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APTESTREVIEW-PERIOD1KEYCONCEPTS
TechnologicalandEnvironmentalTransformations,toc.600BCE
KeyConcept1.1.BigGeographyandthePeoplingoftheEarth
I.ArcheologicalevidenceindicatesthatduringthePaleolithicera,hunting-foragingbandsofhumansgraduallymigratedfrom
theirorigininEastAfricatoEurasia,Australia,andtheAmericas,adaptingtheirtechnologyandculturestonewclimate
regions.
Tracethemigrationofhumansfromtheiroriginsaroundtheworld.Circletheareaoforiginandusearrowstoshowmovement.
A.Humansdevelopedincreasinglydiverseandsophisticatedtoolsincludingmultipleusesoffireastheadaptedtonew
environments.
UsesandEffectsofFire ExamplesofAdaptingtoNewEnvironments
B.Peoplelivedinsmallgroupsthatstructuredsocial,economic,andpoliticalactivity.Thesebandsexchanged____________________,
____________________________,and____________________________.
KeyConcept1.2.TheNeolithicRevolutionandEarlyAgriculturalSocieties
I.Beginningabout10,000yearsago,theNeolithicRevolutionledtothedevelopmentofnewandmorecomplexeconomicand
socialsystems.
A.Possiblyasaresponsetoclimaticchange,permanent________________________________villagesemergedfirstinthelandsofthe
easternMediterranean.
AgricultureEmergedatDifferentTimesintheFollowingPlaces:
Name:_________________________________________
B.Peopleineachregiondomesticatedlocallyavailableplantsandanimals.
Location Example(s)ofDomesticatedPlantsand/orAnimals
Mesopotamia
Africa
SoutheastAsia
Mesoamerica
SouthAmerica
C.PastoralismdevelopedinAfroEurasiangrasslands,negativelyaffectingthe______________________whenlandswereovergrazed.
D.Agriculturalcommunitieshadtoworkcooperativelytoclearlandandcreatethe_____________________________________________
neededforcropproduction,drasticallyaffectingenvironmentaldiversity.
II.Agricultureandpastoralismbegantotransformhumansocieties.
A.Pastoralismandagricultureledtomorereliableandabundantfoodsupplies,whichincreasedthepopulationandledto
specializationoflabor,includingnewclassesofartisansandwarriors,andthedevelopmentofelites.
EffectsofPastoralismandAgriculture
B.Technologicalinnovationsledtoimprovementsinagriculturalproduction,trade,andtransportation.
ExamplesofTechnologicalInnovations
C.Patriarchalformsofsocialorganizationdevelopedinbothpastoralistandagrariansocieties.
DefinePatriarchy:______________________________________________________________________________________
Name:_________________________________________
KeyConcept1.3.TheDevelopmentandInteractionsofEarlyAgricultural,Pastoral,andUrbanSocieties
I.Coreandfoundationalcivilizationsdevelopedinavarietyofgeographicalandenvironmentalsettingswhereagriculture
flourished,includingMesopotamiaintheTigrisandEuphratesRiverValleys,EgyptintheNileRiverValley,MohenjoDaroand
HarappaintheIndusRiverValley,ShangintheYellowRiver(orHuangHe)Valley,OlmecinMesoamerica,andChavnin
AndeanSouthAmerica.
Labelthefollowingcivilizationsonthemap:Mesopotamia,Egypt,MohenjoDaroandHarappa,ShangChina,Olmec,andChavin.
II.ThefirststatesemergedwithincorecivilizationsinMesopotamiaandtheNileValley.
A.Stateswerepowerfulnewsystemsofrulethatmobilizedsurpluslaborandresourcesoverlargeareas.Rulersofearlystatesoften
claimeddivineconnectionstopower.Rulersalsooftenenjoyedmilitarysupport.
B.Asstatesgrewandcompetedforlandandresources,themorefavorablysituatedincludingtheHittites,whohadaccesstoiron
hadgreateraccesstoresources,producedmoresurplusfood,andexperiencedgrowingpopulations,enablingthemtoundertake
territorialexpansionandconquersurroundingstates.
C.Pastoralistswereoftenthedevelopersanddisseminatorsofnewweaponsandmodesoftransportationthattransformedwarfarein
agrariancivilizations.
ExamplesofNewWeapons ExamplesofNewModesofTransportation
Name:_________________________________________
III.Cultureplayedasignificantroleinunifyingstatesthroughlaws,language,literature,religion,myths,andmonumentalart.
A.Earlycivilizationsdevelopedmonumentalarchitectureandurbanplanning.
B.Systemsofrecordkeepingaroseindependentlyinallearlycivilizationsandsubsequentlyspread.
C.Statesdevelopedlegalcodesthatreflectedexistinghierarchiesandfacilitatedtheruleofgovernmentsoverpeople.
D.Newreligiousbeliefsthatdevelopedinthisperiodcontinuedtohavestronginfluencesinlaterperiods.
E.Tradeexpandedthroughoutthisperiodfromlocaltoregionaltointerregionalwithcivilizationsexchanginggoods,culturalideas,
andtechnology.
F.Socialhierarchies,includingpatriarchy,intensifiedasstatesexpandedandcitiesmultiplied.
CulturalDevelopments Examples
MonumentalArchitecture
UrbanPlanning
SystemsofRecordKeeping
LegalCodes
NewReligiousBeliefs
InterregionalTrade
SocialHierarchies