pl at e 1.
ANTONINO SALIBAS NVOVA FIGVRA DI springs, and the spread of metallic veins believed to grow within
TVTTE LE COSE. (See p. 76.) Salibas map is conned to
the elemental spheres of the cosmos, its concentric circles ex-
panding from a subterranean zone of metals, res, and aquifers,
through a terraqueous surface illustrated by a crude polar world
map, to three zones of air corresponding to Aristotles meteo-
rological theory, and nally to the zone of re with its phoe-
nix and salamander. Salibas subsurface cosmography reveals
various levels of activity: human mining in addition to natural
phenomena such as subterranean waters, volcanic activity, hot
the living body of earth. In some versions, the earths core is
represented as hell, while the sun and moon appear in the
corners of the chart to suggest the planetary spaces beyond.
Phenomena in the three regions of air fell within the scope of
cosmography, as Apians revolutionary images of comets tails
pointing toward the sun indicate.
Size of the original (including text): 56.4 X 81 cm. Photo-
graph courtesy of the Herzog August Bibliothek, Wolfenbt-
tel (Kartenslg. 3,6).
pl ate 2. A MEASURED COSMOS. (See p. 83.) Perhaps the
most accomplished sixteenth-century attempt to map the scale
of the world machine, Bartolomeu Velhos Figvra dos corpos
celestes illustrates the geometry and geography of the elemen-
tal earth, with air and re represented by clouds and ames, the
seven planetary spheres with the length of day given for each
planet, the rmament with zodiacal signs, the primum mobile
in blue, and the empyreum in red. The cosmos is bathed in
celestial light spreading from the corners of the page, with God
the Father in the top right, the Cross and Dove (Son and Holy
Spirit) top left, and the choirs of angels surrounding.
Size of the original: ca. 34.3 X 47 cm. Bartolomeu Velho,
Cosmographia (1568). Photograph courtesy of the BNF
(Res. Ge EE 266, fols. 9v10r).
pl ate 3. THE EARLIEST SUFI LATINUS MANUSCRIPT.
(See p. 105.) This manuscript of the Ptolemaic catalog features
- -i gures. The
constellation maps modeled after Islamic al-S. uf
stars are numbered to correspond to the Ptolemaic catalog,
and the sizes of the stars are graduated to correspond to their
magnitude. The pattern of the stars within the constellation
roughly mirrors that in the night sky.
Photograph courtesy of the BNF (Arsenal MS. 1036, fol. 5).
pl at e 4. DETAILS OF THE CELESTIAL AND TERRES- Size of the details: ca. 35 X 35 cm and ca. 26 X 26 cm. Photo-
TRIAL GLOBES FROM THE AMBASSADORS. (See p. 135.) graph National Gallery, London (NG 1314).
Hans Holbeins 1533 painting is illustrated as gure 6.1.
pl at e 5. THE ST. GALLEN COSMOGRAPHIC GLOBE,
CA. 1575. (See p. 147.) The globe was acquired by the ab-
bot Bernhard II for the monastery of St. Gallen. Although the
stand has the date 1595 alongside the abbots coat of arms,
the globe was probably made much earlier, but its provenance
and maker are unknown. In addition to the outlines of the
main continents, there are a number of constellations drawn
on this globe in the oceans, thus combining the terrestrial with
the celestial sphere.
Size of the original: diameter 121 cm; height 233 cm. Photo-
graph courtesy of the Schweizerisches Landesmuseum, Zurich
(inv. nr. DEP 846).
pl at e 6. GIOVANNI BATTISTA CAVALLINI, LARGE- Size of the original: 57 X 66 cm. Photograph courtesy of the
SCALE NAUTICAL CHART, 1652. (See p. 205.) A detailed Istituto e Museo di Storia della Scienza, Florence (MED G.
chart of the coast from Nice to Civitavecchia from the nautical F. 27).
Teatro del Mondo Marittimo by Cavallini, Leghorn.
pl ate 7. JACOPO MAGGIOLO, NAUTICAL CHART OF Size of the original: 92 X 125 cm. Photograph courtesy of the
THE MEDITERRANEAN AND THE ATLANTIC COAST, Museo Navale di Pegli, Genoa (NIMN 3372).
GENOA, 1561. (See p. 210.)
plate 8. FRANOIS OLLIVE, NAUTICAL CHART OF THE Size of the original: 88 X 130 cm. Photograph Muse Na-
MEDITERRANEAN, MARSEILLES, 1664. (See p. 233.) tional de la Marine / Patrick Dantec, Paris (9 NA 23).
pl ate 9. HENRICUS MARTELLUS GERMANUS, MAP OF an original cartographic work. He complemented Cristoforo
CEYLON. (See p. 267.) The map is included in several known Buondelmontis isolario with maps of islands as well as of
copies of the Insularium illustratum (ca. 148090) and is mainland regions, presenting a composite universal atlas based
based on the Ptolemaic map of the island, whose name is pre- on the material available at the time.
served (Taprobana Insvla Indiana). A note on the map men- Size of the original: 46.3 X 30.2 cm. Photograph courtesy of
tions that the island is surrounded by an archipelago of 1,378 the BL (Add. MS. 15760, fol. 62r).
islets. Henricus Martellus does not appear to have produced
pl ate 10. PTOLEMAIC MANUSCRIPT MAP OF AFRICA courtesy of the John Carter Brown Library, Brown University,
FROM THE WILCZEK BROWN CODEX. (See p. 317.) Providence (Acc. 31137).
Size of each mounting board: 39 X 28.3 cm. Photography
pl at e 11. PAGE FROM A MANUSCRIPT EDITION OF
THE SEPTE GIORNATE, [1482]. (See p. 323.) Francesco
Berlinghieri is shown in the illuminated C at the top of the
page. The circles in the right margin show Berlinghieri, Ficino,
and Ptolemy in different scenes from the text; the ovals on the
left all depict Ptolemy.
Size of the original: 44 X 31 cm. Biblioteca Nazionale Braid-
ense, Milan (AC XIV 44, fol. 1r). By concession of the Mini-
stero per i Beni e le Attivit Culturali.
pl at e 12. JEAN COSSIN, MANUSCRIPT WORLD MAP projection and was popularized almost a century later by Guil-
ON THE SINUSOIDAL PROJECTION, 1570. (See p. 372.) laume Sanson and John Flamsteed.
This projection, based on elegant sine curves, is an equal-area Photograph courtesy of the BNF (Rs. Ge D 7896).
pl at e 13. PORTUGUESE ROTEIRO, ATTRIBUTED TO textual narratives: the primary description of the coastal descent
LUS TEIXEIRA. (See p. 462.) From the Roteiro de todos from ylheos to porto seguro, at top; toponymic titles (at
os sinais, conhecimentos, fundos, baixos, alturas, e derrotas ninety-degree angles to the coast) reminiscent of early portolan
que h na costa do Brasil desde o cabo de Santo Agostinho charts, at middle; and sophisticated instructions for entering
at o estreito de Ferno de Magalhes. This depiction of the and departing from ports and harbors (at ninety-degree angles
Brazilian coastline near Porto Seguro, the region where Pedro to the coast), at bottom.
lvares Cabral and his eet made landfall on their maiden Photograph Henrique Ruas, courtesy of the Biblioteca da Aju-
journey to South America in 1500, contains three separate da / IPPAR, Lisbon (52-XII-25, fol. 10v).
pl ate 14. PLANE CHART OF THE ATLANTIC OCEAN, nicantly, this chart also has an oblique meridian, located just
CREATED AFTER 1549 BY AN ANONYMOUS PORTU- off of the Labrador coast.
GUESE CARTOGRAPHER. (See p. 519.) The charts latitude Size of the original: 63 X 88 cm. Photograph courtesy of the
scale is prominently depicted in the middle of the ocean. Sig- BNF (Cartes et Plans, Rs. Ge B 1148).
pl ate 15. FOUR EXAMPLES OF EARLY COLOR PRINT-
ING, 1513. (See p. 594.) A comparison of four maps of Lor-
raine from Claudius Ptolemy, Geography (Strasbourg, 1513),
reveals considerable variation among the colors used to print
the three woodblocks in this experimental printing (red, yel-
low / brown, and black). Close examination also reveals subtle
differences in the state and content of the three blocks.
Photographs courtesy of the John Carter Brown Library at
Brown University, Providence (upper left); the American Geo-
graphical Society Library, University of WisconsinMilwaukee
Libraries (Rare 420 pt, pl. 47) (lower left); the William L.
Clements Library, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (Atlas
N-3-A) (upper right); and the National Library of Finland,
Helsinki (N. 2173) (lower right).
pl ate 16. THE TWO KNOWN COLORED VERSIONS OF
FRANCESCO ROSSELLIS OVAL WORLD MAP, CA. 1508.
(See p. 604.) A comparison of these two colored versions reveals
differences in the geographical content based on the coloring
alone. Note the coastline of the continent in the Antarctic area.
It is not named Antarticvs; the C, for Circvlvs, in front of
that word has been colored over in the lower example. See
also gure 1.3.
Photograph courtesy of the Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale,
Florence. By concession of the Ministero per i Beni e le Attivit
Culturali della Repubblica Italiana (top). Photograph Na-
tional Maritime Museum, London (G201: 1/53A) (bottom).
pl at e 17. SIGNED COLORING BY JACKOMINA Jansz. Waghenaer. Jackomina (Mynken) was the daughter of
LIEFRINCK (LIEFRYNCK). (See p. 606.) An unusual instance the engraver Hans Liefrinck.
of the colorists signing a map or title page, in this case the title Photograph courtesy of the BNF (Rs. G 46).
page of the 1586 edition of the Speculum nauticum of Lucas
pl ate 18. DITCHLEY PORTRAIT OF ELIZABETH I, AT- the nation by literally towering over the lands in her possession.
TRIBUTED TO MARCUS GHEERAERTS, CA. 1592. (See p. The map itself is drawn after the Christopher Saxton model.
669.) An imposing gure of Elizabeth IGloriana in all her Size of the original: 241.3 X 152.4 cm. Photograph courtesy of
glorystretches the metonymic association of the monarch and the National Portrait Gallery, London (NPG 2561).
pl ate 19. CLAES JANSZ. VISSCHER, LEO BELGICUS.
(See p. 674.) This version of the bellowing Leo Belgicusliter-
ally, the Belgian Lionwas executed during the Twelve-Year
Truce, a lull in the ghting of the Eighty Years War between
Spain and the Netherlands. On the left are views of ten cities of
the northern Netherlands that were then governed (de facto) by
the States General and the House of Orange; on the right are
ten cities under the control of the Spanish regents and Philip
III. Note the slumping suit of armor in the lower right corner,
identied as Sleeping Mars.
Photograph courtesy of the Stichting Atlas van Stolk, Rot-
terdam (no. 1248).
pl at e 20. JOHANNES DE RAM AND COENRAERT
DECKER, DELFT, CA. 1675-78. (See p. 694.) This splendid
map of Delft illustrates the role of city views and maps as a
form of civic boosterism. The image stresses Delfts importance
as a seaport and center of trade in faience and cloth. It com-
bines a prole view (at top) and a plan view (middle, with a
smaller-scale plan upper right), with various public buildings
surrounding the plan.
Size of the original: 160 X 180.5 cm. Photograph courtesy of
the Gemeente Musea Delft, Collectie Stedelijk Museum Het
Prinsenhof (D 162).
pl at e 21. WOTTON UNDERWOOD, BUCKINGHAM- shall arising from rights of common on the one hundred acres
SHIRE. (See p. 707.) The map was probably made at some of Wotton Lawnd.
time between 1564 and 1586 to illustrate points of dispute Photograph courtesy of the Huntington Library, San Marino
between the communities of Wotton Underwood and Ludger- (Stowe Manuscripts, ST 59).
plate 22. TAPESTRY MAP OF THE MEDITERRANEAN
BASIN, 154951. (See p. 724.) This is the rst tapestry in the
collection of what was originally twelve tapestries of the Con-
quest of Tunis series commissioned by Charles V and detailing
his expedition to Tunis in 1535. Only ten of the original cartoons
(full-size drawings on paper in charcoal and overlaid with wa-
tercolor), designed by Jan Cornelisz. Vermeyen between about
1544/45 and 1550, survive (all in the Kunsthistorisches Museum
in Vienna). Twelve full-size tapestries (editio princeps) were
woven from Vermeyens cartoons by Willem de Pannemaker in
Brussels from 1549 to 1554; ten, including this one, now hang
in the Palacio de Oriente and Armera Real in Madrid.
Size of the original: 520 X 895 cm. Photograph copyright
Patrimonio Nacional, Madrid (inv. 10005895).
pl ate 23. SELF-PORTRAIT OF SIR NATHANIEL BACON, atlas of Abraham Ortelius open to the map of Germania.
CA. 161820. (See p. 735.) Oil on canvas by English amateur Size of the original: 205.7 X 153.6 cm. Private Collec-
painter Nathaniel Bacon, this portrait shows the author holding tion / Bridgeman Art Library, New York (GRH 242121).
a drawing and sitting with his books, writing materials, and an
pl ate 24. THE SEVEN CITIES OF CBOLA FROM JOAN Size of the entire original: 24 X 36 cm; this portion ca. 24 X
MARTINESS CHART OF 1578. (See p. 743.) 19.9 cm. Photograph courtesy of the BL (Harl. MS. 3450,
map no. 10).