Name:_________________________________________

APTESTREVIEW-PERIOD1KEYCONCEPTS
TechnologicalandEnvironmentalTransformations,toc.600BCE

KeyConcept1.1.BigGeographyandthePeoplingoftheEarth

I.ArcheologicalevidenceindicatesthatduringthePaleolithicera,hunting-foragingbandsofhumansgraduallymigratedfrom
theirorigininEastAfricatoEurasia,Australia,andtheAmericas,adaptingtheirtechnologyandculturestonewclimate
regions.

Tracethemigrationofhumansfromtheiroriginsaroundtheworld.Circletheareaoforiginandusearrowstoshowmovement.

A.Humansdevelopedincreasinglydiverseandsophisticatedtoolsincludingmultipleusesoffireastheadaptedtonew
environments.

UsesandEffectsofFire ExamplesofAdaptingtoNewEnvironments

B.Peoplelivedinsmallgroupsthatstructuredsocial,economic,andpoliticalactivity.Thesebandsexchanged____________________,
____________________________,and____________________________.

KeyConcept1.2.TheNeolithicRevolutionandEarlyAgriculturalSocieties

I.Beginningabout10,000yearsago,theNeolithicRevolutionledtothedevelopmentofnewandmorecomplexeconomicand
socialsystems.

A.Possiblyasaresponsetoclimaticchange,permanent________________________________villagesemergedfirstinthelandsofthe
easternMediterranean.

AgricultureEmergedatDifferentTimesintheFollowingPlaces:

 Name:_________________________________________
B.Peopleineachregiondomesticatedlocallyavailableplantsandanimals.

Location Example(s)ofDomesticatedPlantsand/orAnimals

Mesopotamia

Africa

SoutheastAsia

Mesoamerica

SouthAmerica

C.PastoralismdevelopedinAfroEurasiangrasslands,negativelyaffectingthe______________________whenlandswereovergrazed.

D.Agriculturalcommunitieshadtoworkcooperativelytoclearlandandcreatethe_____________________________________________
neededforcropproduction,drasticallyaffectingenvironmentaldiversity.

II.Agricultureandpastoralismbegantotransformhumansocieties.

A.Pastoralismandagricultureledtomorereliableandabundantfoodsupplies,whichincreasedthepopulationandledto
specializationoflabor,includingnewclassesofartisansandwarriors,andthedevelopmentofelites.

EffectsofPastoralismandAgriculture

B.Technologicalinnovationsledtoimprovementsinagriculturalproduction,trade,andtransportation.

ExamplesofTechnologicalInnovations

C.Patriarchalformsofsocialorganizationdevelopedinbothpastoralistandagrariansocieties.

DefinePatriarchy:______________________________________________________________________________________

 Name:_________________________________________
KeyConcept1.3.TheDevelopmentandInteractionsofEarlyAgricultural,Pastoral,andUrbanSocieties

I.Coreandfoundationalcivilizationsdevelopedinavarietyofgeographicalandenvironmentalsettingswhereagriculture
flourished,includingMesopotamiaintheTigrisandEuphratesRiverValleys,EgyptintheNileRiverValley,MohenjoDaroand
HarappaintheIndusRiverValley,ShangintheYellowRiver(orHuangHe)Valley,OlmecinMesoamerica,andChavnin
AndeanSouthAmerica.

Labelthefollowingcivilizationsonthemap:Mesopotamia,Egypt,MohenjoDaroandHarappa,ShangChina,Olmec,andChavin.

II.ThefirststatesemergedwithincorecivilizationsinMesopotamiaandtheNileValley.

A.Stateswerepowerfulnewsystemsofrulethatmobilizedsurpluslaborandresourcesoverlargeareas.Rulersofearlystatesoften
claimeddivineconnectionstopower.Rulersalsooftenenjoyedmilitarysupport.

B.Asstatesgrewandcompetedforlandandresources,themorefavorablysituatedincludingtheHittites,whohadaccesstoiron
hadgreateraccesstoresources,producedmoresurplusfood,andexperiencedgrowingpopulations,enablingthemtoundertake
territorialexpansionandconquersurroundingstates.

C.Pastoralistswereoftenthedevelopersanddisseminatorsofnewweaponsandmodesoftransportationthattransformedwarfarein
agrariancivilizations.

ExamplesofNewWeapons ExamplesofNewModesofTransportation

 Name:_________________________________________
III.Cultureplayedasignificantroleinunifyingstatesthroughlaws,language,literature,religion,myths,andmonumentalart.

A.Earlycivilizationsdevelopedmonumentalarchitectureandurbanplanning.

B.Systemsofrecordkeepingaroseindependentlyinallearlycivilizationsandsubsequentlyspread.

C.Statesdevelopedlegalcodesthatreflectedexistinghierarchiesandfacilitatedtheruleofgovernmentsoverpeople.

D.Newreligiousbeliefsthatdevelopedinthisperiodcontinuedtohavestronginfluencesinlaterperiods.

E.Tradeexpandedthroughoutthisperiodfromlocaltoregionaltointerregionalwithcivilizationsexchanginggoods,culturalideas,
andtechnology.

F.Socialhierarchies,includingpatriarchy,intensifiedasstatesexpandedandcitiesmultiplied.

CulturalDevelopments Examples

MonumentalArchitecture

UrbanPlanning

SystemsofRecordKeeping

LegalCodes

NewReligiousBeliefs

InterregionalTrade

SocialHierarchies