Fluid Machinery

ME 306 Fluid Mechanics II Fluid machinery is used to convert hydraulic energy to mechanical energy or vice versa.

Part 3 Power absorbing Power producing

Turbomachinery Work is done on the fluid Work is done by the fluid

Mechanical Energy Hydraulic Energy Hydraulic Energy Mechanical Energy

These presentations are prepared by

Dr. Cneyt Sert
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Middle East Technical University
Ankara, Turkey
csert@metu.edu.tr

Please ask for permission before using them. You are NOT allowed to modify them.

3-1
Pump Turbine
3-2

Classification of Fluid Machinery Classification of Fluid Machinery (contd)

Fluid machinery can be classified based on the motion of moving parts. 2 ) Turbomachines
1 ) Positive Displacement Machines Turbo means spin or whirl in Latin.
Fluid is directed into a closed volume. Turbomachines use rotating shafts with attached blades, vanes, buckets, etc.
Energy transfer is accomplished by movement of the boundary of the closed In ME 306 well study turbomachines, mostly pumps.
volume.
Closed volume expands and contracts, sucking the fluid in or pushing it out.

http://www.britannica.com http://www.noehill.com/
http://en.wikipedia.org nevada_county_california
http://speakeasies.biz http://www.bicycleaccessories.us http://en.wikipedia.org /cal1012.asp

Kaplan type
Human heart Water well pump Tire pump Gear pump Axial fan Centrifugal pump Pelton wheel
hydraulic turbine
3-3 3-4
 Classification of Turbomachines Classification of Turbomachines (contd)
Turbomachines Turbomachines

Power absorbing Power producing Power absorbing Power producing

Incompressible Compressible Incompressible Compressible Incompressible Compressible Incompressible Compressible

Pump Pump Propeller

Propellers are used to generate thrust.

Pumps increase the pressure of a liquid without
changing its velocity considerably. Marine propellers work with incompressible
water and aircraft propellers work with
Shown centrifugal (radial) pump is the most
compressible air.
common type.
Pressure difference between the front and back
Visit www.standartpompa.com to get more surfaces of the blades create the thrust.
information on sizes and capacities.
3-5 3-6

Classification of Turbomachines (contd) Classification of Turbomachines (contd)

Turbomachines Turbomachines

Power absorbing Power producing Power absorbing Power producing

Incompressible Compressible Incompressible Compressible Incompressible Compressible Incompressible Compressible

Pump Propeller Fan Pump Propeller Fan Blower

The main difference between fans, blowers and

compressors is the pressure difference they
create. Blowers work with medium amout of flow rates
and pressure ratios.
Fans create small pressure difference. Their main
purpose is to put high amount of fluid into They are mostly centrifugal type.
motion. Shown is an industrial type blower.
Shown is axial fan of a wind tunnel.
3-7 3-8
 Classification of Turbomachines (contd) Classification of Turbomachines (contd)
Turbomachines Turbomachines

Power absorbing Power producing Power absorbing Power producing

Incompressible Compressible Incompressible Compressible Incompressible Compressible Incompressible Compressible

Pump Propeller Fan Blower Compressor Pump Propeller Fan Blower Compressor Pelton
wheel

Compressors work with smaller flow rates, but Pelton wheels have buckets attached to a
create very high pressure ratios. rotating disk (wheel).

Shown is a multi-stage axial compressor. They convert kinetic energy of a high speed
liquid jet into mechanical energy.
Compressors are used in gas and steam turbines,
natural gas pumping stations, turbochargers, Largest ones used at hydraulic power plants have
refrigeration cycles, etc. capacities up to 200 MW.
3-9 3-10

Classification of Turbomachines (contd) Classification of Turbomachines (contd)

Turbomachines Turbomachines

Power absorbing Power producing Power absorbing Power producing

Incompressible Compressible Incompressible Compressible Incompressible Compressible Incompressible Compressible

Pump Propeller Fan Blower Compressor Pelton Hydraulic Pump Propeller Fan Blower Compressor Pelton Hydraulic Steam
wheel turbine wheel turbine turbine

Hydraulic turbines are used at dams to generate Steam turbines are used at power plants to
electricity using high pressure water. generate electricity using high temperature and
high pressure steam.
Common types are Francis and Kaplan.
80 % of worlds electricity is produced by steam
Shown are the runner blades of the Francis turbines.
turbines used at Three Gorges Dam / China.
Afin-Elbistan thermal power plant has a
Atatrk Dam has a capacity of 8 x 300 MW. capacity of 4 x 344 MW.
3-11 3-12
 Classification of Turbomachines (contd) Classification of Turbomachines (contd)
Turbomachines Turbomachines

Power absorbing Power producing Power absorbing Power producing

Incompressible Compressible Incompressible Compressible Incompressible Compressible Incompressible Compressible

Pump Propeller Fan Blower Compressor Pelton Hydraulic Steam Gas Pump Propeller Fan Blower Compressor Pelton Hydraulic Steam Gas Wind
wheel turbine turbine turbine wheel turbine turbine turbine turbine

Gas turbines are similar to steam turbines, but As of 2017 Turkeys wind energy production is
they use high temperature and high pressure 6 GW. Total available capacity is 48 GW.
combustion gases. Worlds total wind energy production is 490 GW,
A Boeing 777 is powered by 2 turbofan engines, which is about 2.5 % of all electricity usage.
each generting a thrust of ~500 kN. There are wind turbines with more than 120 m
To learn how a turbofan engine operates visit rotor diameter, producing 6 MW of electricity
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GpklBS3s7iU (enough for 4500 homes)
(http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LQxp6QTjgJg)
3-13 3-14

Another Classification of Turbomachines Another Classification of Turbomachines (contd)

Turbomachines Turbomachines

Power absorbing Power producing Power absorbing Power producing

Uncased Cased Impulse Reaction Uncased Cased Impulse Reaction

Axial Flow Axial Flow Axial

Propeller Propeller

Out
Fluid enters an axial flow turbomachine parallel
Uncased turbomachines do not have a solid
to the axis of rotation.
casing around them.
Fluid leaves the machine also in axial direction.

In
3-15 3-16
 Another Classification of Turbomachines (contd) Another Classification of Turbomachines (contd)
Turbomachines Turbomachines

Power absorbing Power producing Power absorbing Power producing

Uncased Cased Impulse Reaction Uncased Cased Impulse Reaction

Axial Flow Axial Radial Axial Flow Axial Radial Mixed Pelton Wind Axial
Propeller Propeller wheel turbine (Kaplan)

In In radial flow machines fluid intake is parallel to Kaplan turbines are axial flow machines.
In In
Out the axis of rotation. They are preferred for low head and high flow
Rotating impeller blades push the fluid in radial rate configurations.
direction. Their capacities are less than Francis type, less
Fluid leaves the machine perpendicular to the than 200 MW.
rotation axis. They can provide efficiencies higher than 95 %.
Out Out
3-17 3-18

Another Classification of Turbomachines (contd) Centrifugal Pump

Turbomachines Centrifugal pump is the most commonly used type of turbomachine.

Power absorbing Power producing

Discharge
(outflow)
Uncased Cased Impulse Reaction
Impeller Hub

Axial Flow Axial Radial Mixed Pelton Wind Axial Radial Mixed
Propeller wheel turbine (Kaplan) (Banki) (Francis)
Eye

Francis turbines are the most widely used Inflow

turbomachines for hydropower. Blade
Munson
They are of mixed flow type.
Casing, housing
They can provide more than 800 MW power. or volute

For more information

http://www.voithhydro.com
3-19 3-20
 Centrifugal Pump (contd) Pump Head ( )
For centrifugal pump details watch
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9nL1XhKm9q8 (Principles and parts)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vq3hEe5jzSM (Pump Parts)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UrChdDwHybY (Impeller animation)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RvOzKhUDmJM (Computer aided blade design)


Most important part is the impeller. It may have different designs such as Datum
Backward-curved, radial or forward-curved
Consider the BE between the inlet (suction) and outlet (discharge) of a pump.
Closed (shrouded) or open
2 2
Open, radial Closed (Shrouded)
+ + = + +
Open 2 2

Called backward-
curved if rotates in
this direction
Pump head
Pump head is the difference between the total heads at the
pump inlet and outlet.
Called forward-
curved if rotates Pump head is a positive quantity with units of length.
in this direction 3-21 3-22

Pump Head (contd) Theoretical Analysis of a Centrifugal Pump

Elevation difference between inlet and outlet is generally negligibly small. Exercise: Consider the given schematic of a centrifugal pump. Perform a control
volume analysis to derive a relation for the variation of the theoretical (ideal) pump
If suction and discharge pipe diameters are the same =
head as a function of discharge (volumetric flow rate).
For this simplified case
Out
= = 2

i.e. pump head is the pressure rise across the pump expressed as a head.
2 1

Pump head is directly related to the power delivered to the fluid, known as water In 1
1 Inlet
horsepower 1
In 2 Outlet
= 2

for fluid Weight

flow rate Blade

Pump head can be defined as the power delivered to the fluid per weight of the fluid Out
flowing through the pump in unit time (weight flow rate).
3-23 3-24
 Theoretical Analysis of a Centrifugal Pump (contd) Pump Efficiency
Exercise: Water is pumped at a rate of 5300 L/min through a centrifugal pump Power necessary to run the pump ( ), known as brake horsepower (bhp), is larger
operating at 1750 rpm. The impeller has a uniform blade height, , of 5 cm with than power delivered to the fluid due to
1 = 4 cm and 2 = 18 cm, and exit blade angle 2 is 23o. Assume ideal flow
mechanical and fluidic frictional losses
conditions and the tangential velocity component, 1 , of the water entering the
blade is zero. Determine flow separation on impeller blade surfaces
a) the tangential velocity component, 2 , at the blade exit. misalignment of inlet flow velocity with impeller blade geometry
b) the ideal head rise internal leakage, etc.
c) the power transferred to the fluid. = >
Reference : Munson
for pump Rotational speed
Torque supplied to of the pump
the pump shaft

Efficiency of the pump is defined as

= < 1

3-25 3-26

Pump Efficiency (contd) Important Parameters of a Centrifugal Pump

= ( ) : Pump power. Also called shaft Volumetric flow rate (discharge, capacity)

power. Power input to the pump. Head (or simply )
: Internal power
= = = Size (impeller diameter)

: Fluid power. Power delivered to the fluid.
Rotational speed [rpm] or [s-1]
Pump Power consumption
: Mechanical power loss at bearings, etc.
: Hydraulic friction loss (head loss) Efficiency (or simply )
( )
: Leakage loss

: Mechanical efficiency
Fundamental characteristic curve of a pump
= : Internal efficiency
is a plot of vs. at a given rotational speed .
(Hydraulic eff. x Volumetric eff.)
It is customary to plot and on the same figure.
= : Pump (overall) efficiency

3-27 3-28
 Pump Characteristic Curve Best Efficiency Point (BEP)
curve of a pump is known as its characteristic curve. The exact operation point of a pump depends on the system it is working in.
A pump can operate only on its characteristic curve. Pumps are designed to work at (or close to) their maximum efficiency, but this is not
always possible.
At a given rotational speed () a typical centrifugal pump characteristic curve is
Best Efficiency Point (BEP)
(or design point)
Shutoff head
Head ()
Discharge valve of
for maximum Efficiency ()
the pump is closed Free delivery
and = 0. efficiency
There is no load
Pump is not doing on the pump and
any useful work. = 0.
= 0 & = 0 Pump is not doing Power ( )
any useful work
= 0 & = 0 Note: All these
Note : This curve is for a curves are for a given
given rotational speed. rotational speed .
for maximum efficiency
3-29 3-30

System Characteristic System Characteristic (contd)

A pump works at an operating point on its characteristic curve. consists of major and minor losses calculated as
But this operating point depends on the system that the pump is installed in. Actual or equivalent pipe length
Following pump works between a suction reservoir () and a discharge reservoir (). 2 2
= +
2 2

BE between points and
Friction factor Pipe diameter Head loss coefficient
2 for minor losses
2
+ + = + + +
2 2 s are average velocities in suction and discharge pipes.

Total major and Using the continuity eqution = /
minor losses Pump

and the total loss becomes
If = = and = = 0 2 2
= +
22 22
= +

Total geometric head (= ) or simply = 2

3-31 3-32
 System Characteristic (contd) System Characteristic (contd)
Using this in the BE we get the following system characteristic equation It is possible to change system characteristic in two ways.

= + 2 Friction loss can be changed by

Total geometric head ( , the
difference between reservoir levels) changing . For example by opening

can be changed. or closing a valve.
+ 2

+ 2
3 + 3 2
2 + 2
+ 2 2
1 + 2
+ 1 2

Minimum head the pump should provide is equal to the total geometric head.
increases
Additional pump head is necessary to overcome frictional losses. This part increases increases
with the square of the flow rate.

3-33 3-34

Operating Point Operating Point (contd)

A pump installed on a system will not work at an arbitrary point. Exercise: Water is pumped from one large open tank to a second one. The pipe
diameter throughout is 15 cm and the total length of the pipe between the pipe
It will operate at the point where pump and system characteristics intersect.
entrance and the exit is 60 m. Minor loss coefficients for the entrance, exit and the
elbow are shown and the friction factor for the pipe can be taken as 0.02. A certain
Operating centrifugal pump with the shown characteristic is suggested for this flow system.
point With this pump, what would be the flow rate? Do you think this pump is a good
System characteristic
(Demand curve) choice? (Reference: Munson)
100 30

80 24
Pump characteristic

Efficiency [%]
Pump

Head [m]
(Supply curve) 60 18
3m
= 1.0 40 12

= 1.5 20 6
Normally we want the operating point to be close to the BEP (design point). 0
= 0.5 0
0 1.5 3.0 4.5 6.0 7.5 9.0
However BEP is not always the most economical operating point as far as the power
Flow rate [m3/min]
consumption is concerned, i.e. BEP is not necessarily the minimum point.
3-35 3-36
 Similarity Laws for Pumps Similarity Laws for Pumps (contd)
Similitude analysis is typically used In most pump applications similarity of viscous forces are not as important as the
other groups.
to predict the performance of a pump when a different sized impeller is used in
the same casing. Two geometrically similar pumps are said to be operating under similar conditions if
the remaining three groups are equal.
to predict the performance of a pump when it operates at a different speed.
1 = 2 , 1 = 2 , 1 = 2
Perform a Buckingham-Pi analysis with the following parameters
Affinity laws
, , , , , ,
to get the following non-dimensional groups where 1 and 2 are two similar operating points (homologous points).

Exercise : Show that when affinity laws are satisfied, efficiencies of two homologous
Flow coefficient : = Head coefficient : =
3 22 points are equal.

1 Exercise : How does the nondimensional performance curve ( vs. ) of two

Power coefficient : = Reynolds number : = = geometrically similar pumps compare with each other? What about vs. and
3 5 2
vs. curves?
3-37 3-38

Similarity Case 1 Different Rotational Speeds Similarity Case 1 (contd)

Consider a pump with a known performance. We want to determine its operation at a Exercise : Head and efficiency of a centrifugal pump running at 1500 rpm are given as
different speed.
= 50 200 24000 2
= 60 1200 2
1 = 2 It is desired to deliver 0.03 m3/s of water against a head of 36 m. Determine
1 2 a) speed of the pump
Point 2
b) efficiency of the pump
Delivering 1 and 1 Delivering 2 and 2 (desired
60
c) power consumption
Using 1 Using 2 operating point)
of the pump 50
2 = 0.03 m3/s
40
2 = 36 m
Point 1 [m] 30 2 = ?
Pump sizes are the same (1 = 2 ). Affinity laws are simplified as follows
(a point similar to 20
2 3
point 2)
1 1 1 1 1 1 10
= , = , = 1 = ?
2 2 2 2 2 2 0
1 = ? 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04
1 = 1500 rpm [m3 /s]
3-39 3-40
 Similarity Case 2 Different Sizes (Impeller Diameters) Similarity Case 2 (contd)
Consider a pump with a known performance. We want to study the operation of a Exercise : Characteristic curve of a centrifugal pump is given as
similar pump with a different impeller size rotating at the same speed.
= 100 1000 2
It is desired to deliver 0.1 m3/s of water against a head of 70 m. For these
requirements it is thought that using a similar pump with a smaller impeller would be
1 = 2 more efficient.
1 2 a) Determine the required percent reduction in impeller diameter.
b) Determine the percent decrease in power consumption.
Delivering 1 and 1 Delivering 2 and 2
120
Using 1 Using 2
Point 2
100
Point 1 (desired
(a point similar to 80 operating point)
Rotational speeds are the same (1 = 2). Affinity laws simplify as follows point 2)
[m] 60 2 = 0.1 m3/s
3 2
1 5 1 = ? 40 2 = 70 m
1 1 1 1 1
= , = , = 1 = ? 2 = ?
2 2 2 2 2 2 20
1 = ?
0
3-41 0 0.1 [m3 /s] 0.2 0.3 3-42

System Characteristic, Operating Point & Similarity Series Combination of Pumps

Exercise : Characteristics of a centrifugal pump at 600 rpm is given below. The pump Series combination is used if the head provided by a single pump is not enough.
is used to elevate water by 32 m from a lake to an open tank. Flow rate is measured
as 22 lps while the delivery valve is fully open and the pump running at 600 rpm.
70
Determine the power consumption = =
for the following operations.
60
[%]
a) Valve closure is increased 50
such that the frictional loss Pump A Pump B
is doubled. m provides Provides
40

b) Pump speed is increased 30 = +

to 720 rpm while keeping
the valve fully open. 20 Same goes through both pumps.
Total head provided is the sum of individual heads.
10
Pumps can be identical or different.
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 More than two pumps can be combined in series.
[lps] 3-43 3-44
 Series Combination of Pumps (contd) Series Combination of Pumps (contd)
Exercise : Show that for two pumps combined in series overall efficiency is If the pumps are NOT identical

+
=

+ Pump A+B System

in series characteristic
To get combined pump characteristic, individual pump characteristics are added
vertically.
If the pumps are identical Operating
Pump A+B
System Pump A point
in series
characteristic
Pump B
Operating

point

Pump A or B Above a certain pump B is forced to operate above its free delivery point. For such
a case it just creates extra loss and should be shut off and bypassed.
3-45 3-46

Series Combination of Pumps (contd) Parallel Combination of Pumps

Exercise : Two identical pumps, with shown characteristics, are combined in series and Parallel combination is used if the flow rate provided by a single pump is not enough.
used to transport water between two reservoirs with an elevation difference of
= 50 m. Total length of suction and discharge pipes is 120 m. Pipe
diameters are 0.12 m. Friction factor inside the pipes is 0.022. Neglecting the minor Pump A

losses, determine the power required to drive both pumps.
= +
90

70 Pump B

[m] 50
= =
[%] 30

10 Each pump provides the same head .

0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 Total flow rate is the sum of individual flow rates.
[m3 /s] Pumps can be identical or different.
More than two pumps can be combined in parallel.
3-47 3-48
 Parallel Combination of Pumps (contd) Parallel Combination of Pumps (contd)
Exercise : Show that for two pumps combined in parallel overall efficiency is If the pumps are NOT identical

+
=
Operating
+
point System
To get combined pump characteristic, individual pump characteristics are added characteristic
horizontally.
If the pumps are identical
System Pump A+B
Pump A+B characteristic in parallel
in parallel
Pump B Pump A

Operating
point
Above a certain pump B is forced to operate above its shutoff head. For such a case
Pump A or B it just creates extra loss and should be shut off and its branch should be blocked with a
valve.
3-49 3-50

Cavitation Cavitation Damage

In a liquid flow cavitation occurs when the local static pressure falls below the vapor Damage on
pressure of the liquid. Francis turbine
blades
For a cavitating flow
liquid locally vaporizes forming bubbles.
Damage on centrifugal pump impeller
bubbles collapse as they travel to higher pressure regions and cause
erosion/surface pitting.
flow becomes unsteady, causing noise and vibration. en.wikipedia.org

performance of the turbomachine drops.

For a pump, critical low pressure region is the entrance, and for a turbine it is the exit.
High speed regions like propeller blade tips are also critical.

Listen to the sound of a cavitating pump : www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qw97DkOYYrg

Damage on
Watch propeller tip cavitation : www.youtube.com/watch?v=GpklBS3s7iU propeller www.pumpfundamentals.com

3-51
en.wikipedia.org blades 3-52
 Cavitation of a Pump and NPSH (contd)
Cavitation possibility of a pump is checked using Net Positive Suction Head (). There are two values of that we work with
is the difference between the total head at the suction side and the head required ( )
corresponding to the vapor pressure.
available ( )
Suction velocity
is the value that must be exceeded to prevent cavitation inside the pump.
Suction pressure Vapor pressure
It is measured by the manufacturer of the pump and provided as an extra curve on the
2 pump characteristic plot.
= +
2

Total head at the suction side

of the pump (Datum is
arranged so that = 0)

Point denotes the suction side (inlet) of the pump.

It is used in the definition because it is the critical low pressure region.
3-53 3-54

NPSH (contd) NPSH (contd)

is the value that we need to calculate for the problem of interest.
= Provided by the manufacturer , =

Consider the BE for the suction side of a pump

2 2 To prevent cavitation
+ + = + + + No cavitation Cavitation
2 2 Pump

=
Typically = 0


= Suction pipe
: Frictional losses at the suction side
of the system
Exercise : What can be done to make larger for the pump shown in the
previous slide?
2
+ = =
2 Exercise : How does the vapor pressure of water change with temperature? What
does this information tell us about preventing cavitation?
3-55 3-56
 NPSH (contd) NPSH (contd)
Exercise : A centrifugal pump is to be placed above a large open water tank to pump Exercise : Centrifugal pump with the given characteristic is running at 1450 rpm to
water at a flow rate of 1.4 102 m3 /s. At this flow rate the required NPSH value is pump water at 25 from a reservoir whose surface is 1.2 m above the centerline of
given as 4.5 m by the pump manufacturer. Water temperature is 30 oC and the the pump inlet. Reservoir is open to www.standartpompa.com
atmospheric pressure is 95 kPa. Suction side pipe is short and the main head loss atmospheric pressure.
12
between the suction tank and the pump is due to a filter that has a head loss
The piping system from the reservoir
coefficient of = 20. Other losses can be neglected. Suction pipe diameter is 10 cm. 11
to the pump consists of 3.2 m of cast
iron pipe with a diameter of 5 cm and 10
a) Determine the maximum height that the pump can be located above the water
an average roughness of 0.05 cm.

m
surface of the suction tank without cavitation. 9
Minor losses at the suction side of the
b) If you were required to place a valve in the flow path to regulate the flow rate,
pump are; sharp edged inlet ( = 0.5), 8
would you place it upstream or downstream of the pump? Why?
three flanged smooth 90o elbows
( = 0.3 each) and a fully open flanged 7
(Munsons book) Filter
globe valve ( = 6). 6
Pump
Estimate the maximum flow rate that

N m
= ? 2
can be pumped without cavitation.
1
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
3-57 [m3 /h] 3-58

Pump Specific Speed ( ) Pump Specific Speed (contd)

Specific speed is a useful non-dimensional pi-term obtained by combination and
to eliminate . 500 1000 2000 5000 10000 20000
1
1/2 Centrifugal Mixed Axial
0.9
= 3/4
=
()3/4
0.8
max
In the industry the following dimensional form is also commonly used 0.7

(rpm) (liter/min) 0.6

= (Note that g is missing)
(m) 3/4 0.5 engels book
0.1 0.2 0.5 1 2 5 10

where = 2733
Centrifugal (radial) pumps work efficiently at low specific speeds ( < 1.5).
is useful to classify and compare different types of pumps at their BEP. Mixed pumps work efficiently at medium specific speeds (1.5 < < 3.5).
is mainly used for preliminary pump selection. Axial (propeller) pumps work efficiently at high specific speeds ( > 3.5).

3-59 3-60
 Axial Pumps (Propeller Pumps) Pump Selection
Centrifugal pumps are usually work efficiently at high and low . Two main inputs for pump selection are
Certain applications, such as drainage and irrigation involve low and high . required head, .
required flow rate, .

Flow Fixed stator (guide) vanes Additional considerations for pump selection are
coming in
Rotating rotor blades pump speed
type of fluid (highly viscous, muddy, etc.)
available space, vertical placement limitations, etc. that will affect
maximum allowable noise level
wikipedia.com
Flow etc.
going out
For preliminary pump selection specific speed ( ) is commonly used.
Worlds most powerful pump: http://pressurewashr.com/the-worlds-most-
powerful-water-pump/
3-61 3-62

Pump Selection (contd) Pump Selection (contd)

Manufacturers provide catalogues of their pumps. This one is for axial pumps produced by Goulds Pumps.
Following chart is for centrifugal pumps produced by Standart Pompa. For an application with = 5000 m3 /h and = 4 m, 24-24 24 family seems
suitable.
For an application with = 100 m3 /h and = 30 m, 65-160 family seems suitable.

100 12 www.gouldspump.com

80
10
60
8
40
m m 6
30
4

20 2

15 2900 rpm 0
www.standartpompa.com
600 1000 2000 3000 5000 8000 12000 20000 40000
10
5 10 20 30 40 50 100 200 300 600 [m3 /h]
[m3 /h] 3-63 3-64
 Pump Selection (contd) 2900 rpm Turbines
50 184 50%
60 65
These are the detailed performance 45 70
175 73.5
curves of the the pumps in the 65- 40
1000 www.3helixpower.com
160 family of Standart Pompa. Impulse Types
160 70
35

m
There are three similar pumps with 65 300 Pelton wheel
30 60 200
impeller diameters of 160 mm, Turgo
175 mm and 184 mm. 25
50
20 Cross-flow
Red curves are iso-efficinecy lines. 50

m
and curves are also 10
184
160

N
provided. 6 Reaction Types

m
2 10
One of these three pumps can be Francis
20 184
selected by considering cavitation Kaplan
possibility, efficiency and power 15 175 2

kW
consumption. 10 160
1
The smallest pump cannot provide the 5
0.2 0.5 1 2 10 50 100
required head of 30 m at the desired
Adapted from www.standartpompa.com
0 [m3 /s]
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
flow rate of 100 m3 /h.
[m3 /h] 3-65 3-66

Turbines (contd) Turbine Specific Speed ( )

Fundamental performance characteristic of a turbine is the power produced ( ) vs. 1
rotational speed curve at a given head. engels book & www.repack-s.com Francis Kaplan
Impulse
0.9

0.8
max
0.7

At a given 0.6
head
0.5
0.01 0.02 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.5 1 2 5 10
Affinity laws used for pumps are valid for turbines too.

Turbine specific speed can be used for preliminary turbine selection. It is defined in a Impulse turbines work efficiently at low specific speed ( < 0.3) (High , low ).
slightly different way than pumps
Francis turbines work efficiently at medium specific speeds (0.3 < < 2).
1/2
= 5/4
= Kaplan turbines work efficiently at high specific speeds ( > 2) (Low , high ).
()5/4

3-67 3-68
 Pelton Wheel Francis and Kaplan Turbines
http://www.photobucket.com

Adjustable Adjustable
Rotor guide guide

Rotor blades vanes vanes

Typical bucket design Draft tube

Compare Pelton, Kaplan and Francis turbines:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0BLOKEZ3KU Francis turbine Kaplan turbine
3-69 (radial flow) (axial flow) 3-70

Francis and Kaplan Turbines (contd) Turbines (contd)

Exercise: A Francis turbine is being designed for a hydroelectric dam. Instead of
starting from scratch, the engineers decide to geometrically scale up a previously
Runner of a Kaplan turbine
designed turbine that has an excellent performance history. The existing turbine
(turbine A) has diameter = 2.05 m, and spins at = 120 rpm. At its best efficiency
point, = 350 m3/s, =75 m = 242 MW. The new turbine (turbine B) is for a
larger facility. Its generator will spin at the same speed (120 rpm), but its net head
will be higher ( = 104 m).

a) Calculate the diameter ( ) of the new turbine such that it operates most
efficiently, and calculate , and .
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Runner of a Francis turbine b) Calculate the turbine specific speeds of both turbines.
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Francis turbine: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3BCiFeykRzo

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IZdiWBEzISM

Kaplan turbine: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0p03UTgpnDU

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_eLufvzh5HU
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 Turbines (contd)
Exercise : Calculate the specific speeds of the following turbines
a) Francis type radial flow turbine at the Round Butte hydroelectric power station in
Madras rotating at 180 rpm and producing 119 MW of power at a flow rate of
127 m3 /s from a head of 105 m.
b) Francis type mixed flow turbine at the Smith Mountain hydroelectric power
station in Roanoke, VA, rotating at 100 rpm and producing 194 MW of power at a
flow rate of 375 m3 /s from a head of 54.9 m.
c) Kaplan type axial flow turbine at the Warwick hydroelectric power station in
Cordele, GA, rotating at 100 rpm and producing 5.37 MW of power at a flow rate
of 63.7 m3 /s from a head of 9.75 m.

Exercise : Learn the meaning of the following turbine related terms

Runner blade, wicket gate, stay vane, crown, penstock, draft tube, tail water

Exercise : How does hydraulic power work? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cEL7yc8R42k

Virtual turbines http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HzQPNpP55xQ
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