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Chapter 2
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Elger et al, Chap. 2 HES2340 Fluid Mechanics 1 Week 1, Lecture 1.2, Slide 1
Contents of this lecture
Elger et al, Chap. 1 MEE20003 Fluid Mechanics 1 Week 1, Lecture 1.2, Slide 2
Properties
Elger et al, Chap. 1 MEE20003 Fluid Mechanics 1 Week 1, Lecture 1.2, Slide 3
Density: definition
Elger et al, Chap. 1 MEE20003 Fluid Mechanics 1 Week 1, Lecture 1.2, Slide 4
Density
Elger et al, Chap. 1 MEE20003 Fluid Mechanics 1 Week 1, Lecture 1.2, Slide 5
Density: incompressibility
For incompressible flows of one fluid, the density can often
be taken as constant throughout the flow
A very useful assumption in the majority of situations
It is not valid when:
There are important temperature gradients
Elger et al, Chap. 1 MEE20003 Fluid Mechanics 1 Week 1, Lecture 1.2, Slide 6
Compressibility: all fluids
Expansion
Compression
Elger et al, Chap. 1 MEE20003 Fluid Mechanics 1 Week 1, Lecture 1.2, Slide 7
Compressibility: all fluids
Elger et al, Chap. 1 MEE20003 Fluid Mechanics 1 Week 1, Lecture 1.2, Slide 8
Compressibility: all fluids
Elger et al, Chap. 1 MEE20003 Fluid Mechanics 1 Week 1, Lecture 1.2, Slide 9
Compressibility: gases
The Ideal Gas Law, like the bulk modulus, relates the
stress we apply to a gas to the amount it compresses or
expands
Again, we want this to be
general, so express in terms of
density instead of volume ...
Elger et al, Chap. 1 MEE20003 Fluid Mechanics 1 Week 1, Lecture 1.2, Slide 10
Compressibility: liquids
As noted in Lecture 1, there is a big difference between gases and
liquids
The ideal gas law is from a theory, but for liquids, there is no exact
theory
If liquids are not very hot and not under very high
pressures, the bulk modulus approximately
gives the relation between pressure and %
compression
http://www2.sese.uwa.edu.au/~hollings/pilot/denscalc.html
Elger et al, Chap. 1 MEE20003 Fluid Mechanics 1 Week 1, Lecture 1.2, Slide 11
Viscosity
Two broad classes of fluids exist depending on the relationship
between shear stress () and the rate of shear strain (u/y)
Newtonian fluids: a linear relationship. Air and water are
Newtonian fluids (and we will only consider Newtonian fluids in
this course)
Non-Newtonian fluids: all other relationships
The study of this relationship is known as rheology
The non-linearity often comes from the presence of impurities in
the fluid (dust, grit, powder, polymer, etc.) Lots of engineering
applications (slurries, mining tailings, paint, food processing,
blood, etc.)
,u
Apply stress,
Measure rate of strain,
u/y
Elger et al, Chap. 2 HES2340 Fluid Mechanics 1 Week 1, Lecture 1.2, Slide 12
Viscosity
Shear
thickening
Shear
thinning
Elger et al, Chap. 1 MEE20003 Fluid Mechanics 1 Week 1, Lecture 1.2, Slide 13
Viscosity: Newtonian fluids
The viscosity relates shear stress to
the rate of shear strain
http://www.sciencephoto.com/images/showFullWatermarked.html/T1105
05-Lubricating_oil-SPL.jpg?id=841100505
Elger et al, Chap. 1 MEE20003 Fluid Mechanics 1 Week 1, Lecture 1.2, Slide 14
Viscosity: Newtonian fluids
Elger et al, Chap. 1 MEE20003 Fluid Mechanics 1 Week 1, Lecture 1.2, Slide 15
Viscosity: Newtonian fluids
Elger et al, Chap. 1 MEE20003 Fluid Mechanics 1 Week 1, Lecture 1.2, Slide 16
Viscosity: not all fluids are Newtonian
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f2XQ97XHjVw
Elger et al, Chap. 1 MEE20003 Fluid Mechanics 1 Week 1, Lecture 1.2, Slide 17
Summary of Lecture
2.c. For gases, compression can make the temperature Elger 2.2
vary as well as the density
Elger et al, Chap. 2 HES2340 Fluid Mechanics 1 Week 1, Lecture 1.2, Slide 18