) the mixes
containing RAS showed a greater amount of transverse cracking as compared to control mixes, whereas
for the other four states (Iowa, Indiana, Illinois and Wisconsin) RAS mixes showed similar or lower
amounts of cracking than non-RAS mixes. While significant testing efforts were undertaken in the
aforementioned pooled fund study it should be noted that the study was limited to use of laboratory
tests and did not include pavement life or performance predictions through analytical and
computational models. As a result, the findings are applicable only to field observations for a period of
2 years. Furthermore, the production considerations (mixing and curing temperatures, transportation
conditions etc.) were not evaluated to determine their effects on the mix performance. Both of these
aspects will be included in the proposed study and it will focus on materials, production consideration,
agency specifications available and applicable to New England states (none of the partnering states in
the pooled fund study represented New England).

In the New England region, the PI has conducted work with RAS over the past 7 years and has evaluated
the impact of RAS amount, source type, and gradation on the properties of mixtures produced in the lab
(Foxlow et al. 2011, Barry et al. 2013). This work has shown that RAS mixtures are significantly stiffer
than RAP mixtures that contain a comparable amount of recycled binder and that there are small
differences in stiffness with RAS source and gradation. Laboratory fatigue performance was mixed, with
some RAS mixtures performing better than others but there were confounding variables that also
impacted the performance such as changes in total binder content. Work conducted by Mogawer
(Mogawer et al., 2011, 2013) has also focused on characterization of laboratory produced mixtures and
has found increased in stiffness with RAS mixtures and mixed performance with respect to fatigue and
thermal cracking.

Mixture Design

In the mixture design process, materials are selected and proportioned to produce a mixture that meets
volumetric criteria. For some projects, additional performance testing may be done but there is not a
standard performance test that is used at the mix design stage in New England. Material selection
includes the aggregate type, virgin binder grade, and recycled material to be used. For most projects in
New England, locally available aggregates and RAP or RAS are used. Virgin binder grade is selected
based on the environmental conditions at the geographical location the material will be placed. For low
levels of recycled material content (typically below 20% binder replacement), no adjustments are made
to the virgin binder grade. At higher recycled material contents, most states require that the PG grade
of the virgin binder be dropped to compensate for the higher amount of stiff recycled binder in the
mixture. Assuming that the virgin and recycled binders blend during production, dropping the virgin
binder grade will help to recover stiffness (as described in the section above), but the effectiveness in

6
recovering stress relaxation capacity, or phase angle, will depend on the rheology of the virgin binder as
well as the rheology of the recycled binder. For RAS materials especially, it is important to recover both
stiffness and phase angle to produce mixtures that are not brittle and will perform well with respect to
fatigue and thermal cracking.

When asphalt mixtures are designed with recycled materials, the state of the practice is to assume that
all of the recycled binder contributes to the total asphalt content of the mixture. A significant amount of
research has been performed to evaluate the extent of blending that occurs between virgin and RAP or
RAS binders. The general consensus is that some level of blending occurs, but the extent of the blending
depends on many parameters including the relative stiffness of the virgin and recycled binder, mixing
temperatures and times, and storage time. The concerns about inadequate blending are higher with
RAS materials because it was not a paving grade binder originally. If the RAS binder does not
significantly blend with the virgin binder, then the mixture can be effectively under-asphalted, which will
decrease cracking performance. In the proposed project, the research team will be evaluating selection
of virgin PG grade as well as RAS binder contribution levels to produce mixtures with adequate fatigue
and thermal cracking resistance.

Plant Operations

The operations during plant production and construction of the pavement can have a significant impact
on the blending that occurs between the virgin and recycled binder as well as the aging that occurs. The
temperature of component materials, mixing times and temperatures, and storage and transport times
and temperatures are all important parameters that must be evaluated for both drum and batch plants.
To reach the desired output temperatures of the HMA, the virgin aggregates are often superheated
before being mixed with recycled asphalt materials (RAP and RAS) and new asphalt binder. During
superheating, the virgin aggregates can reach temperatures between 260C (500F) and 315C (600F)
(Brock and Richmond, 2007; FHWA, 2011). Although the recycled asphalt materials are not directly
exposed to these hot temperatures, it is estimated 90% of the recycled materials are heated by the
virgin aggregates, while the remainder is heated from the hot gases inside the plant (Brock and
Richmond, 2007).

When using RAS, the temperature experienced by RAS particles is important because it controls the
amount of melting experienced by the binder contained within the RAS. If the temperature in hot-mix
plant is too high, the virgin binder will undergo excessive oxidation increasing the potential of
premature fatigue and low temperature cracking; conversely, if the plant is too cold, the binder will not
sufficiently melt and incorporate into the new asphalt mixture, which will cause durability problems as a
result of under-asphalted mix. The current asphalt mix design procedures assume that the binder
available in RAS will be fully incorporated into the mix. To avoid situations in which the binder from RAS
does not completely melt, the current state of the practice for asphalt concrete production is to monitor
the temperature of the hot mix asphalt exiting the plant and adjust the temperature to meet the desired
output temperatures. This practical approach addresses concerns related to mixing and compaction
temperature requirements, however, it does not provide information regarding the internal heating of
RAS particles and the extent of blending of RAS binder with virgin binder.

In recent work by the co-PI of the proposed project, a solution in the form of a simple equation was
developed to estimate the minimum time needed to heat RAP to a point at which the binder can fully
contribute to the new HMA (DeDene et al., 2014). Such an equation can be readily used by practitioners
to optimize hot-mix plant operation and to further study the effects of RAP incorporation in HMA.

7
Through use of heat transfer analysis, a model was developed for determining the heating time of
particles. Following a dimensionless numerical solution for the heating of a single RAP particle, an
explicit algebraic equation was obtained to estimate the time for a RAP particle to reach its mixing
temperature. Figure 2 presents the solution estimated by the model for the required amount of time to
ensure melting of RAP binder and mixing between virgin and recycled binder. The results are generated
as function of the initial temperature of RAP.

25

20
Heating Time, t (sec)

15

Upper Bound Temp

10
RAP size = 19 mm
Lower Bound Temp
Drum Temperature = 315C
5
Mix Temperature = 121C

0
0 10 20 30 40 50
Initial RAP Temperature, To (C)

Figure 2. Amount of required mixing time in hot-mix drum to melt and activate RAP binder

In the proposed study, the aforementioned thermal analysis will be modified to develop a similar
prediction model for RAS. This will serve as the first step in determination of critical mixing temperature
guidelines that ensures good performance of RAS mixes. The estimates generated through thermal
modeling will allow for design of an experimental study that focusses on the determination of critical
mix production temperature of RAS mixes. Furthermore, such prediction model can be utilized estimate
the maximum allowable recycled material content (RAP and RAS). The thermal analysis can also be
extended to determine the extent of melting and mixing of the virgin and RAS binders during storage
and transportation periods.

Fatigue and Thermal Cracking

The non-paving grade asphalt binder in roofing shingles is highly oxidized and brittle, making the
cracking performance of asphalt concrete produced with RAS the primary concern. In addition to high
stiffness and oxidation, the amount of available RAS binder that is contributing to the asphalt mixture is
also an area of concern. If only a partial amount of the RAS binder is available to the mixture, it will
result in an under-asphalted mix causing further reduction in cracking performance.

Fatigue Cracking

The fatigue behavior of a mixture in the field depends on both the pavement structure and mixture
properties. The relative stiffness and thickness of various layers in a pavement structure control the
level of stress and strain that mixtures are exposed to, and so to properly evaluate the fatigue
performance of a mixture in the field the structure in which the mixture is placed must be considered. In

8
this project, the research team proposes to characterize the fatigue properties of the mixtures and then
evaluate performance by conducting pavement structural analysis with several typical cross-sections
(i.e. thick vs thin) and RAS mixtures in different layers (i.e. wearing vs binder or base).

The fatigue properties of a mixture can be characterized using several methods in the laboratory.
Currently the most common methods include beam fatigue, uniaxial tension, and overlay tester. The
beam fatigue and uniaxial tension methods focus on evaluating crack initiation in a specimen while the
overlay tester focuses on crack propagation. Beam fatigue testing is a phenomenological approach that
requires an extensive amount of testing to establish relationships that could then be used in a pavement
structural analysis. The overlay tester was originally developed to evaluate reflective cracking; it applies
a fixed displacement to a specimen that is typically not representative of what the material would
experience in the field under a fatigue cracking scenario. Some work has been done to modify the test
for fatigue evaluation applications but these are also largely phenomenological approaches that require
extensive testing.

The uniaxial tension approach uses a theoretical based formulation for data analysis. The so-called
Viscoelastic Contiuum Damage (VECD) approach was developed originally by Kim and Little (1990) and
extended for both controlled stress and strain cyclic loading conditions and to include the effects of
healing (Lee and Kim 1998a, 1998b), temperature, and monotonic loading (Daniel and Kim 2002). The
VECD model produces a damage characteristic curve for a mixture that can be used to determine
mixture response to any uniaxial loading history. Testing time was reduced when several researchers
(Chehab et al. 2002; Underwood et al. 2009) confirmed the validity of the time-temperature
superposition principle that allows characterization at a single temperature. Recently, the simplified
VECD (S-VECD) approach was developed to reduce analysis time and establish compatibility with the
Asphalt Mixture Performance Tester (AMPT) (Underwood et al. 2010). This approach that includes E*
measurement is now a draft AASHTO protocol currently under consideration as a provisional standard.
This approach can also now be used on specimens cut from field cores based on results from Li and
Gibson (2013) that demonstrated that E* and S-VECD fatigue behavior measured on 38 mm in diameter
and 110 mm tall specimens are comparable to those measured on the traditional 100 x 150 mm
geometry.

The results of the S-VECD testing and analysis can be readily used in a layered structural analysis to
evaluate the performance of different mixtures in different types of pavement cross sections. In this
way, a more comprehensive evaluation of fatigue performance of mixtures can be accomplished
without extensive laboratory testing time.

Thermal Cracking

Fundamental fracture evaluation of asphaltic materials is necessary in order to design pavements that
are resistant to low temperature cracking. At present, the stress-strain response of asphalt binders
within the linear material behavior range is commonly utilized in criteria for material acceptance
through use of the Superpave binder grading system. The discrete cracking of a material, as in the case
of low temperature cracking, is a highly complicated phenomenon, and evaluation of the material
beyond the linear response range helps close the gap between experimental results and actual field
performance. In recent years it has been well established that at low temperatures asphalt mixtures
behave in a quasi-brittle manner. For complete evaluation of asphalt mixtures cracking performance, it
is necessary to consider mixture response past the peak strength.

9
The disk-shaped compact tension (DCT) fracture test has been successfully utilized in the past few years
for prediction of the low temperature and reflective cracking performance of asphalt pavements and
overlays (Dave et al., 2008; Cascione et al., 2011; Marasteanu et al., 2012). A recent study that evaluated
State Department of Transportation (DOT) asphalt mixture specifications as well as conducted a State of
the Practice and State of the Art review on the topics of performance based specifications also
recommended use of the DCT as a suitable performance test for low temperature cracking distress
(Dave and Koktan, 2012).

At present, the DCT test procedure is the only standardized method for determining fracture energy of
the asphalt mixes. The test procedure is standardized through ASTM D7313-13 test specification. The
fracture energy of a material is a fundamental property that represents the amount of energy required
to generate a new surface in a material with a unit area through the process of cracking. In the case of
materials that exhibit quasi-brittle and ductile failure behavior, this property is of particular interest.
This is primarily due to the fact that the material has significant capacity to carry load once the peak
capacity, as commonly indicated by tensile strength, is reached. Figure 3 shows the specimen geometry
and the test set-up. The test is controlled to obtain a constant rate of crack mouth opening
displacement or CMOD. The ASTM D7313-13 specifications recommend a constant CMOD rate of 0.0167
mm/s (or 1 mm/minute). Typical data recorded from the DCT test for mixtures is shown in Figure 4. The
data is presented in the form of load-displacement curves. Fracture energy can be evaluated from the
load displacement curves by calculating the work of fracture and normalizing it to the area of newly
formed fracture surface. Work of fracture is the area under the load-displacement curve.

CMOD Measurement Gage

Figure 3. (a) Disk-shaped compact tension specimen geometry (dimensions in mm); (b) Experimental
setup

10
 Figure 4. Typical Load-Crack Mouth Opening Displacement (CMOD) curves from DCT test

Through the two phases of a pooled fund study on low temperature cracking, performance-based
specifications have been developed to limit the low temperature cracking in asphalt pavements
(Marasteanu et al., 2008; Marasteanu et al., 2012). The low temperature cracking pooled fund study
evaluated the thermal stress restrained specimen test (TSRST), the indirect tensile strength (IDT) test,
the semi-circular bending (SCB) test and the disk-shaped compact tension (DCT) test, in the end the DCT
test was selected for use in low temperature cracking performance specifications. The specifications
utilize fracture energy of asphalt mixture, as determined using the DCT test, as a performance
parameter. Figure 5 shows results from both phases of pooled fund study comparing the amount of low
temperature cracking with the fracture energy of the asphalt mixtures measured using the DCT test. It
can be seen that 400 J/m2 is the threshold for fracture energy below which mixes have greater potential
for low temperature cracking. At present, several public highway agencies (For example, Illinois
Tollways, Iowa Department of Transportation and Minnesota Department of Transportation) have
conducted pilot implementation of the aforementioned specifications.

11
Figure 5. Amount of low temperature cracking and DCT fracture energy of asphalt mixes (Diamond
markers: Phase-I Pooled Fund Study; Square markers: Phase-II Pooled Fund Study)

While laboratory measured properties, such as fracture energy, are useful as a performance measure
and can directly be utilized for purposes of performance based specifications, often times computer
models are necessary to predict the pavement performance over its service life. During the Strategic
Highway Research Program (SHRP) researchers developed a computer-based thermal cracking
prediction model, called TCMODEL (Roque et al., 1995). The TCMODEL was also adopted into the
AASHTO Pavement ME Design software. This model relies heavily on the phenomenological Paris law for
crack propagation. The TCMODEL predictions are primarily based on tensile strength of asphalt mixtures
and do not account for quasi-brittle behavior of asphalt concrete. Furthermore, the TCMODEL utilizes a
simplified one-dimensional viscoelastic solution for determination of thermally induced stresses.
Through the aforementioned pooled fund studies on low temperature cracking, a new and
comprehensive low temperature cracking performance prediction system called IlliTC was developed
(Marasteanu et al., 2012; Dave et al., 2013). As part of the pooled fund study, the model was calibrated
and validated through use of pavement field sections.

The IlliTC system predicts the amount of low temperature cracking over the course of pavement life by
taking into account the location of roadway, the structure of the pavement and the material properties.
The material property inputs include the viscoelastic characterization (can be in determined from
dynamic modulus (E*) master curve) and fracture energy of the asphalt mixture.

In the context of the proposed study, the use of the IlliTC system will allow the research team to predict
the low temperature cracking performance of different asphalt mixes containing RAS. This approach will
enable identification and optimization of material properties as well as plant operations (such as, mixing
temperature, storage time etc.) that lead to superior low temperature cracking performance.

12
Research Plan
Task 1: Literature Review

The research team will conduct a comprehensive literature review on the use of RAS including
laboratory measured material properties and field performance. The literature review will also include
the impacts of plant production variables on the mixtures and evaluation of the aging that occurs as
materials are produced and placed in the field. The research team will evaluate available reports for
current and recent NCHRP projects (Table 1 below), the recently completed RAS pooled fund study, the
most recent NAPA/FHWA survey results and on additional research projects that are discovered during
the literature review. A preliminary literature review was conducted as part of this proposal and
included in the background section above.

Table 1. Recent and Current NCHRP Projects Relevant to NETC 13-2 (from www.trb.org/NCHRP)
Project Title Status
Number
NCHRP Improved Mix Design, Evaluation, and Materials Completed The project final report is available
09-46 Management Practices for Hot Mix Asphalt with as NCHRP Report 752.
High Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement Content
NCHRP Properties and Performance of Warm Mix Active The project panel is reviewing the
09-47A Asphalt Technologies draft final report.
NCHRP Field versus Laboratory Volumetrics and Active Work is in progress on Phase II. The
09-48 Mechanical Properties Phase I interim report is available
for loan on request to NCHRP.
NCHRP Performance of WMA Technologies: Stage I-- Completed The project final report is available
09-49 Moisture Susceptibility as NCHRP Report 763.
NCHRP Performance of WMA Technologies: Stage II-- Active Work is underway on Phase II.
09-49A Long-Term Field Performance
NCHRP Short-Term Laboratory Conditioning of Asphalt Active Work is underway on Phase II.
09-52 Mixtures
NCHRP Properties of Foamed Asphalt for Warm Mix Active Work is underway on Phase 2.
09-53 Asphalt Applications
NCHRP Long-Term Aging of Asphalt Mixtures for Active Phase II is underway
09-54 Performance Testing and Prediction
NCHRP Recycled Asphalt Shingles in Asphalt Mixtures Active Phase II is underway.
09-55 with Warm Mix Asphalt Technologies
NCHRP Experimental Design for Field Validation of Tests Anticipated
09-57 to Assess Cracking Resistance of Asphalt
Mixtures
NCHRP The Effects of Recycling Agents on Asphalt Pending
09-58 Mixtures with High RAS and RAP Binder Ratios

Task 2: Determine current practice in New England

The current specifications for the New England state agencies do not address the use of RAS directly,
with the exception of NH that limits the amount of RAS binder in any mixture to 0.6% (approximately 2-
3% by total weight of mix). Therefore, it is important for the research team to conduct a survey of states
and producers in New England to determine the state of practice and experience with using RAS in

13
asphalt concrete mixtures. The information gathered as part of these surveys will guide the selection of
mixtures (RAS and control) to be evaluated in this project and plant operation parameters that can be
realistically controlled in actual production. The research team will work with the technical committee
to develop the survey and to find the appropriate individuals in each agency to respond to the survey.

The survey for the states will include questions on agency experience with RAS including typical amounts
used, source used (MWAS vs TOAS), any experimental work (laboratory or field) that has been done,
pavement types and layers where RAS may be used. In addition, the survey will identify typical non-RAS
mixtures that are used in the state. Contractors will be surveyed to determine their experience with
RAS, amounts and source type that are used in state and private work, and plant types and limitations
on production controls.

In addition, the research team will access the online specifications for states outside of New England to
determine allowable RAS limits that are used in other areas of the country and corresponding
specification limitations. This information will provide insight into the RAS allowance procedures as used
by other agencies and help guide the selection of RAS amounts to be evaluated in this project. For
example, the current Minnesota DOT specifications limit the binder from RAS to 30% of the total binder
amount for mixes produced with a target binder grade of PG XX-28 and to 20% for mixes produced with
a target binder grade of PG XX-34.

Task 3: Finalize Testing Plan

Based on the results of Tasks 1 and 2, and in collaboration with the technical committee, the research
team will finalize the testing plan to best achieve the objectives of the project. This task will also require
the collaboration and cooperation of asphalt mixture producers in New England. Results of the literature
review in Task 1 will be used to determine critical properties of RAS mixtures to prevent fatigue and low
temperature cracking and identification of the most appropriate test methods to evaluate those
properties. The research teams current thinking on critical properties and test methods is presented
under Task 4. The work conducted under Task 2 will be used to develop the experimental matrix that
includes mixture types, RAS sources and contents, and plant production parameters. The research team
will include, at a minimum, a high RAS mixture (identified in the RFP as 5% total weight of mix), control
non-RAS mixture(s) representing typical mixtures that are commonly used, and one or two lower RAS
contents that would be used to evaluate possible nonlinear changes in material properties as RAS
contents increase (as discussed in the background section).

As part of the experimental matrix development, thermal analysis of hot mix production, as described in
the background section, will be conducted. The thermal analysis will include modeling of virgin
aggregate, RAP and RAS particles to determine the necessary amount of time required for binder in RAP
and RAS to melt and be available to asphalt mixture. This will allow researchers to further refine the
type of asphalt mixtures to be evaluated and to determine the critical manufacturing parameters that
have a significant effect on the performance of asphalt mixtures containing RAS. A significant amount of
asphalt mixtures are produced in form of warm-mix asphalt and through use of thermal analysis
researchers will be also able to determine the effects of lower mixing temperatures. Furthermore, this
analysis will provide insight on effects of mix storage and transportation on the blending of RAS and
virgin binder. Thus the use of thermal analysis will enable researchers to better define the scope of the
experimental matrix and provide a preliminary range of mixing temperatures, maximum allowable
amount of recycled materials (RAP and RAS), and mix conditioning times.

14
The research team will produce an interim report with that includes the results of the literature review,
the agency and contractor surveys, and the recommended final testing plan. The research team will
schedule a web meeting to discuss the testing plan with the technical committee and then will make any
adjustments necessary before finalizing the plan. The contractors that will be producing mix for the
project will also be a part of finalizing the plan and participate in some of the web meetings.

Task 4: Testing and Analysis

This task will include the acquisition of plant produced mixture, fabrication of specimens, testing, and
analysis. The research team's proposed approach for each of these subtasks is presented below and will
be modified accordingly based on the results of Tasks 1-3.

Subtask 4.1: Acquisition of Materials and Specimen Fabrication

The research team will work with the producers to acquire mixtures that are defined in the final
experimental plan. When possible, the research team will work with the producers to obtain specimens
that are compacted at the time of production to avoid additional aging induced as a result of reheating
loose mixture in the laboratory. Research by the PI as part of the TPF 5(230): Evaluation of Plant-
Produced High-Percentage RAP Mixtures in the Northeast has shown that the additional stiffening that
occurs during reheating for specimen fabrication can be significant and is not constant - it is affected by
mixture properties (PG binder, RAP content) and plant production parameters (mix temperature, silo
storage time) (Mogawer et al., 2012).

Loose mixture will also be collected for testing if additional specimens are required or plant compacted
specimens are not possible. Specimens fabricated in the laboratory from loose mixtures will follow an
established reheating protocol to minimize the amount of additional aging that may occur due to the
reheating of the mixture. Several short-term oven aging protocols were evaluated in NCHRP 9-49: title
(Yin et al. 2013); they recommended that when compacting specimens on site at the plant is not
possible, HMA and WMA with foaming process should be reheated to 135oC, and WMA produced with
additives be reheated to 116oC. The research team will evaluate the reheating process at the time of
the project, and will also check the most current recommendations from the NCHRP 09-52: Short-Term
Laboratory Conditioning of Asphalt Mixtures project.

The cracking resistance of mixtures decreases over time as the mixtures are exposed to additional
oxidative aging in the field over time. Therefore, long term aged material is the critical condition to
evaluate for both fatigue and thermal cracking. The research team will also evaluate compacted
specimens that are subject to long term oven aging (LTOA) in the laboratory to simulate the additional
aging that occurs in the field. Currently, the recommended procedure for LTOA of compacted
specimens (AASHTO R35) is to place them in an 85oC forced-draft oven for 5 days. Several research
groups have proposed alternative LTOA protocols; the research team will investigate current
recommendations (through literature and the NCHRP 9-54: Long-Term Aging of Asphalt Mixtures for
Performance Testing and Prediction project) at the time the long term aging is done in this study. Select
mixtures will be evaluated with and without LTOA to evaluate if RAS mixtures perform differently than
typical mixtures under LTOA.

15
Subtask 4.2: Mixture Testing and Analysis

The two critical performance properties for RAS mixtures are fatigue and thermal cracking. The research
team is proposing to use the Simplified Viscoelastic Continuum Damage (SVECD) analysis for fatigue
cracking and Direct Compact Tension (DCT) testing and analysis for thermal cracking. Both fatigue and
thermal cracking testing and analysis will be conducted on all asphalt mixtures produced with different
material combinations and manufacturing conditions.

Simplified Viscoelastic Continuum Damage

The laboratory testing for fatigue cracking analysis includes dynamic modulus and uniaxial fatigue using
the Asphalt Mixture Performance Tester (AMPT). Dynamic modulus testing will be conducted on at least
three replicate specimens and at multiple temperatures and frequencies to allow for the construction of
dynamic modulus and phase angle master curves. Uniaxial fatigue testing will be performed at several
strain levels in accordance with the most current test protocol; fatigue testing is conducted at a single
temperature determined by the PG grade of the virgin binder. The mixture characteristic curves will be
developed based on the dynamic modulus and fatigue test using the established procedures.

Once the characteristic curves are developed for each mixture, analysis can be conducted to determine
the fatigue life for multiple stress and strain levels, multiple temperatures, and the fatigue endurance
limit can be determined. Comparisons among mixtures can be made using the predicted performance.
Additionally, the fatigue life information will be used to conduct layered structural analysis for different
pavement structures (i.e. thick vs thin) to evaluate the expected performance of the mixtures in the field
in different types of pavement and in different locations within the pavement structure.

Additionally, the dynamic modulus and phase angle master curves will be used to conduct analysis of
the material behavior in Black space, similar to analysis that has been performed on binders and
described in the background section. There are not established damage zones that have been defined
for mixtures, however, the analysis using Black space will provide valuable information on the
effectiveness of various parameters in terms of recovering both stiffness and phase angle.

The damage curves from the SVECD analysis can also be used to simulate Thermal Stress Restrained
Specimen Tests (TSRST) at different cooling rates and starting temperatures. This analysis method has
been shown to be accurate (Chehab 2003) in predicting both fracture temperature and fracture stress
and provides significant savings over running TSRST tests at multiple cooling rates. This analysis will also
complement the fracture testing conducted using the DCT.

Disk-shaped Compact Tension

The disk-shaped compact tension fracture testing will be conducted on a minimum of three replicate
specimens and at testing temperature that is 10C warmer than the required low temperature asphalt
performance grade (PG). The test temperature recommendation is based on the previous studies on low
temperature cracking. The fracture energies of the asphalt mixes will be calculated using the results
from DCT testing. The fracture energy will allow for relative comparison of the different mixes and
manufacturing processes in context of the low temperature cracking performance.

The dynamic modulus (E*) data along with the DCT fracture energy will be utilized in the IlliTC system to
predict the low temperature cracking performance of different mixes studied through the proposed

16
project. The low temperature cracking predictions will be conducted for three pavement thicknesses,
this will allow researchers to further provide guidance into use of RAS for different classes of highways.
Three locations within the New England states will be chosen to predict the low temperature cracking
performances, the preliminary plan is to select the locations to encompass the range of colder climates
within New England. The final selection of locations will be done in consultation with the technical
committee for the project.

Subtask 4.3: Binder Testing and Analysis

The focus of this project will be on mixture testing, however, the research team will also conduct testing
on binder that is extracted and recovered from the mixture as it will provide valuable information to
complement the mixture testing. The process of extracting and recovering the asphalt binder will result
in complete blending of the recycled and virgin binders, which is likely not representative of the true
condition in the field, but will provide valuable information on the differences in rheological properties
as a function of recycled content, mixture proportions, and plant production parameters that are related
to aged materials.

The recovered binder from the plant produced mixtures will be tested using a dynamic shear rheometer
with 4mm plates to establish the complex shear modulus master curve. The advantage of using the
4mm plate geometry is that testing can be conducted over a range of temperatures, down to very low
temperatures where thermal cracking is evaluated. The research team will use the procedure (Sui et al.
2011) to predict S and m-values from the DSR frequency sweep tests to reduce overall testing time and
eliminate the need for BBR testing. The DSR results will also be analyzed in Black space to evaluate how
well different mixture and plant production parameters are able to recover both stiffness and phase
angle with RAS mixtures. The results of the binder testing and analysis will also be directly compared to
the mixture testing and analysis results.

Task 5: Develop Guidance Document

In this task, the research team will use the results of the testing and analysis conducted under Task 4 to
develop a guidance document on best practices for achieving RAS mixtures that perform well over their
design life with respect to fatigue and thermal cracking. The research team anticipates that this
document will include best practices for designing and producing mixtures with RAS and may also
include excel based analysis tools for agencies and producers.

The research team will work with the technical committee on the development of this guidance
document and associated tools so that they are in a form that is most accessible and useful for the state
agencies. As part of this task, the research team will also develop the training webinars or workshop
materials to most effectively transfer the technology and speed implementation. This will likely involve
a web conference at the beginning of the task to present the results of Task 4 and at the end of the task
to present the proposed document and tools.

Task 6: Reporting and TC Meetings

The research team will prepare quarterly reports and submit them to the NETC coordinator for the
duration of the project. The research team has planned for five meetings with the Technical Committee
at key dates and milestones over the course of the project. Additionally, the PI will make a summary
presentation to the technical committee at the conclusion of Year 1 and at the conclusion of the project.

17
The research team will summarize the activities and results of Tasks 1-5 in a comprehensive final report
document. A draft final report will be submitted to the technical committee for review 90 days before
the end of the project and then will be finalized after review and feedback from the technical
committee. Once finalized and approved, 75 copies of the report will be printed and bound using the
NETC report covers and backs and a CD containing the PDF file of the report will be mailed to the NETC
coordinator.

Implementation and Technology Transfer

The main deliverable of this project will be a guidance document and tool for agencies and contractors
to use to determine the most appropriate methodology to produce quality RAS mixtures, as described
under Task 5. The research team will provide documentation and examples for any tools that are
developed, and if appropriate, develop webinar type training for their use. The project results will be
disseminated through the interim and final reports, and presentations and publications at regional and
national level meetings. These include meetings for the North Eastern State Materials Engineers Agency
(NESMEA), North East Asphalt User/Producer Group (NEAUPG), Transportation Research Board (TRB)
meetings, Expert Task Group (ETG) meetings, and Local Technical Assistance Program (LTAP)
conferences.

Equipment and Resources Available

The research activities in the proposed project will be conducted in the 1,000 square foot materials
laboratory located in Kingsbury Hall S124 and the 500 square foot sustainability laboratory located in
Kingsbury Hall S119. Available equipment for mixture design and specimen fabrication includes ovens, a
Superpave gyratory compactor, and facilities for measuring specific gravity, including a Corelok device,
and saws and a coring rig for cutting and coring specimens. An Instron servo hydraulic system with an
environmental chamber for conducting mixture testing in uniaxial and IDT mode from temperatures
ranging from -40oC to +40oC, and an AMPT for performing fatigue testing on traditional or small
specimen geometry specimens from 4.4oC to 60oC are available. The laboratory also has an additional
environmental chamber for preconditioning specimens. As part of Dr. Daves start up package, another
servo hydraulic system will be purchased for conducting the DCT testing and a Dynamic Hybrid
Rheometer with capability to perform DSR, MSCR, torsion bar, and DMA testing will be purchased and
used for the binder testing in this project.

The UNH Civil Engineering Department also has a computer cluster with personal computers with
appropriate software needed for data analysis and reporting, a laser printer, scanner, and copier. There
is also a machine shop within the college. In summary, the UNH facilities include extensive equipment
and facilities and the planned expansion over the next year will allow for efficient binder and mixture
testing and analysis to achieve the objectives of the proposed project.

18
Budget and Justification
Project Budget
Item Year 1 Year 2 Total
Jo Daniel, PI (summer) 12,006 12,366 24,371
Eshan Dave, co-PI (summer) 9,778 10,071 19,849
Grad Student (academic year) 15,042 23,565 38,607
Grad Student (summer) 6,319 9,667 15,986
Undergrad Student 5,000 5,000 10,000
Fringe Benefits (8.3%) 2,747 3,080 5,827
Tuition (no IDC charged) 18,043 29,040 47,083
Travel 1,000 1,000 2,000
Materials and Supplies 5,561 5,000 10,561
Equipment (no IDC charged) 15,000 0 15,000
Publication Cost 0 200 200
Total Direct Costs 90,496 98,989 189,484
Indirect Costs* (47.5%) 27,290 33,226 60,516
TOTAL COST 117,786 132,214 250,000
Personnel
One month of summer salary for the PI and co-PI are requested for each year of the project; 3% inflation
is used. Salary and tuition for one graduate student in year 1 and one and a half students in year 2 are
requested, as well as undergraduate student support for both years.

Fringe Benefits
A partial fringe rate of 8.3% is used for salaries.

Travel
Funds for the PI and co-PI to travel to one conference each year to present the results of this research
are requested.

Materials and Supplies

Materials and supplies include consumables and supplies related to the laboratory testing that is
proposed in this research project.

Equipment
Equipment funding is requested to contribute towards the purchase of a new loading frame for the DCT
testing and a Dynamic Hybrid Rheometer for the binder testing. Most of the funding for the purchase of
this equipment will be from Dr. Daves start-up funding, the Civil Engineering Department has also
dedicated funds towards this purchase.

Publication Cost
Funding is requested to offset the cost of printing the required number of copies of the final report.

Indirect Costs
Indirect costs of 47.5% are applied to all budget items except for tuition and equipment, in accordance
with the current federal rate agreement.

19
Project Schedule

Month
Task 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Task 1 Literature Review

Task 2 Determine current practice in New England

Task 3 Finalize Testing Plan

Task 4 Testing and Analysis

4.1 Acquisition of Materials and Specimen Fabrication
4.2 Mixture Testing and Analysis
4.3 Binder Testing and Analysis

Task 5 Develop Guidance Document

Task 6 Reporting and TC Meetings

6.1 Quarterly Status Reports
6.2 Technical Committee Meetings
6.3 Final Report

20
References
Anderson, R.M., G.N. King, D.I. Hanson, and P.B. Blankenship (2011) Evaluation of the Relationship
Between Asphalt Binder Properties and Non-Load Related Cracking. Journal of the Association
of Asphalt Paving Technologists, 80, pp. 615-649.
Barry, K., J.S. Daniel, J. Foxlow, and K. Gray (2013) An evaluation of reclaimed asphalt shingles in hot
mix asphalt by varying sources and quantity of reclaimed asphalt shingles Road Materials and
Pavement Design, published online November.
Brock, J.D. and J.L. Richmond Sr., Milling and Recycling, ASTEC, INC, Chattanooga, TN, 2007.
Cascione, A.A., R.C. Williams, W.G. Buttlar, S. Ahmed, B. Hill, D.S. Haugen, and S. Gillen. Laboratory
Evaluation of Field Produced Hot Mix Asphalt Containing Post-Consumer Recycled Asphalt
Shingles and Fractionated Recycled Asphalt Pavement, Journal of the Association of Asphalt
Paving Technologists, Vol. 80, pp. 377-418, 2011.
Chehab G.R., Kim Y.R., Schapery R.A., Witczak M.W., Bonaquist R. (2002) Time-temperature
Superposition Principle for Asphalt Concrete with Growing Damage in Tension State. Journal of
Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists, 71.
Copeland, A. (2011) Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement in Asphalt Mixtures: State-of-the-Practice. Report
No. FHWAHRT-11-021, Federal Highway Administration.
Daniel J.S. and Kim Y.R. (2002) Development of a Simplified Fatigue Test and Analysis Procedure Using a
Viscoelastic Damage Model. Journal of the Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists, 71.
Dave, E.V., A.F. Braham, W.G. Buttlar, G.H. Paulino, and A. Zofka, Integration of Laboratory Testing,
Field Performance Data, and Numerical Simulations for the Study of Low-Temperature
Cracking, Proceedings of the 6th RILEM International Conference on Cracking in Pavements,
Chicago, USA, Eds. Al-Qadi, Scarpas, and Loizos, CRC Press Taylor and Francis Group, New York,
ISBN: 978-0-415-4757-54, pp.369-378, 2008.
Dave, E.V., P. Koktan, Synthesis of Performance Testing of Asphalt Concrete, Report No. MnDOT 2011-
22. Minnesota Department of Transportation, Research Services Section, 395 John Ireland
Boulevard, MS 330, St. Paul, Minnesota 55155, 2011.
Dave, E.V., W.G. Buttlar, S.E. Leon, B. Behnia and G.H. Paulino, IlliTC Low Temperature Cracking
Model for Asphalt Pavements, Road Materials and Pavement Design, Vol. 14(Sup. 2), pp. 57-78,
2013.
DeDene, C.D., V.R. Voller, E.V. Dave, and M.O. Marasteanu, Calculation of Particle Heating Times of
Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement Material, Road Materials and Pavement Design, article in review,
2014.
FHWA. Hot-Mix Asphalt Recycling - Drum Plant. Chapter 6. Construction Methods And Equipment 2011;
Available from: http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/pavement/recycling/98042/06.cfm.
Foxlow, J., J.S. Daniel, and A. Krishna Swamy, "RAP or RAS? The Differences in Performance of HMA
Containing Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement and Reclaimed Asphalt Shingles", accepted to Journal
of the Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists, 2011.
Glover, Davison, Domke, Ruan, Juristyarini, Knorr, and Jung (2005) Development of a New Method for
Assessing Asphalt Binder Durability with Field Evaluation. Report No. FHWA/TX/05-1872-2,
August.
Hanson, D.I., P.B. Blankenship, G.N. King, and R.M. Anderson (2010) Techniques for Prevention and
Remediation of Non-Load-Related Distresses on HMA Airport Pavements Phase II. Final
Report, Airfield Asphalt Pavement Technology Program, Project 06-01.

21
Jin, X., R. Han, Y. Cui, and C.J. Glover (2011) A Fast-rate Constant-rate Oxidation Kinetics Model for
Asphalt Binders. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 50(23), pp. 13373-13379.
Juristyarini, P., R.R. Davison, and C.J. Glover (2011) Oxidation Hardening Kinetics of the Rheological
Function G/(n/G) in Asphalts. Petroleum Science and Technology, 29(19), pp. 2027-2036.
Kandhal, P.S. (1977) ASTM STP 628: Low-Temperature Properties of Bituminous Materials and
Compacted Bituminous Paving Mixtures. C.R. Marek (Ed.), American Society for Testing and
Materials, Philadelphia, PA.
Kim Y.R. and D.N. Little (1990) One-Dimensional Constitutive Modeling of Asphalt Concrete. Journal of
Engineering Mechanics, 116(4).
King, G., M. Anderson, D. Hanson, and P. Blankenship (2012) Using Black Space Diagrams to Predict
Age-Induced Cracking. 7th RILEM International Conference on Cracking in Pavements, Delft,
Netherlands, 4, pp.453-463, June.
Lee H.J. and Y.R. Kim (1998a) A Uniaxial Viscoelastic Constitutive Model for Asphalt Concrete under
Cyclic Loading, Journal of Engineering Mechanics, 124(1).
Lee H.J. and Y.R. Kim (1998b) A Viscoelastic Continuum Damage Model of Asphalt Concrete with
Healing,Journal of Engineering Mechanics, 124(11).
Li X., Gibson N. (2013) Using Small Scale Specimens for AMPT Dynamic Modulus and Fatigue Tests,
Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists Annual Meeting Proceedings.
Marasteanu, M., A. Zofka, M. Turos, X. Li, R. Velasquez, X. Li, C. Williams, J. Bausano, W. Buttlar, G.
Paulino, A. Braham, E. Dave, J. Ojo, H. Bahia, A. Gallistel, and J. McGraw, Investigation of Low
Temperature Cracking in Asphalt Pavements, National Pooled Fund Study 776, Minnesota
Department of Transportation, Research Services MS 330, St. Paul, MN 55155, 2007.
Marasteanu, M., K.H. Moon, E.Z. Teshale, A.C. Falchetto, M. Turos, W. Buttlar, E. Dave, G. Paulino, S.
Ahmed, S. Leon, A. Braham, B. Behnia, H. Bahia, H. Tabatabaee, R. Velasquez, A. Arshadi, S.
Puchalski, S. Mangiafico, C. Williams, A. Buss, J. Bausano, A. Kvasnak, Investigation of Low
Temperature Cracking in Asphalt Pavements, National Pooled Fund Study -Phase II, Report No.
MN/RC 2012-23, Minnesota Department of Transportation, August 2012.
Mogawer, W., A. Austerman, R. Bonaquist, and M. Roussel (2011) Performance Characteristics of
Thin-Lift Overlay Mixtures: High Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement Content, Recycled Asphalt
Shingles, and Warm-Mix Asphalt Technology Transportation Research Record: Journal of the
Transportation Research Board, Vol 2208.
Mogawer, W., T. Bennert, J.S. Daniel, R. Bonaquist, A. Austerman, and A. Booshehrian (2012)
Performance Characteristics of Plant Produced High RAP Mixtures. Road Materials and
Pavement Design, Vol. 1(S1), June, pp. 183-208.
Mogawer, W.S., A. Boosherhrian, S. Vahidi, and A.J. Austerman (2013) Evaluating the Effect of
Rejuvenators on the Degree of Blending and Performance of high RAP, RAS, and RAP/RAS
Mixtures. Road Materials and Pavement Design, 14(S2), pp. 193-213.
Rowe, G.M. (2011) Prepared Discussion for the AAPT paper by Anderson et al.: Evaluation of the
Relationship between Asphalt Binder Properties and Non-Load Related Cracking. Journal of the
Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists, 80, pp. 649-662.
Ruan, Y., R.R. Davison, and C.J. Glover (2003) An Investigation of Asphalt Durability: Relationships
between Ductility and Rheological Properties for Unmodified Asphalts. Petroleum Science and
Technology, 21(1&2), pp. 231-254.
Sui, Changping, M. J. Farrar, P. M. Harnsberger, W. H. Tuminello, T. F. Turner (2011) New Low-
Temperature Performance-Grading Method: Using 4-mm Parallel Plates on a Dynamic Shear
Rheometer, Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board
Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Volume 2207.

22
Tran, N.H., A. Taylor, R. Willis (2012) Effect of Rejuvenator on Performance Properties of HMA Mixtures
with High RAP and RAS Contents. NCAT Report 12-05, National Center for Asphalt Technology,
Auburn, AL, June.
Underwood B.S., Kim Y.R., Guddati M., Thirunavukkarasu S., Savadatti S. (2009) Response and Fatigue
Performance Modeling of ALF Pavements Using 3-D Finite Element Analysis and a Simplified
Viscoelastic Continuum Damage Model, Journal of Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists,
78.
Underwood B.S., Kim Y.R., Guddati M.N. (2010) Improved Calculation Method of Damage Parameter in
Viscoelastic Continuum Damage Model, International Journal of Pavement Engineering, 11(6).
Williams, R.C., A. Cascione, J. Yu, D. Haugen, M. Marasteanu, J. McGraw, Performance of Recycled
Asphalt Shingles in Hot Mix Asphalt, Final Report for Pooled Fund Study TPF-5(213), Institute of
Trnasportation, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 2013.
Yin, F., L. Garcia Cucalon, A. Epps Martin, E. Arambula, A. Chowdhury, and E.S. Park (2013) Laboratory
Conditioning Protocols for Warm-Mix Asphalt Journal of the Association of Asphalt Paving
Technologists.
Zhou, F., J. W. Button, and J.A. Epps (2012) Best Practices for Using RAS in HMA. FHWA/TX-12/0-6614-
1, Texas A&M Transportation Institute, College Station, TX.
Zhou, F., H. Li, S. Hu, J.W. Button, and J.A. Epps (2013) Characterization and Best Use of Recycled
Asphalt Shingles in Hot Mix Asphalt. FHWA/TX-12/0-6614-2, Texas A&M Transportation
Institute, College Station,TX.

23
 JO SIAS DANIEL
W183B Kingsbury Hall, Dept. of Civil Engineering, UNH, Durham, NH 03824 Ph: 603-862-3277

PROFESSIONAL PREPARATION
University of New Hampshire Civil Engineering 1994 B.S.
North Carolina State University Civil Engineering 1996 M.S.
North Carolina State University Civil Engineering 2001 Ph.D.

APPOINTMENTS
Professor, Univ of New Hampshire, Dept of Civil Engineering (2013-present)
Associate Professor, Univ of New Hampshire, Dept of Civil Engineering (2007-2013)
Assistant Professor, Univ of New Hampshire, Dept of Civil Engineering (2001-2007)
Post-Doctoral Research Associate, North Carolina State Univ., Dept of Civil Eng (2001)
Dwight D. Eisenhower Transportation Graduate Fellowship (2000)

AWARDS
AAPT Board of Directors Award of Recognition, 2011
National Science Foundation CAREER Award, 2005
UNH Outstanding Assistant Professor Award, 2005
Tau Beta Pi Outstanding Civil Engineering Faculty Award, 2003
Runner-up for AAPT Walter J. Emmons Best Paper Award, 2003

RECENT PUBLICATIONS RELATED TO THE PROJECT

Barry, K., J.S. Daniel, J. Foxlow, and K. Gray (2013) An evaluation of reclaimed
asphalt shingles in hot mix asphalt by varying sources and quantity of reclaimed asphalt
shingles Road Materials and Pavement Design, published online November.
Mogawer, W., T. Bennert, J.S. Daniel, R. Bonaquist, A. Austerman, and A. Booshehrian
(2012). "Performance Characteristics of Plant Produced High RAP Mixtures."
International Journal of Road Materials and Pavement Design - AAPT.
Swamy, A. K., and J.S. Daniel (2012). "Evaluating the Effect of Mode of Loading on
Viscoelastic and Damage Properties of Asphalt Concrete." Transportation Research
Record.
Tarbox, S. and J.S. Daniel (2012). "Effects of Long Term Oven Aging on RAP
Mixtures." Transportation Research Record.
Medeiros Jr., M., J.S. Daniel, H. Bolton and W. Meagher (2011). "Evaluation of Moisture
and Low Temperature Cracking Susceptibility of Warm-Mixture Asphalt." International
Journal of Pavement Engineering iFirst 13 June 2011.
Foxlow, J., J.S. Daniel, and A. Krishna Swamy, "RAP or RAS? The Differences in
Performance of HMA Containing Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement and Reclaimed Asphalt
Shingles", Journal of the Association of Asphalt Pavement Technologists 80: 347-376, 2011.
Swamy, A.K., Mitchell, L.F., Hall, S.J., and Daniel, J.S. The Impact of RAP on the
Volumetric, Stiffness, Strength and Low Temperature Properties of HMA. Journal of
Materials in Civil Engineering, ASCE, 23(11), 1490-1497, 2011
Medeiros Jr., M., J.S. Daniel, H. Bolton and W. Meagher, "Evaluation of Moisture and Low
Temperature Cracking Susceptibility of Warm-Mixture Asphalt", International Journal of
Pavement Engineering, First published on: 13 June 2011 (iFirst).
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2011.582113

24
 Mogawer, W., A. Austerman, J.S. Daniel, F. Zhou, and T. Bennert, "Evaluation of the
Effects of Hot Mix Asphalt Density on Mixture Fatigue Performance, Rutting Performance
and MEPDG Distress Predictions", International Journal of Pavement Engineering.

SYNERGISTIC ACTIVITIES
Transportation Research Board: Chair of Committee AFK50 Characteristics of
Bituminous Paving Mixtures to Meet Structural Requirements (2008-present), Member of
AFK50 (2001-present), member of Committee AFK30 Nonbituminous Components of
Bituminous Paving Mixtures (2004-present)
Member of FHWA Mixture & Construction Expert Task Group, Models Expert Task
Group, FHWA RAP Expert Task Group
Panel Member, Proposal and Manuscript Reviewer: NSF, National Cooperative Highway
Research Program, Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists, Transportation
Research Board, International Society of Asphalt Pavements, International Journal of
Road Materials and Pavement Design, International Journal of Pavement Engineering,
ASCE Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, ASCE Journal of Transportation
Engineering, ASCE Journal of Constructed Facilities, ASTM Journal of Testing and
Evaluation, Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, Cold Regions Engineering Journal
Member of American Society of Civil Engineers, Association of Asphalt Paving
Technologists, International Society for Asphalt Pavements, National Society of
Professional Engineers, American Society for Engineering Education, Northeast Asphalt
User/Producer Group

COLLABORATORS AND OTHER AFFILIATIONS

Collaborators (last 4 years): T. Bennert, Rutgers University., G. Chehab, American University of

Beirut, A. Epps Martin, Texas A&M University, M. Kestler, USFS, A. Kvasnak, National Center for
Asphalt Technology, R. Mallick, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, L. McCarthy, Villanova
University, R. McDaniel, Purdue University., H. Miller, University of Massachusetts at Dartmouth,
W. Mogawer, University of Massachusetts at Dartmouth, B. Prowell, R.West, National Center for
Asphalt Technology.

Graduate Advisor: Y. R. Kim, North Carolina State University (MS and PhD)

Thesis Advisor and Postgraduate-Scholar Sponsor

Postgraduate Scholar (1): S. Bhattacharjee, Alabama A&M University
PhD Students (3): A. KrishnaSwamy, M. Medeiros, D. Mensching, R. Rahbar
MS Students (14): E. Anderson, K. Barry, B. Bisirri, A. Congalton, H. Bolton, M. Elwardany, J.
Foxlow, S. Hall, A. Lachance, J. Lowe, L. Mitchell, M. Nogaj, M. Oshone, F. Rivera, M. Steele

25
 Eshan V. Dave, Ph.D.
Assistant Professor and Director of Graduate Studies,
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Minnesota Duluth
254 Swenson Civil Engineering Building, 1405 University Drive, Duluth, Minnesota 55812
Phone: (218) 726-6454, Fax: (218) 726-6445, Email: evdave@d.umn.edu

EDUCATION
Ph.D., Civil Engineering, University of Illinois, 2009
M.S., Civil Engineering, University of Illinois, 2003
B.E., Civil Engineering, Sardar Patel University (India), 2001

WORK EXPERIENCE
University of Minnesota Duluth, Department of Civil Engineering
Assistant Professor, August 2010 present
Director of Graduate Studies, August 2011 present

University of Illinois, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering

Post-Doctoral Research Associate, August 2009 July 2010
Graduate Assistant, January 2002 July 2009

RESEARCH EXPERIENCE
Dr. Dave has led over 10 research studies and has participated in other 15 research projects at
federal, state and local levels. While the topics of research studies conducted by Dr. Dave have
ranged from laboratory performance tests for low temperature characterization of asphalt mixes to
determination of optimal amount of recycled asphalt pavement (RAP), the central theme of the
research has always been on the use of performance-based evaluation and design techniques to
prolong the life of pavements. Projects relevant to this proposal include: National Pooled Fund
Study on Low Temperature Cracking (Phase-I: 200408; Phase-II: 200812); Development of
Asphalt Performance Test for Minnesota Department of Transportation (201214); Design of
Sustainable Thin Bonded Asphalt Overlays that Utilize Taconite Tailings and Recycled Asphalt
Shingles (201112); Implementation of Low Temperature Cracking Performance Specifications in
Minnesota (201214).

RELEVANT PUBLICATIONS
1. DeDene, C.D., V.R. Voller, E.V. Dave, and M.O. Marasteanu, Calculation of Particle Heating
Times of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement Material, Road Materials and Pavement Design
(article in second round of review).
2. Dave, E.V., W.G. Buttlar, S.E. Leon, B. Behnia and G.H. Paulino, IlliTC Low Temperature
Cracking Model for Asphalt Pavements, Road Materials and Pavement Design, Vol. 14(Sup.
2), pp. 57-78, 2013.
3. Dave, E.V., Sustainable Pavement Rehabilitation using Thin Bonded Overlay Constructed
with High Taconite (and RAS) Mix, Project Number 2010-13, Local Operational Research
Assistance Program, Local Road Research Board (LRRB), St. Paul, MN, April 2013.
4. Marasteanu, M., K.H. Moon, E.Z. Teshale, A.C. Falchetto, M. Turos, W. Buttlar, E. Dave, G.
Paulino, S. Ahmed, S. Leon, A. Braham, B. Behnia, H. Bahia, H. Tabatabaee, R. Velasquez, A.
Arshadi, S. Puchalski, S. Mangiafico, C. Williams, A. Buss, J. Bausano, A. Kvasnak,
Investigation of Low Temperature Cracking in Asphalt Pavements, National Pooled Fund
Study -Phase II, Report No. MN/RC 2012-23, Minnesota Department of Transportation,
August 2012.

26
5. Dave, E.V., S.E. Leon, and K. Park, Thermal Cracking Prediction Model and Software for
Asphalt Pavements, T&DI Congress 2011: Integrated Transportation and Development for a
Better Tomorrow, Proceedings of the First T&DI Congress 2011, ASCE Conference
Proceedings, Vol. 398(41167), pp. 64-72, 2011.
6. Behnia, B., E.V. Dave, S. Ahmed, W.G. Buttlar, and H. Reis, Investigation of Effects of the
Recycled Asphalt Pavement (RAP) Amounts on Low Temperature Cracking Performance of
Asphalt Mixtures using Acoustic Emissions (AE), Transportation Research Record, Volume
2208, pp. 64-71, 2011.
7. Dave, E.V., B. Behnia, S. Ahmed, W.G. Buttlar, and H. Reis, Low Temperature Fracture
Evaluation of Asphalt Mixtures using Mechanical Testing and Acoustic Emissions
Techniques, Journal of the Association of Asphalt Paving Technology, Vol. 80, pp. 193-226,
2011.
8. Dave, E.V., P. Koktan, Synthesis of Performance Testing of Asphalt Concrete, Report No.
MnDOT 2011-22. Minnesota Department of Transportation, Research Services Section, 395
John Ireland Boulevard, MS 330, St. Paul, Minnesota 55155, 2011.
9. Dave, E.V., W.G. Buttlar, and G.H. Paulino, Thermal Cracking Simulations of Aged Asphalt
Pavements using Viscoelastic Functionally Graded Finite Elements, Proceedings of the 11th
International Conference on Asphalt Pavements (ISAP), Nagoya, Japan, Paper 2.2-63, 2010.
10. Dave, E.V., and W.G. Buttlar, Low Temperature Cracking Prediction with Consideration of
Temperature Dependent Bulk and Fracture Properties, Road Materials and Pavement Design,
2010, Volume 11-SI, pp. 33-59, 2010.
11. Apeagyei, A., E.V. Dave, and W.G. Buttlar, Effect of Cooling Rate on Thermal Cracking of
Asphalt Concrete Pavements, Journal of Association of the Asphalt Paving Technologists,
Volume 77, pp.709-738, 2008.
12. Marasteanu, M., A. Zofka, M. Turos, X. Li, R. Velasquez, X. Li, C. Williams, J. Bausano, W.
Buttlar, G. Paulino, A. Braham, E. Dave, J. Ojo, H. Bahia, A. Gallistel, and J. McGraw,
Investigation of Low Temperature Cracking in Asphalt Pavements, National Pooled Fund
Study 776, Minnesota Department of Transportation, Research Services MS 330, St. Paul, MN
55155, 2007.

PROFESSIONAL AFFILIATIONS AND MEMBERSHIPS

Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists (AAPT); American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE);
ASTM International (Voting Member for D04: Pavement Materials); Transportation Research Board
(Member: AFK50 Committee on Characteristics of Asphalt Paving Mixtures to Meet Structural
Requirements; Young Member: AHD20 Committee on Pavement Maintenance); Minnesota Bituminous
Specification Committee.

27