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LEAD LENGTH:
LEAD RESISTANCE:
= 0.00375 /m
= 0.19
= 0.37
PROJECT : AL NAEEM MALL-33/11 kV SUBSTATION
A)General Details:
3) Tap Range = +10% to -15% (As per Doc.NAEEM /SCAN /RAK /E /00019/00137)
4) Voltage at Highest tap = 36.3 kV (As per Doc.NAEEM /SCAN /RAK /E /00019/00137)
5) Voltage at Lowest Tap = 28.05 kV (As per Doc.NAEEM /SCAN /RAK /E /00019/00137)
B)Settings:
B1)
General Data
3) HV Side primary current at nominal tap = 419.9 A (As per Doc.NAEEM /SCAN /RAK /E /00019/00137)
4) LV Side primary current at nominal tap = 1259.7 A (As per Doc.NAEEM /SCAN /RAK /E /00019/00137)
B2)
Magnitude Balance- CT Ratio's and Multiplier settings
B2.1 CT Ratio
2) W1 Input = 1 A
4) W2 Input = 1 A
B2.2 Interposing CT Multiplier:
= 0.700 A
= 1.429
Transformer ratio 33 = 3
11
The phase angle of the Line current flowing through either side of the power transformer may not be same
due to the connections adopted on the transformer windings. This requires an interposing CT connections
to be programmed into the relay to correct this difference in the angle.
As per Manufactures Application Guide Section 2.1.2
B3)
Biased Differential Characteristics
1) 87 Inrush Inhibit
2) 87 Inrush Bias
3) 87 Inrush settings
B3.1.1
87 Inrush Inhibit
When Transformer is energised it will experience a transient inrush magnetising current into its energised winding.
These current will only flow into one winding and the level would be sufficient to operate Biased Differential relay
to falsely operate. To prevent the relay operative condition for this Non- Fault condition, the presence of
even Hormanics in the wave shape can be used to distinguish between the Inrush current and short circuit faults.
B3.1.2
87 Inrush Bias ( Phase, Cross , Sum)
The even Harmonics in each phase is monitored and if it present in any phase and exceeds the set value
then all the three phases are blocked in "CROSS". As per Manufacturer recommendation, "CROSS" this
method will be used for vast majority of the application of the relay used in Power Transformer.
B3.1.3
87 Inrush Setting
This defines the Levels of Inrush used in the above parameter setting i.e Inrush Bias.
The setting applied will determine the level of even Harmonics (second & Fourth) content in the relay operating
current that will cause operation of the relay to be inhibited.
B3.2.1
87 Biased Differential Initial setting
This is a level of differential current expressed as a percentage of the chosen current rating, at which the relay will
operate with the bias current around normal load level.
This setting is selected to match the percentage on load-tap change range.
3
Rated HV current at highest tap position = 24 x 10
3 x 36.30
= 381.73 A
3 x 28.050
= 494.00 A
Secondary current at Highest tap & Lowest tap position with selected CT Multiplier :
= 0.9091
= 1.177
LV Side Current :
= 1
Differential current on highest and lowest tap position with selected CT Multiplier :
= 0.0909
= 0.100
= 0.177
Some unbalance current will appear in differential (operate) circuit of the relay for predictable reason, for e.g,
due to the transformer tap position, relay tolerance, CT measurement error.
The differential current will increase with the increasing load or through fault current in the transformer, so, to
maintain stability, the differential current required for operation must increase proportionately with bias current.
The Bias slope expresses the current to operate the relay as percentage of the biasing (restraining) current.
The differential Bias slope setting chosen , must be greater than the predictable percentage unbalance.
The setting is based on Tap changer Range and plus CT Error must be made.
CT Error assumed = 2%
To ensure the Biased differential function is stable for through fault, this Bias slope limit is to be set.
It does this by increasing the ratio of differential current to Bias current required to operate relay above this setting.
When a through fault accurs, some CT saturation of one or more CTs may cause transient differential current to be
measured by the relay.
This setting defines the upper limit of the Bias slope and is expressed in multiples of nominal rated current
A setting value must be chosen which will ensure the bias slope limit introduces the extra bias at Half of the
three phase through fault current of the transformer.
IDT - 1 :
IDT - 2 :
B3.2.4
2nd Bias Slope Setting &2nd Bias Slope Setting
These settings are chosen to ensure the biased differential function is stable for high through fault currents
coincident with CT saturation.
IDT - 1 :
IHV tap
CT Secondary HV through fault current on highest TF (-9) = 4.612 Amps
2.67 Amps to be set based on half the maximum through fault current.
This is an unbiased differential setting with a range of setting expresses as multiple of nominal current rating and
is to provide very fast clearing of terminal fault of the transformer.
This setting should consider Maximum through fault current and the level of Magnetising current.
The High set should set as low as possible but not less than:
1) the Maximum through fault current and Less than of the
2) the Half the peak Magnetising Inrush current.
= 18728 Amps
= 45
= 1.399678 x 1.43
= 2 In
However, As per relay manufacturer recommendation, for almost all application, 8 x In shown to be a good
compramise between sensitivity for internal fault and stabilty for external fault.
Hence setting selected