Mining Stations PDF

PORTO
Jornadas TNELES Y EXCAVACIONES EN GRANITO Abril 2010
PORTO
Project and construction of

Underground
U de g ou d stations
stat o s a
and
d tu
tunnels
es
(TBM and NATM) in heterogeneous
masses for Metro do Porto.
Antnio Viana da Fonseca (viana@fe.up.pt)

Antnio Topa Gomes (atgomes@fe.up.pt)
Jornadas
JornadasTNELES
TNELES YY EXCAVACIONES
EXCAVACIONES EN
EN GRANITO
GRANITO Abril
Abril 2010
2010
1
Metro do Porto
Project and
construction
System of Light Metro of the

Metropolitan Area of Porto
Metro do Porto
INDEX
The Project
Geological Conditions
Tunnels:
- TBM (sellection and adaptations) and other solutions
- Monitoring and Control Tunnels
Underground stations:
pp
- Cut and Cover: active support or unsupported
pp shafts ((arch effects))
- Cavern with access shafts (unsupported) and mining by NATM
Building Risk Analysis:
- Surveying Procedures (limits and alerts; reactions and solutions)
2
Metro do Porto
And there has been a

POPULAR MYTH
An underground metro
would never be a reality
in Porto !!!
The granite is impenetrable?...
Metro do Porto
The Project
3
Metro do Porto. Routes
Reconvertion of more than

50Km of existing lines.
Construction of 13 km of
surface
f new lines.
li
Construction of 7 Km of
tunneling new lines.
Construction of 2 Principal
Interface Structures.
74 Stations with decks of 70m
length and 0,30m height.
11 Underground Stations.
19 Rehabilitation and
modernization of existing
Surface Stations.
44 New Surface Stations.
Metro do Porto. Routes
Frentes L eg en d a:
ren tes de
Frentes
F d eObra
de O b raactiv as
obra
ound Stations
activas
activasememJan/20
em OFEV 01
u t/2001
2002 1 - Tnel (Tuneladora)
2 - E st. Herosm o
3 - E st. 24 de A gosto
4 - Trindade (D . Redes p/ Trincheira)
5 - M atosinhos - P .I. V ia Rpida
9
6 - M atosinhos - D esvios Redes p p/ V ia
Main Undergro
7 - P M O Guifes
8 - Ram al acesso P M O Guifes
9 - M aia (D esvios Redes e P lataform a)
7 8
14
6
13
6 6
5 12
Line S
11 15
Line C
4 1
3
10 2
Tunneling new lines
4
Metro do Porto
Geological Conditions
Metro do Porto. Geological Conditions
Distribution of Porto Granite
Iberian Granites
5
Geological complexity of the region
CIZ Central Iberian Zone;

OMZ Ossa-Morena
O M Z
Zone;
PTSZ Porto-Tomar Shear
Zone;
(1) Cenozoic cover deposits;
(2) Cambrian CIZ (Schist and
Graywacke Complex);
(3) Precambrian
metassediments OMZ;
Do uro
Rive
r
(4) Madalena granite (late
orogenic);
PT
SZ
CIZ
OMZ (5) Ermesinde granite (hybrid
sin-tectonic);
(6) Porto granite (peraluminous
1 2 3 4 5 6
sin-tectonic)
Prevailling conditions of Porto Granite - All Weathering Grades
irregular geometry between weathered and sound rock mass
6
Erratic profiles of highly weathered to sound granitic masses
Metro do Porto. Geotechnical Characterisation
Geomechanical classification & characterization

Fract. RQD NSPT
Geomechanical Weathering Fracturation GSI NSPT
Group (W) (F)
G1 W1 F1-F2 65-85 -
G2 W2 F2-F3 45-65 -
G3 W3 F3-F4 30-45 -
G4 W4 F4-F5 15-30 -
G5 W5 n.a. - > 50
G6 W5/W6 n.a. n.a. < 50
G7 n.a. n.a. n.a. var.
Ru (Mpa) (kN/m3) mb s Ed (GPa)
G1 90-150 25-27 7.45 6.9E-2 35
OCK
G2 30-90 25-27 32
3.2 7 5E-3
7.5E-3 10 7
10.7
RO
G3 10-35 23-25 0.98 7.5E-4 1.0

G4 1-15 22-24 0.67 0 0.4
NSPT (kN/m3) c (Mpa) () Ed (GPa)

SOIL
G5 > 50 19-21 0.01-0.05 32-36 0.05-0.20

G6 < 50 18-20 0-0.02 30-34 0.02-0.07
G7 variable 18-20 0 27-29 <0.05
7
Metro do Porto. Geotechnical Characterisation
Number of boreholes (1st phase):

classical (drilled) and DPR (continuous parameter recording)
Drilled Boreholes
Work Conventional rotary Parameters recording (DPR)
N Comp.(m) N Comp.(m)
LINE C 122 3522 18 592
LINE S 75 2068 11 288
LINE J 10 560 - -
Stations Line 'C' 74 1164 - -
Stations Line 'S' 117 3004 - -
TOTAL 398 10318 29 880
26,4 m
17,0 m
10,5 m
Metro do Porto. Geological Conditions vs operation mode
Quality of Porto Granite and Operation

possible alternative EPB operation modes mode-TBM
OPEN
mode
1. Granitic mass sound or slightly weathered, no

weathered material in the discontinuities.
N
e
2. Granitic mass with very weathered material in

fractures; these fractures may communicate with
overlaying parts of completely weathered granite.
3. Very weathered or completely weathered granite

CLOSED
mode
(almost granular soil with little or no cohesion).

D
4 Very weathered or completely weathered granite

4.
with blocks of the rock core.
5. Mixed conditions with both sound mass and comp-

letely weathered granite appearing in the face.
In all cases the water table is above the tunnel crown
8
Metro do Porto. Campanh Station - Assessment of Geology
Line S
(underground) g7 g6 g5 g4 g3 g2
Metro do Porto. Campanh Station - Assessment of Geology
Line C
(underground) g7 g6 g5 g4 g3 g2
9
The Geological Model
Features in weathered masses of granitic and other

igneous rocks.
R. Fell et al. 1992 Weathering profile
Begonha and Braga, 2002
Geology of Porto Granite

All Weathering Grades
10
Weathered Granite (left) underlaying

Sound Granite (right) in Places
fresh
granite
weathered
granite
11
Diverse
weathering
Multiple
solutions
Multiple solutions
12
Mixed solutions

Same station, North Side versus South Side
Unsupported shafts: the importance of water

level
lowering
13
North Side: Preparing the breakthrough of TBM
Jet-Grouting
Type II
Preparing
South Side
the
intrusion of
the TBM -
nails of
fibreglass
Tunnels
TUNNELING BORING
MACHINE
Earth Pressure Balance
14
Metro do Porto. Geological Conditions for TUNNELING
Tunneling - assesment of geology
Predicted geology for the Heroismo mined station, assessment by Transmetro
Tunnels. Geological and Geotechnical Conditions
Geological mapping at the face
15
Metro do Porto. Tunnel geometry
Geometry
D
D
D
A A
A D
C
C
C
A
F+T
LV
MV
INTERNAL GABARIT MINIMUM CURVES RADIOS MAXIMUM SCALES

- TBM 1: 7,80 m - Horizontal: 200 m - Scale: 140 mm
- TBM 2: 8,00 m - Vertical: 500 m
Gabarit: Gabarit taking the vehicule dynamics, Catenarie, Free passage (0.70m), tubes for
cables, Via (STEDEF type), Signals, Ilumination
Tunnels. TBM - project
Project conditions
Tunneling internal diameter:

7.8 8.0m
Lined with a tapered universal ring:
1.4m long and 300mm thick
Consisting of :
6+1 pre-cast, reinforced concrete segments
The tappered rings allow:
a minimum radius of 200m
16
Tunnels. TBM (EPB) - Ring Support
Supportin rings a PUZZLE !!!
Tunnels. TBM (EPB) - Ring Support
17
Tunnels. TBM Earth Pressure Balance (EPB)
Project conditions
Overburden thickness ranges:

10m 30m
With a minimum value of:
3m 4m
underneath sensitive buildings
(more than 2000 buildings in the influence zone)
A complex geologic ambient:
Weathered Granite
Porto
Weathered Granite
Weathered Granito do Porto exhibits a METASTABLE structure,, which

can accentuate a potential for collapse, depending on the high porosity
and reduced cohesive strength of the loosed/leached residual soil.
18
Metro do Porto. TBM - Geological Conditions
Porto
Weathered Granite
Weathered Granito do Porto exhibits a METASTABLE structure,, which

The water table is located 10-25m above the tunnel, rarely following the
shape of the surface topography.
Metro do Porto. TBM - Geological Conditions
Porto
Weathered Granite
Weathered Granito
Granito do Porto
Porto exhibits a METASTABLE structure, which
The water table is located 10-25m above the tunnel, rarely following the
shape of the surface topography.
ADITIONALLY: a large number of old wells and minas (old and small
handmade water tunnels),
tunnels) with no register...).
register ) The vast number of these
elements have modified the hydro-geological characteristics of the
ground; so, the water MOVES NOT ONLY IN THE POROUS MEDIUM
AND FRACTURES, but ALSO ALONG THESE CHANNELS (MINAS...).
19
Tunnels. TBM
TUNNELING BORING MACHINE
Selection Criteria
Tunnels. Geology vs Tunneling Boring Machine
Geology - Criteria for Selection of TBM (Babendererd et al 2004)
Rock Strength Rock Structure Water Ingress

Unilat. cohesion Face Shield Lining Jointing Grain size Face Shield Lining Install. Volume Consequences
compr. Cu Support Install. < 0.02 < 0.06 Support per 30m on
MPa KN/m RQD Distanc mm mm
e
100
> 250 - - - - - >2m - - unlimited pump capacity
90 %
250 90 2.0
2 0
behind
- - - - - - behind TBM unlimited pump capacity
TBM
100 75 % 0.6 m
100 75 0.6
behind
- - - - - possible behind TBM > 20 l/s pump capacity
TBM
50 50 % 0.2 m
50 50 0.2 in
behind possibly
Rock - - recom.
TBM
- -
mech.
recom. TBM > 10 l/s face support
25 25 % 0.06 m area
25
< 0.06
- - recom. < 25 % mech. required under shield > 5 l/s face support
m
5
5 mech.,
under < 0.06
- recom. required < 25 % possibly required under shield > 2 l/s methodology
shield m
1 EPB/Slurry
mech.,
under < 0.06
<1 > 30 - required < 25 % vary possibly required under shield > 2 l/s methodology
shield m
EPB/Slurry
30 mech.,
under
Soil - recom. required
shield
> 30 % possibly required under shield > 2 l/s methodology
10 EPB/Slurry
10 under shield
under shield
EPB / immed.
- recom. required immed. > 20 % < 50 % required > 2 l/s methodology
grout. Slurry grout.
5
under shield under shield
5
immed. EPB / immed.
- required required grout. > 10 % < 30 % required > 2 l/s methodology
Slurry grout.
1
under shield under shield
immed. EPB / immed.
0 required required grout. > 10 % < 20 % required > 2 l/s methodology
Slurry grout.
20
Metro do Porto. TBM - Design
Tunneling Design Approach

TBM Advance Plan
Due to the extreme variability, EPBs OPERATED IN CLOSED MODE.
Tunnels. Geology vs Tunneling Boring Machine
Geology
Weathered Granite Different Cohesion Different Permeability !...
21

TBM Advance Plan
Due to extreme variability, the EPBs OPERATED IN CLOSED MODE.

A special care to avoid any excessive displacements or subsidence due
to volume loss ahead, above and behind implied a PAT (Plan of
Advance of TBM), which included, in adition to design information, a

TBM Advance Plan

report on the evaluation of the TBM working parameters,
containing the definition of the reference value and the relevant
operational range for:
22

TBM Advance Plan

- face support pressure;
- apparent density of the muck in the chamber;
- weight to be extracted a each ring;
- longitudinal grouting pressure and volume; and,
- aditional bentonite slurry injection volume and pressure.

TBM Advance Plan

23

TBM Advance Plan


TBM Advance Plan

24

TBM Advance Plan

EPB Characteristics
Injection of Conditioning Additives into Tool Gap
Cutter Head Diam.:

8.74 8.94m
Max. Tunneling
Thrust Force:
70,613 kN
Max. Cutterhead
Thrust Force:
22,200 kN
Max. Cutterhead
Torque:
12,900 kN
Breakaway Torque:
15,000 kN
Total Installed
Power:
Approx. 4 MW
25
Tunnels. Criteria for selection of TBM
Selection of TBM
Type of Face Support: (1) Pressurized Slurry
Selection of TBM
Type of Face Support: (2) Pressurized Earth Paste (EPB)
Fill
Weathered Working Chamber

Granite
Additives Screw
Conveyer
Cutter Head Pressure Cells
26
Range of Slurry- and EPB- TBM Application

Considering Grain-size Distribution
Ton Schluff Sand Kies Steine Blcke
[%]
fein mittel grob fein mittel grob fein mittel grob
100
8 2 1 90
3 80 Slurry-TBM drives
4 5 70 1. Lyon
2. Hamburg
6 60 3. Grauholztunnel
4. Wesertunnel
50
5. Zrich, Hermetschloo-Werdhlzli
40 6. Zrich, Thalwil
7. Portland, Gravel Alluvium
30 8. Wittenberg (polymer suspension)
7 20
10
0
0,002 0,006 0,02 0,06 0,2 0,63 2 6,3 20 63 100 200 1000
100
90
80
70
60
EPB-TBM drives
9. Essen, U-Bahn Los 32/33
9 50
10. Milano, Passante Ferroviario
10 40 11. Metro Porto
11
30
20
10
0
0,002 0,006 0,02 0,06 0,2 0,63 2 6,3 20 63 100 200 1000
Grain-size [mm]
Slurry limitation
High content of fines < 0,06 mm
requires expensive separation process
EPB limitation
High permeability k > 10-
requires intensive conditioning
27
Monitoring of the EPB machine
Control of Excavated Material

(
(weight)
g )
Reaction procedure :
28
Tunnels. TBM (EPB) - Emergency
In an emergency situation
Unpredictable situation occurs The responsible engineer is called
The instructions are implemented O.K.?
The excavation proceeds

Meanwhile:
The foreman is called The supervisor and manager

are advised
Emergency Procedure Emergency Procedure
Tunnels. TBM (EPB) - Emergency
29
Tunnels. TBM (EPB) Failure!
Two Major Accidents !...
Tunnels. TBM (EPB) Failure!
The second, in 12 Jan. 2001,

was dramatic !...
A sink hole was induced after 30m
of the passing of the face.
A house was swallowed and
an old lady was killed !...
30
Tunnels. TBM (EPB) Solution
From the
F th problem
bl to
t
the solution !
Panel Specialists
A. Cardoso (FEUP)
S. Babendererde
E. Hoek
P. Marinos (NTUA)
Tunnels. TBM (EPB) - Classical
The special case of Porto

Requirements for Closed Mode
Geological Risks
Weathered Granite in all stages with variable cohesion

and variable permeability
Classical EPB- TBM Process Risks
- No sensitive control instrumentation

- Overcharge of TBM operator for decisions to adapt
operation procedure to changed ground conditions
31
Classical EPB - TBM

Operation mode open mode
semi open mode
closed mode not clearly defined
Criteria ?
Muck extraction Muck extraction
Open mode? Closed mode?
via belt conveyor via screw conveyor
Classical EPB - TBM

Control instrumentation not sensitive enough to react on frequent
changes of geotechnical properties in heterogeneous geology.
Process steering by operator
O
Operation
i Panel
P l
without reliable automatism
32
Tunnels. TBM (EPBm) - Face Support
and (9+2)
sures Sensors: (7+2) a

Earth Press
Transfer of Support Pressure
33
Tunnels. TBM (EPBm) - Modified
SPECIAL FEATURES OF EPBM
The following modifications were made to the configuration:

SET UP OF AN ACTIVE SECONDARY FACE SUPPORT (SFSS):
an automatic SYSTEM that pumps bentonite slurry into the
excavation chamber, whenever the pressure drops below a
preset value;
34

preset value;
INSTALATION OF AN EMERGENCY DOUBLE PISTON PUMP
(EDPP) AFTER THE SCREW CONVEY,
in order to deal with the liquid muck and uncontrollable
support pressure oscillations;

preset value;
INSTALATION OF AN EMERGENCY DOUBLE PISTON PUMP
(EDPP) AFTER THE SCREW CONVEY,
in order to deal with the liquid muck and uncontrollable
support pressure oscillations;
INSTALATION OF A SECOND BELT SCALE,
in order to cross-check results of the first scale; and
35
SIGNIFICANT ADJUSTMENTS TO THE DRIVING SOFTWARE
THREE AUTOMATIC ALARM SYSTEMS:
SIGNIFICANT ADJUSTMENTS TO THE DRIVING SOFWARE
1. EXCEEDING THE EXTRACTED WEIGHT upper

pp limit,,
automatically stops the advance;
36

pp limit,,
2. EXCEEDING THE FACE SUPPORT PRESSURE lower limit,
automatically switches on the SFSS;

pp limit,,
3. EXCEEDING THE APPARENT DENSITY OF THE MUCK lower

limit; AND
37

pp limit,,
3. EXCEEDING THE APPARENT DENSITY OF THE MUCK lower

limit; AND
the KEY POINT is the utilization of
CONTINUOUS ANALYSIS OF THE TBM PERFORMANCE

(REAL TIME and BACK-ANALYSIS)
The solution for Metro do Porto TBM

Additive Face Support System
Sensitive crown area

prone to unintended Additional slurry Drops of
pressure drop injection system
predetermined
support
pressure will
be
automatically
compensated
by slurry
injection.
38
The solution for Metro do Porto TBM - EPBM

Secondary Face Support System (SFSS)
Suspension
S spension
Container
Pressure Control
Tunnels. TBM Earth Pressure Balance (EPBm)
Modified operation of the EPBM machine with

an Active Secondary Face Support System
d (9+2)
es Sensors: (7+2) and
Earth Pressure
Scheme from
Babendererde,
Cardoso, Hoek,
Marinos, report
to Metro do Porto,
2001
39
Porto EPBM
40
Combined Tool
Arrangement
Disks and
Shave Bits
Control of the extracted muck weight

The TBM incorporates a conveyor belt system for the removal;
The Weight was measured by using TWO BELT SCALES
P
Proved
d an accuracy off 3
3-4%;
4%
41

P
Proved
d an accuracy off 3
3-4%;
4%
HOWEVER, to adjust the reference value and the operation
It was NECESSARY TO EXECUTE FREQUENT FACE MAPPING

(under pressure by visualization) and to estimate the GROUND
IN SITU DENSITY, at least every 15m (horizontal survey);

P
Proved
d an accuracy off 3
3-4%;
4%

Also necessary to SUBSTRACT the weight of the

Also,
CONDITIONING AGENTS ADDED during excavation (average
20-30m3 of water with polymer) !
42

P
Proved
d an accuracy off 3
3-4%;
4%

Also necessary to SUBSTRACT the weight of the

Also,
CONDITIONING AGENTS ADDED during excavation (average 20-
30m3 of water with polymer) !
ADITIONAL CONDITION: tunnel with very tight curves (R=200m)
=> the balances were not correctly loaded (<accuracy)
Installation for Conditioning
injection
Injection of Additives Foam generator
43
Management of face support pressure
As important as the weight control, this PARAMOUNT factor was:
Assured by
y IMPOSING A
MINIMUM EFFECTIVE
PRESSURE;
ie, the support pressure
SHOULD BE TRANSMITTED
from the bulkhead to the face
VIA SOLID PARTICLE and NOT
ONLY through the pore
pressure or compressed air.
Natural Ground: Clay as

Support Medium
Management of face support pressure
As important as the weight control, this PARAMOUNT factor was:

Assured by IMPOSING A MINIMUM EFFECTIVE PRESSURE;
ie, the support pressure SHOULD BE TRANSMITTED from the
bulkhead to the face VIA SOLID PARTICLE and NOT ONLY through
the pore pressure or compressed air.
CONSEQUENCE:
CHAMBER MUST ALWAYS BE FULL OF SOLID MIXTURE with
adequate density (around 14kN/m3)
As additional safety measure,
THE REFERENCE SUPPORT PRESSURE WAS DEFINED AND
MEASURED AT THE TOP OF THE BULKHEAD (1m below the tunnel
crown), so that the other pressures were higher
44
Face with Gravel and Stones - Conditioning is required
Management of face support pressure (cont.)
The density of the muck was

evaluated systematically by
measuring pressures at
different bulkhead heights
(dividing the difference in
pressure by the height
between monitoring
points).
Elements of Face
Pressure
Even with all this management care

instantaneous density figures fluctuated significantly (apparent!!!)
45
Control of Support Pressure and extracted muck weight
d (9+2)
es Sensors: (7+2) and
Advance Force
Cutter Head Additives Screw

Rotation Conveyor
Rotation
Earth Pressure
Pressurized Pressure Cells

Earth Paste
Conditioning agents
Both polymer and foam have proved to work successfully!
POLYMERS couldnt help to reduce the very high tool-wear rate
FOAM greatly reduced the wear rate, BUT required more complex
and smoother operation of the screw conveyor.
Excessive wear
46
Effects on Filtration of Different Conditioning Agents

Conditioned with:
Limited Pressurized
Bentonite Slurry
filtration earth paste
96% water
of water 4% solids
Filter cake
Deep Pores Polymer Slurry

filtration blocked 99,8% water
of slurry by polymer 0,2% pseudo solids
bundle
Foam
High filtration Forces
of air and transferred 91% air
water grain to grain 8,8% water
0,2% foaming agent
(300-600 l air/m3 soil)
Earth Paste Conditioned with Foam
Earth Paste when air

Proper
p Conditioning
g diffused after TBM stop
47
Face conditions and TBM parameters
Analysis of the TBM operational parameters allows the

d t ti off ground
detection d conditions
diti ( i il l tto oilil d
(similarly drilling
illi or
geotechnical investigations campaigns DPR...).
Combination of
CUTTER HEAD THRUST, ADVANCE SPEED and DISC WEAR
Thanks to frequent face surveys, it was possible to
CALIBRATE THE INTERPRETATION PARAMETRICAL

ANSWER, to avoid systemathic survey of the face!
Tunneling (TBM - EPBm)
2 Units
working
simulta-
neously
48
It made possible to achieve very good results in
TBM ADVANCE RATES AND PRODUCTION
TBM operated 24-24h in six-day week, one of which was used to execute
cutterhead maintenance under hyperbaric conditions, leading to:
1. Average daily production: 5 rings = 7m;
2. Best day (06/02/2002): 13 rings = 18.2m;
3
3. B t week
Best k (7
(7-13
13 October
O t b 2002)
2002): 56 rings
i = 78
78.4m;
4
4. Best month (August 2003): 180 rings = 252m.
VERY POSITIVE AND ABOVE THE USUAL STANDARD!
Tunnels. TBM (EPBm) Starting trenches
49
Tunneling (TBM - EPBm)
2 TBM
Working in
Working out
Tunnels NATM
TUNNELS NATM
50
Tunnels NATM
Tunnel J
300 m long
C
Cross-section
ti 30 m2
Average Cover 18 m
Relatively competent materials
0.00
0.00 0.00
Tunnels NATM
Tunnel J
51
Tunnels NATM
Tunnel J
Final Lining - Shotcrete
Tunnels NATM
Lapa Tunnel
Rehabilitation of na existent tunnel
- creation of a 50 cm thickness invert in the zone passing over tunnel J;

- contact injection along the entire tunnel in order to guarantee the contact
between the support and the ground;
- lining recover by water under pressure and adding a thin shotcrete
membrane reinforced with a wire mesh or total substitution of the existent
g;
lining;
- Watertighness and drainage of the tunnel, collecting water in the leaking
points.
52
Tunnels NATM
Lapa Tunnel
Tunnels NATM
Lapa Tunnel
53
Cut & Cover Excavations
CUT & COVER EXCAVATIONS
Underground stations
54
Cut & Cover Stations
24 Agosto Station
Diaphagm walls
Universal solution for
the tender phase
Enormous difficulties
for the construction
24 Agosto Station
Diaphagm Wall Underpinned Diaphagm Wall Berlin type Wall
55
24 Agosto Station Longitudinal Section
24 Agosto Station Cross Section
56
24 Agosto Station Cross Section
Solutions With Piles

The smaller dimension allowed to pass over different
materials
New equipments have a great torque and can easily
perforate W4 materials
Initial concern with the water table position:
Initial solutions were watertigh (in the walls)
Drainage during construction
57
Trindade Station
Aliados Station
58
Lima Station
S. Bento Station
59
Water table lowering during excavation

Settlements due to water table lowering were reduced
(historic cyclic and seasonal variations)
There was a significant gain in the soil stiffness and
strength
Working conditions were more favourable
In any case, it was impossible to excavate without a bottom
protection and guarantying that no water lowering would
occur
Water table lowering during excavation
60
Sequential Excavation Method
Marqus
Station
Salgueiros
Station
61
Bolho
Station
62

Phase 0 Phase 1 Phase 2
2,0m
2,0m
Phase 0
Surface preparation, water
table lowering and cap beam
construction
NF
Phase 1
Partial or total excavation of
the first ring
Phase 2
Phase 3 Phase 4
Shotcrete of the first ring
2,0m
Phase 3 till Final Phase

Sucesive excavation of aring
ollowed by immediate
shotcreting until reaching the
bottom of the excavation
Last but one Phase Final Phase

Raio
H=20m
63
Salgueiros Station
Salgueiros Station
79.95
WP 15 WP 16 WP 2 WP 3
WP 14
WP 1
WP 4
0.60
R1
.65
WP 5
1.60
38.27
25.40
Primary lining Final lining

WP 13 WP 6
Well Points
WP 7
WP 12
WP 11 WP 10 WP 9 WP 8
0.30
6.60
2.00
0.45
3.60
28.09
0.60 0.60
12.02
2.45
64
Cut & Cover stations
65
66
Mining stations
MINING STATIONS
Mining stations
Lima Station Marqus Station
67
Mining stations
Herosmo Station Faria Guimares station
Mining stations
Bolho station
68
Mining stations
Drainage during construction

Final design support is Functionally watertight
Several excavation phases
Excavation in soil Lattice girder were adopted
Excavation was performed generally under the protection of
an umbrella formed by horizontal jet-grouting
In Faria Guimares face reinforcement was adopted
p
Mining stations
69
Mining stations
Herosmo Station
Mining stations
Faria Guimares Station
70
Mining stations
Mining stations
71
Mining stations
Herosmo station
Mining stations
Herosmo station
72
Mining stations
Lima station sttion

Mining stations
Lima station
73
Mining stations
Lima station
Mining stations
Lima station
74
Mining stations
Marqus station
Mining stations
Bolho station
75
Mining stations
Bolho station
Mining stations
Bolho station
76
Mining stations
Bolho station
Mining stations
Bolho station
77
Mining stations
Faria Guimares station

Mining stations

78
Mining stations

Mining stations

79
Mining stations

Mining stations
10 mm
20 mm
30 mm
40 mm
80
Mining stations
TBM information
Estao Lima Herosmo
Section (m2) 62,8 62,8

Cover(m) 15 18
Maximum
9,3 8,1
Settlment(mm)
Volume loss (%) 0,36 0,36
Inflexion point
9,74 11,24
(m)
Mining stations
NATM excavations
Estao Herosmo Marq s

Marqus
Section (m2) 232 182

Cover(m) 13 18
Maximum
9,5 19,4
Settlment(mm)
Volume loss (%) 0,32 0,49
Inflexion point
14,7 18,2
(m)
81
Mining stations
NATM excavations
Ajuste de Gauss - Marqus
Distncia ao eixo tnel (m)
-50
50 -40
40 -30
30 -20
20 -10
10 0 10 20 30 40 50
0
Asssentamento (mm)
5 5 5
10 10 10
15 15 15
20 20 20
Medies Ajuste
Mining stations
NATM excavations
Rua de Faria Guimares/Rua de Fonseca Cardoso - Lado Este
Perfil longitudinal de assentamentos (alvos automticos)
1596 1597 15981599 1599 1601 1601 1603 1602 1602 1623 1624 1625 1625 1626 1628 1629 1629 1681
A2.1 A2.1 A2.1 A1.1 A2.1 A1.1 A2.1 A1.1 A1.1 A2.1 A3.1 A1.1 A1.1 A2.1 A1.1 A1.1 A1.1 A2.1 A1.1
5,0
G l i C
Galeria Cais
i
-5,0
Poo
Faria
Guimares
-15,0
Poo
Fonseca
Assentamento (mm)
Cardoso
-25,0
-35,0
-45,0
-55,0
-65,0
04/02/04 16/02/04 01/03/04 16/03/04 29/03/04 12/04/04 29/04/04 17/05/04
26/05/04 31/05/04 07/06/04 14/06/04 21/06/04 28/06/04 05/07/04 12/07/04
19/07/04 26/07/04 02/08/04
82
Acknowledgments:
Metro
M t do d Porto
P t and d Normetro;
N t
Prof. Lus Ribeiro e Sousa;
Prof. Paul Marinos;
Dr. Siegmund Babendererde.
OBRIGADO PELA VOSSA ATENO !

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION !
Antnio Viana da Fonseca

& Antnio Topa Gomes
@ FEUP 2010Jornadas TNELES Y EXCAVACIONES EN GRANITO Abril 2010
83

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PORTO

Jornadas TNELES Y EXCAVACIONES EN GRANITO Abril 2010

Project and construction of

Antnio Viana da Fonseca (viana@fe.up.pt)

System of Light Metro of the

Jornadas TNELES Y EXCAVACIONES EN GRANITO Abril 2010

- TBM (sellection and adaptations) and other solutions

- Monitoring and Control Tunnels

- Cavern with access shafts (unsupported) and mining by NATM

Building Risk Analysis:

- Surveying Procedures (limits and alerts; reactions and solutions)

Jornadas TNELES Y EXCAVACIONES EN GRANITO Abril 2010

And there has been a

Jornadas TNELES Y EXCAVACIONES EN GRANITO Abril 2010

Jornadas TNELES Y EXCAVACIONES EN GRANITO Abril 2010

Reconvertion of more than

Jornadas TNELES Y EXCAVACIONES EN GRANITO Abril 2010

Metro do Porto. Routes

Tunneling new lines

Jornadas TNELES Y EXCAVACIONES EN GRANITO Abril 2010

Jornadas TNELES Y EXCAVACIONES EN GRANITO Abril 2010

Metro do Porto. Geological Conditions

Distribution of Porto Granite

Jornadas TNELES Y EXCAVACIONES EN GRANITO Abril 2010

Geological complexity of the region

CIZ Central Iberian Zone;

Jornadas TNELES Y EXCAVACIONES EN GRANITO Abril 2010

Metro do Porto. Geological Conditions

Prevailling conditions of Porto Granite - All Weathering Grades

irregular geometry between weathered and sound rock mass

Jornadas TNELES Y EXCAVACIONES EN GRANITO Abril 2010

Erratic profiles of highly weathered to sound granitic masses

Jornadas TNELES Y EXCAVACIONES EN GRANITO Abril 2010

Metro do Porto. Geotechnical Characterisation

Geomechanical classification & characterization

G3 10-35 23-25 0.98 7.5E-4 1.0

NSPT (kN/m3) c (Mpa) () Ed (GPa)

G5 > 50 19-21 0.01-0.05 32-36 0.05-0.20

Jornadas TNELES Y EXCAVACIONES EN GRANITO Abril 2010

Number of boreholes (1st phase):

Jornadas TNELES Y EXCAVACIONES EN GRANITO Abril 2010

Metro do Porto. Geological Conditions vs operation mode

Quality of Porto Granite and Operation

1. Granitic mass sound or slightly weathered, no

2. Granitic mass with very weathered material in

3. Very weathered or completely weathered granite

(almost granular soil with little or no cohesion).

4 Very weathered or completely weathered granite

5. Mixed conditions with both sound mass and comp-

In all cases the water table is above the tunnel crown

Jornadas TNELES Y EXCAVACIONES EN GRANITO Abril 2010

Jornadas TNELES Y EXCAVACIONES EN GRANITO Abril 2010

Metro do Porto. Campanh Station - Assessment of Geology

Jornadas TNELES Y EXCAVACIONES EN GRANITO Abril 2010

The Geological Model

Features in weathered masses of granitic and other

Jornadas TNELES Y EXCAVACIONES EN GRANITO Abril 2010

Metro do Porto. Geological Conditions

Geology of Porto Granite

Jornadas TNELES Y EXCAVACIONES EN GRANITO Abril 2010

Weathered Granite (left) underlaying

Jornadas TNELES Y EXCAVACIONES EN GRANITO Abril 2010

Metro do Porto. Geological Conditions